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Background: There is growing evidence that sex and onset age are important factors of clinical features in Parkinson's disease. Aim: The study aimed to identify nonmotor symptoms based on sex and onset age in people with Parkinson's disease. Design: This is a cross‐sectional descriptive study. Methods: A total of 210 participants were recruited from the university hospital and the Parkinson's disease association. This study measured the Korean version of the nonmotor symptoms questionnaire which includes gastrointestinal, urinary, apathy/attention/memory, hallucination/delusions, depression/anxiety, sexual function, cardiovascular, sleep disorder, and miscellaneous domains. Results: All participants reported at least one nonmotor symptom. The most commonly reported symptoms were nocturia (65.7%) and constipation (61.9%). The male participants reported more dribbling of saliva, constipation, and impaired sexual function, whereas the female reported more weight change. Young‐onset people with Parkinson's disease reported more depression than late‐onset people with Parkinson's disease. Conclusion: This study contributes to the understanding of symptom experience beyond motor‐related symptomatology for those with Parkinson's disease and adds to the current literature. Individualized symptom assessment and management should be provided by prioritizing prevalent sex or onset age‐specific symptoms, rather than addressing with all nonmotor symptoms. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? Most people with Parkinson's disease experience nonmotor symptoms including autonomic nervous symptoms as the disease progresses.Nonmotor symptoms can affect quality of life of people with Parkinson's disease, but related factors are not fully understood. What this paper adds? This paper identified the presentations of nonmotor symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease based on sex and onset age. The implications of this paper: Nurses enable people with Parkinson's disease to actively engage in self‐care of their own symptoms by educating Parkinson's disease related and how to cope with the symptoms in advance.Individualized nursing care reflecting the disease characteristics is needed to improve patient engagement in symptom management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundWe investigated the independent effects of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) pathologies on brain structural changes and cognition.MethodsAmyloid burden (Pittsburgh compound B [PiB] retention ratio), CVD markers (volume of white matter hyperintensities [WMH] and number of lacunae), and structural changes (cortical thickness and hippocampal shape) were measured in 251 cognitively impaired patients. Path analyses were utilized to assess the effects of these markers on cognition.ResultsPiB retention ratio was associated with hippocampal atrophy, which was associated with memory impairment. WMH were associated with frontal thinning, which was associated with executive and memory dysfunctions. PiB retention ratio and lacunae were also associated with memory and executive dysfunction without the mediation of hippocampal or frontal atrophy.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the impacts of AD and CVD pathologies on cognition are mediated by specific brain regions.

Background: Minor hallucinations (mHs) and well‐structured major hallucinations (MHs) are common symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) psychosis. Objectives: To investigate the resting‐state networks (RSNs) in patients with PD without hallucinations (PD‐nH), with mH (PD‐mH), and with MH (PD‐MH). Methods: A total of 73 patients with PD were enrolled (27 PD‐nH, 23 PD‐mH, and 23 PD‐MH). Using seed‐based functional connectivity analyses, we investigated the RSNs supposedly related to hallucinations in PD: the default mode network (DMN), executive control network (ECN), dorsal attention network (DAN), ventral attention network (VAN), and visual network (VN). We compared the cognitive function and RSN connectivity among the three groups. In addition, we performed a seed‐to‐seed analysis to examine the inter‐network connectivity within each group using the corresponding RSN seeds. Results: PD‐MH group had lower test scores for attention and visuospatial functions compared with those in the other groups. The connectivity of the right intracalcarine cortex within the DAN was lower in the PD‐MH group than in the others. The PD‐mH and PD‐MH groups showed higher connectivity in the left orbitofrontal cortex within DMN compared with the PD‐nH group, whereas the connectivity was lower in the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) within ECN, precuneus cortex within VAN, right middle temporal gyrus and precuneus cortex within DAN, and left MFG within VN. The PD‐mH and PD‐MH groups showed different inter‐network connectivity between the five RSNs, especially regarding DAN connectivity. Conclusions: DAN dysfunction may be a key factor in the progression from mH to MH in patients with PD. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We investigated whether hippocampal perfusion changes are associated with cognitive decline, motor deficits, and the risk of dementia conversion in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Methods: We recruited patients with newly diagnosed and nonmedicated PD and healthy participants who underwent dual phase 18F‐N‐(3‐fluoropropyl)‐2β‐carboxymethoxy‐3β‐(4‐iodophenyl) nortropane positron emission tomography scans. Patients were classified into 3 groups according to hippocampal perfusion measured by standard uptake value ratios (SUVRs): (1) PD hippocampal hypoperfusion group (1 standard deviation [SD] below the mean hippocampal SUVR of healthy controls; PD‐hippo‐hypo), (2) PD hippocampal hyperperfusion group (1 SD above the mean; PD‐hippo‐hyper), and (3) the remaining patients (PD‐hippo‐normal). We compared the baseline cognitive performance, severity of motor deficits, hippocampal volume, striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability, and risk of dementia conversion among the groups. Results: We included 235 patients (PD‐hippo‐hypo, n = 21; PD‐hippo‐normal, n = 157; PD‐hippo‐hyper, n = 57) and 48 healthy participants. Patients in the PD‐hippo‐hypo group were older and had smaller hippocampal volumes than those in the other PD groups. The PD‐hippo‐hypo group showed less severely decreased DAT availability in the putamen than the other groups despite similar severities of motor deficit. The PD‐hippo‐hypo group had a higher risk of dementia conversion compared to the PD‐hippo‐normal (hazard ratio = 2.59, p = 0.013) and PD‐hippo‐hyper (hazard ratio = 3.73, p = 0.006) groups, despite similar cognitive performance at initial assessment between groups. Interpretation: Hippocampal hypoperfusion may indicate a reduced capacity to cope with neurodegenerative processes in terms of the development of motor deficits and cognitive decline in patients with PD. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:388–399 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate whether the cingulate island sign (CIS) ratio (i.e., the ratio of regional uptake in the posterior cingulate cortex relative to the precuneus and cuneus on cerebral perfusion scans) is associated with early dementia conversion in Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: We enrolled 226 patients with newly diagnosed PD and 48 healthy controls who underwent dual‐phase 18F‐FP‐CIT PET scans. Patients with PD were classified into three groups according to the CIS ratio on early‐phase 18F‐FP‐CIT PET images: a PD group with CIS or high CIS ratios (PD‐CIS; n = 96), a PD group with inverse CIS or low CIS ratios (PD‐iCIS; n = 40), and a PD group consisting of the remaining patients with normal CIS ratios (PD‐nCIS; n = 90). We compared the risk of dementia conversion within a 5‐year time point between the groups. Results: There were no significant differences in age, sex, education, or baseline cognitive function between the PD groups. The PD‐CIS group had higher Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor scores and more severely decreased dopamine transporter availability in the putamen. The PD‐iCIS group had a smaller hippocampal volume compared with the other groups. The risk of dementia conversion in the PD‐CIS group did not differ from that in the PD‐iCIS and PD‐nCIS groups. Meanwhile, the PD‐iCIS group had a higher risk of dementia conversion than the PD‐nCIS group. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that inverse CIS, rather than CIS, is relevant to early dementia conversion in patients with PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]