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Copyright of Rare Metals is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Transcutaneous implants that penetrate through skin or mucosa are susceptible to bacteria invasion and lack proper soft tissue sealing. Traditional antibacterial strategies primarily focus on bacterial eradication, but excessive exposure to bactericidal agents can induce noticeable tissue damage. Herein, a rechargeable model (HPI-Ti) was constructed using perylene polyimide, an aqueous battery material, achieving temporal-sequence regulation of bacterial killing and soft tissue sealing. Charge storage within HPI-Ti is achieved after galvanostatic charge, and chemical discharge is initiated when immersed in physiological environments. During the early discharge stage, post-charging HPI-Ti demonstrates an antibacterial rate of 99.96 ± 0.01 % for 24 h, preventing biofilm formation. Contact-dependent violent electron transfer between bacteria and the material causes bacteria death. In the later discharge stage, the attenuated discharging status creates a gentler electron-transfer micro-environment for fibroblast proliferation. After discharge, the antibacterial activity can be reinstated by recharge against potential reinfection. The antibacterial efficacy and soft tissue compatibility were verified in vivo. These results demonstrate the potential of the charge-transfer-based model in reconciling antibacterial efficacy with tissue compatibility.

Copyright of China Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery is the property of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, College of Stomatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soft tissue seal around implant prostheses is considered the primary barrier against adverse external stimuli and is a critical factor in maintaining dental implants’ stability. Soft tissue seal is formed mainly by the adhesion of epithelial tissue and fibrous connective tissue to the transmembrane portion of the implant. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the risk factors for peri-implant inflammation, and peri-implant disease may be triggered by dysfunction of the soft tissue barrier around dental implants. This is increasingly considered a promising target for disease treatment and management. However, many studies have demonstrated that pathogenic bacterial infestation, gingival immune inflammation, overactive matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), impaired wound healing processes and excessive oxidative stress may trigger poor peri-implant soft tissue sealing, which may be more severe in the T2DM state. This article reviews the structure of peri-implant soft tissue seal, peri-implant disease and treatment, and moderating mechanisms of impaired soft tissue seal around implants due to T2DM to inform the development of treatment strategies for dental implants in patients with dental defects.

Soft tissue sealing around zirconia (ZrO2) abutment is critical for the long-term stability of dental implants. The goal of the study is to develop a strong basal lamina (BL)-mediated epithelial attachment to ZrO2 via a novel physicochemical immobilization method. An electrophoretic fusion (EPF) method was applied to fuse a phosphonic acid (PA) linker to ZrO2 discs. Bindings of the PA linker and the following protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) were verified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR). Then, ZrO2 discs were doped in platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was measured to assess platelet activation. PRP-doped discs were subsequently co-cultured with human gingival epithelial cells (OBA9) to evaluate establishment of basal lamina-mediated epithelial attachment. The EPF method achieved robust immobilization of the PA linker and PAR4 onto the ZrO2 surface. The resultant PAR4-coupled ZrO2 successfully induced platelet aggregation and activation. Furthermore, a BL-mediated epithelial attachment was established. The results are significant for clinical application to minimize the risk of developing peri-implant diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft tissue sealing around implants acts as a barrier between the alveolar bone and oral environment, protecting implants from the invasion of bacteria or external stimuli. In this work, magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) are introduced into titanium by plasma immersed ion implantation technology, and their effects on the behaviors of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) as well as the underlying mechanisms are investigated. Surface characterization confirms Mg and Zn exist on the surface in metallic and oxidized states. Contact angle test suggests that surface wettability of titanium changes after ion implantation and thus influences protein adsorption of surfaces. In vitro studies disclose that HGFs on Mg ion-implanted samples exhibit better adhesion and migration while cells on Zn ion-implanted samples have higher proliferation rate and amounts. The results of immunofluorescence staining and real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) suggest that Mg mainly regulates the motility and adhesion of HGFs through activating the MAPK signal pathway whereas Zn influences HGFs proliferation by triggering the TGF-β signal pathway. The synergistic effect of Mg and Zn ions ensure that HGFs cultured on co-implanted samples possessed both high proliferation rate and motility, which are critical to soft tissue sealing of implants.

Introduction: A special interest has been raised regarding the role of the peri‐implant mucosa as a critical factor for long‐term maintenance of the artificial fixtures as well as the final esthetic outcome that may significantly affect patient satisfaction. It is then imperative to develop minimally invasive and easy‐to‐apply plastic surgical methods to increase the volume of the peri‐implant mucosa. Case Presentation: The limited scientific evidence regarding possible techniques to treat esthetic soft tissue defects around endosseous implants is encouraging a preventive soft tissue augmentation of mucosa deficiencies and thin phenotypes. Several techniques have been proposed to augment the volume of the mucosa to achieve the so‐called pink esthetics. Among these the buccal pedicle flap seems to be less invasive in terms of morbidity since it does not necessitate any soft tissue harvesting. Its low morbidity allows it to treat patients without the need of postoperative medications since it reduces pain, the risk of infections, alteration of the sensitivity of the donor site and significantly reduces the period of healing which is generally longer when associated with connective tissue grafts. A modified surgical approach is based on the combination of the buccal pedicle flap with a stable collagen matrix to boost a biomimetic peri‐implant mucosa and generate a convex pink interface with the final restoration. Conclusion: The proposed modified buccal pedicle flap seems to be promising in terms of decreased morbidity and maintenance of the blood supply, and conducive to an increased patient acceptance rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconia is the most promising implant abutment material due to its excellent aesthetic effect, good biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. To obtain ideal soft tissue sealing, the implant abutment surface should facilitate cell adhesion and inhibit bacterial colonization. In this study, pre-sintered zirconia was placed in a suspension of titania (TiO 2 ) and zirconium oxychloride (ZrOCl 2 ) and heated in a water bath for dense sintering. A titania coating was prepared on the zirconia surface and subjected to UV irradiation. The surface morphology, elemental composition and chemical state of each group of samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscope, x-ray energy spectrometer, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. The responses of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and common oral pathogens Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans ) and Porphyromonas gingivalis ( P. gingivalis ) to modified zirconia were systematically assessed. Our findings demonstrated that the surface of titania-coated zirconia after UV irradiation produced a large number of hydroxyl groups, and its hydrophilicity was significantly improved. Meanwhile, the UV irradiation also greatly removed the hydrocarbon contaminants on the surface of the titania-coated zirconia. The UV-treated titania coating significantly promoted the proliferation, spreading, and up-regulation of adhesion-related genes and proteins of HGFs. Furthermore, the titania coating irradiated with UV could reduce the adhesion, colonization and metabolic activity of S. mutans and P. gingivalis . Therefore, UV irradiation of titania-coated zirconia can promote the biological behavior of HGFs and exert a significant antibacterial effect, which has broad clinical application prospects for improving soft tissue integration around zirconia abutments., (© 2024 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.)

Peri-implant epithelial sealing is the first line of defense against external pathogens or stimuli; hence, an essential process to prevent peri-implantitis. Laminin 332 (LN332) is the main component of the internal basal lamina and participates in peri-implant epithelial sealing by forming hemidesmosomes (HDs) with integrin α6β4. In this work, poly (D, L-lactide) (PDLLA)-LN332 composite coating was successfully constructed by a method similar to layer-by-layer assembly, displaying staged LN332 release for as long as 28 days. The PDLLA-LN332 composite coating can activate the intracellular PI3K-Akt pathway via binding to cellular integrin α6β4, which can promote adhesion, migration and proliferation of HaCaT cells and further enhance the expression of keratinocyte HD-related molecules, including integrin α6β4, LN332 and plectin. Furthermore, the PDLLA-LN332 composite coating can promote the adhesion, spreading and proliferation of gingival mesenchymal stem cells and accelerate their epithelial differentiation. Therefore, the PDLLA-LN332 composite coating can enhance implant soft tissue sealing, warranting further in vivo study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grasping the boundary of antibacterial function may be better for the sealing of soft tissue around dental implant abutment. Inspired by 'overdone is worse than undone', we prepared a sandwich-structured dental implant coating on the percutaneous part using graphene oxide (GO) wrapped under mineralized collagen. Our unique coating structure ensured the high photothermal conversion capability and good photothermal stability of GO. The prepared coating not only achieved suitable inhibition on colonizing bacteria growth of Streptococcus sanguinis , Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis but also disrupted the wall/membrane permeability of free bacteria. Further enhancements on the antibacterial property were generally observed through the additional incorporation of dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate. Additionally, the coating with sandwich structure significantly enhanced the adhesion, cytoskeleton organization and proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts, which was effective to improve soft tissue sealing. Furthermore, cell viability was preserved when cells and bacteria were cultivated in the same environment by a coculture assay. This was attributed to the sandwich structure and mineralized collagen as the outmost layer, which would protect tissue cells from photothermal therapy and GO, as well as accelerate the recovery of cell activity. Overall, the coating design would provide a useful alternative method for dental implant abutment surface modification and functionalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Defective Ce-BTC nanorods were fabricated on medical titanium surfaces by H-PIII. • ATP deprivation capacity and oxidase-like activity of Ce-BTC were improved by H-PIII. • Ce-BTC treated by H-PIII can effectively prevent biofilm formation and kill bacteria. • Ce-BTC treated by H-PIII for 15 min could promote soft tissue sealing. Implant-associated infections caused by the formation of bacterial biofilms on the implant surface are difficult to cure, which will lead to poor integration between soft tissues and percutaneous implants. To solve this issue, in this work, cerium-based metal-organic framework (Ce-BTC) coatings with abundant coordinative unsaturated metal sites were fabricated on medical titanium surfaces by solvothermal treatment and followed by hydrogen plasma immersion ion implantation (H-PIII) treatment. The surface microstructure of Ce-BTC had no obvious changes after H-PIII treatment, while the crystallinity reduced and the organic ligands were partially etched, resulting in more metal active sites being exposed. Consequently, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) deprivation capacity and oxidase-like activity of Ce-BTC were significantly improved by H-PIII treatment, which could effectively prevent biofilm formation and kill bacteria in response to the bacteria-mediated acidic microenvironment. Moreover, the Ce-BTC treated by H-PIII for 15 min could promote the fibroblast responses including cell proliferation and collagen deposition by up-regulating fibroblast-related genes in vitro , which may be ascribed to the surface nanorod structures and the released Ce ions. The percutaneous infection model in vivo further confirmed that the Ce-BTC treated by H-PIII for 15 min had good antibacterial activity and soft tissue sealing ability, which was conducive to the integration between percutaneous implants and surrounding soft tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The aim of this study was to provide an overview on the biology and soft tissue sealing around dental implants and teeth. Study selection This is a narrative review performed through scientific articles published between 1977 and 2014, indexed in MEDLINE and PubMed databases. The study selected articles that focused on epithelial sealing around dental implant or teeth with cell biology and histology of soft tissue. Results Implant therapy has been widely applied in dental rehabilitation for many years, with predictable long-term results. The longevity and functionality of dental implants is dependent on both osseointegration around the implant body and the establishment of a soft tissue barrier that protects the underlying hard tissue structures and the implant itself. The health and stability of the peri-implant mucosa also affects the esthetics of the implant. The healing and maintenance of the epithelial and connective tissues around implants are increasingly recognized as being fundamental to implant success. However, there has been little research into the function or formation of the soft tissue seal around dental implants, and the roles of this unique mucosal interface remain unclear. Conclusions This narrative review explores the extent of the current knowledge of soft tissue barriers around implants from both a basic and clinical perspective, and aims to consolidate this knowledge and highlight the most pertinent questions relating to this area of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The durability of dental implants is closely related to osseointegration and surrounding soft tissue sealing. Appropriate local pH favors fibroblasts adhesion and contributes to soft tissue sealing. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are characterized by adjustable alkalinity, offering a possibility to investigate the influence of pH on cellular behaviors. Herein, we fabricated Mg Fe LDHs modified titanium. During calcination, the local pH value of LDHs increase, without altering other physics and chemical properties via OH− exchange mechanism. In vitro studies showed that LDHs films calcined at 250 °C for 2 h provide a local pH of 10.17, which promote early adhesion, proliferation, and type I collagen expression of human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) through the formation of focal adhesion complex and activation of focal adhesion kinase related signaling pathways. In conclusion, endowing the titanium surface with appropriate alkalinity by Mg Fe LDHs films enhances the adhesion of hGFs, providing a new strategy of designing multifunctional biomaterials for soft tissue sealing around dental implants. [Display omitted] • Mg-Fe layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are prepared on titanium surfaces through a one-step hydrothermal treatment. • After calcination, three LDHs films show different local pH via OH- exchange, while other properties remain the same. • LDHs films enhance early adhesion ability of gingival fibroblasts in vitro. • The enhanced adhesion is due to up-regulation of FA complex related genes, especially FAK-related signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the interface effects between human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and the titanium substrate for soft tissue sealing, zinc (Zn) was incorporated into titanium by plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) in the work, and the durations of 30, 60 and 90 min were adopted for serials of Zn content on titanium to identify the possible dose-effect relationship. Results showed that the implanted Zn formed metallic Zn and zinc oxide on the surface, and the Zn content increased with the extension of implantation time. The release of Zn ions occurred in the saline solution, but the amounts of released ions were inconsistent with the Zn content of implanted samples and their corrosion behaviors, indicating the different reaction activities among the sample surfaces. Moreover, in vitro studies disclosed that the incorporated samples were beneficial to the adhesion, proliferation, and migration of HGFs with appropriate dose of released Zn ions as well as the surface activities, as the fact it was not a directly proportional dose-effect relationship between released Zn ions and the behaviors of cells. It was suggested that Zn-PIII provided an approach to improve the soft tissue sealing of titanium through interfacial activities of implanted samples to regulate the behaviors of HGFs and the usage of Zn ions followed a synergistic manner. The interface effects of Zn-PIII titanium on the behaviors of human gingival fibroblasts relied on the implanted time. Unlabelled Image • Zn implanted titanium regulated the behaviors of HGFs through interface effects. • The surface activities of Zn-PIII samples were affected by the implantation time. • HGFs behaviors were not in a proportional dose-effect relation with released ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term function of dental implants relies on not only stable osseointegration but also strong soft tissue-sealing ability. Ideal soft tissue sealing around implants is an effective protective barrier between the external environment and alveolar bone, preventing the invasion of bacteria that is considered as a vital trigger of irreversible marginal bone loss. Carbon-based materials have been reported to be beneficial to soft tissue sealing, which can be regulated through the hybridization type of carbon atoms (sp 2 or sp 3 ), but its internal mechanism is still not clear. In this work, graphene oxide with both sp 2 - and sp 3 -hybridized carbons was electrophoretic deposited on titanium and reduced to regulate the hybridization type of carbon atoms to investigate its effect and possible mechanism on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman mapping test show the increase of sp 2 domain content and the decrease of their size after reduction. Through computer simulation, the possible mechanism of the decrease of sp 2 domain size was proposed. In vitro studies disclose that the HGFs exhibit higher proliferation rate, better adhesion, and migration ability with the increase of sp 2 domains and the decrease of their sizes. It may be due to the amount and size of sp 2 domains that synergistically regulate the amount and properties of adsorbed proteins, thereby influencing the cellular behaviors of HGFs. Our results may offer a different perspective on material designing and academic research to enhance the soft tissue integration of implants.