Search

Pediatric-type follicular lymphoma (PTFL) and pediatric nodal marginal zone lymphoma (PNMZL) are rare pediatric-type indolent B-cell lymphomas (PedIBCL) that differ clinicopathologically from their adult counterparts. Accurate diagnosis is important to avoid overtreatment but is often challenging. The mutational landscape of PTFL is known and may aid diagnosis, but the genetic features of PNMZL are not well understood. We analyzed 21 cases of PedIBCL according to their clinicopathologic findings and classified them into PTFL (n=11), PNMZL (n=2), and "mixed type" tumors (n=8) showing ambiguous histology. We also analyzed 2 cases of adult B-cell lymphomas showing features of PedIBCL. Targeted sequencing of 121 lymphoma-related genes was performed. The median age of PedIBCL patients was 16 years (range: 3 to 47), and all but 1 PTFL patient were male. All patients presented with limited-stage disease, and only 1 relapsed. There were no significant differences in clinical features among the 3 PedIBCL groups. The most frequently mutated genes were MAP2K1 , TNFRSF14 , KMT2C , IRF8 , and NOTCH2 . The genetic features of all groups were similar to the established mutational landscape of PTFL. The 2 adult B-cell lymphomas cases also had MAP2K1 , TNFRSF14 , and IRF8 mutations, but the clinical features were not typical of PedIBCL. In summary, this study demonstrated that PTFL and PNMZL are similar diseases with overlapping clinical, pathologic, and genetic features; mixed type tumors can also occur. Atypical adult cases with similar histologic features were also observed. Therefore, the disease spectrum of PedIBCL may be much broader than is currently believed.

Using data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (1998–2014), this study examines how various indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) (i.e. education, employment status, occupation, and ear...

T-cell factor 1 (TCF1)sup+/supProgrammed cell death-1 (PD-1)sup+/suptumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are a recently defined subset of exhausted T-cells (Texh-cells) that exhibit a progenitor phenotype. They have been associated with a response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in murine tumour models and in patients with malignant melanoma. We investigated the significance of TCF1sup+/supPD-1sup+/supTILs as a predictive biomarker for ICI therapy response in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Two different cohorts of NSCLC patients treated with ICI targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway were included. RNA-seq was performed using NSCLC tissues obtained from 234 patients prior to immunotherapy (RNA-seq cohort). Double immunostaining of TCF1 and PD-1 and single immunostaining of other immunologic markers were performed in resected tumour tissues from another 116 patients (immunohistochemistry cohort).In the RNA-seq cohort, both Texh-cell and progenitor Texh-cell gene sets were enriched in responders compared with non-responders. Larger Texh-cell fractions and increased progenitor Texh-cell gene sets were significantly associated with better progression-free survival (PFS). In the immunohistochemistry cohort, the TCF1sup+/supPD-1sup+/supTIL number and PD-L1 tumour proportion score were significantly higher in responders than in non-responders. A high number of TCF1sup+/supPD-1sup+/supTILs was significantly associated with both PFS and overall survival (OS) after ICI therapy, and it independently predicted a better PFS and OS according to multivariate analysis.TCF1sup+/supPD-1sup+/supTILs, representing progenitor Texh-cells, predict both better response and survival in NSCLC patients after ICI therapy. Thus, they may be a useful predictive biomarker for ICI therapy in NSCLC.

In this paper, we identify and discuss several important themes surrounding gender among millennials in the context of growing inequality covering various topics from college classrooms to cross-national settings. Findings of our paper suggest that we need to understand social contexts and challenges faced by millennials. For example, millennials, both men and women alike, are affected by a rise in socioeconomic inequality and show pessimistic attitudes about the future. In addition, millennials hold more progressive gender beliefs than previous generations, but the cultural belief about individual responsibility still remains and works as one of the reasons for persistent gender inequality. Most importantly, in spite of the diversity in topics, research methods, and study context, all research included in this paper indicates the importance of viewing the issue of gender inequality in a broad social context through a structural lens and an intersectional perspective. We conclude with suggestions for the future.

Background: Efforts are needed to discover novel immunotherapeutic targets in non-responders of current immunotherapies. VTCN1 (B7-H4/B7x/B7S1) and HHLA2 (B7-H7/B7y) are B7 family co-inhibitory molecules reported to be expressed in PD-L1-negative or EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). To elucidate the clinicopathological implications of these two immune checkpoints, we checked their detailed expression patterns including intratumoral heterogeneity. Methods: VTCN1 and HHLA2 expression were evaluated in public single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Their immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on tissue microarrays of 413 LUAD and 382 lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) specimens. Intratumoral heterogeneity was evaluated by IHC on representative sections of 59 surgically resected LUAD and 49 LUSC specimens. Results: In LUAD scRNAseq, VTCN1 and HHLA2 were predominantly expressed on epithelial cells and were not co-expressed with PD-L1. However, IHC showed their expression in both tumor and immune cells. In TCGA analysis, there was a negative correlation between VTCN1 and PD-L1 (LUAD, r = -0.094, p = 0.033; LUSC, r = -0.227, p Conclusions: VTCN1 and HHLA2 are frequently co-expressed in PD-L1-negative NSCLC, especially EGFR-mutant LUAD rich in CD8+ T-cells and can serve as potential novel immunotherapeutic targets. Citation Format: Sojung Lim, Jaemoon Koh, Seung Geun Song, Jeemin Yim, Bogyeong Han, Young A Kim, Doo Hyun Chung, Yoon Kyung Jeon. Expression pattern and clinicopathological implication of B7 family immune checkpoints, VTCN1 and HHLA2, in non-small cell lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6656.

Background Prior research has highlighted racial and ethnic disparities in H1N1 vaccination in the United States. Our study adds to this literature by utilizing an intersectionality framework to examine the joint influence of race and sex on H1N1 vaccination beliefs and behaviors among non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites (hereafter blacks and whites). Methods Using data from the National H1N1 Flu Survey of U.S. adults, we measured differences in beliefs about the safety and efficacy of the H1N1 vaccine among black women, black men, white women, and white men. We then estimated a series of nested logistic regression models to examine how race/sex vaccination disparities were influenced by health beliefs, socioeconomic status (SES), pre-existing conditions, and healthcare. Results Black respondents were more likely than white respondents to express reservations about the safety and efficacy of the H1N1 vaccine. Consistent with those beliefs, white females reported the highest rate of H1N1 vaccination (28.4%), followed by white males (26.3%), black males (21.6%), and black females (17.5%). Differences in health beliefs, SES, pre-existing conditions, and healthcare explained lower odds of H1N1 vaccination among white men and black men, relative to white women. However, black women experienced 35–45% lower odds of vaccination than white women across all models, highlighting the intersectional nature of these associations. Discussion The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic provides a cautionary tale about the distribution of new vaccines across large populations with diverse racial, sex, and socioeconomic characteristics. Despite differences between the H1N1 and COVID-19 pandemics, our study warns that many black Americans will forego COVID-19 vaccines unless swift action is taken to address black-white disparities in access to vital resources. Public health stakeholders can also encourage widespread adoption of COVID-19 vaccines by tailoring health promotion messages for different groups of racial minorities, especially groups like black women who face intersecting disadvantages.

Although the black-white gap in life expectancy has been shrinking in the U.S., national improvement conceals ongoing disparities. Nowhere is this more evident than Washington D.C., where the black-white gap has persistently exceeded 10 years. Using 1999–2017 mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics, we employed demographic techniques to pursue three aims: first, we created period life tables to examine longevity trends in Washington D.C.; second, we decomposed black-white life expectancy differences into 23 causes of death in three time periods (2000, 2008, 2016); third, we assessed age-specific contributions for each cause of death. Findings revealed that heart disease (4.14 years), homicide (2.43 years), and cancer (2.30 years) contributed most to the 17.23-year gap among males in 2016. Heart disease and cancer contributed most at ages 55–69; homicide contributed most at ages 20–29. Among females in 2016, heart disease (3.24 years), cancer (2.36 years), and unintentional injuries (0.85 years) contributed most to the 12.06-year gap. Heart disease and cancer contributed most at ages 55–69, and unintentional injuries at ages 50–59. Our investigation provides detailed evidence about contributors to the black-white longevity gap in Washington D.C., which can aid in the development of targeted public health interventions.

Using data from two longitudinal studies on mothers and children (NLSY79 and NLSY79 Children), this study first examined the relationship between mothers’ nonstandard employment and children’s health insurance coverage while adjusting for various compositional characteristics of mothers, children, and families. This study also evaluated whether this relationship differed across family structures. Results from multinomial logistic regression models showed that mothers’ nonstandard work was associated with a higher likelihood of children being uninsured or relying on public programs. In addition, in single-mother families, children’s uninsurance rate was highest if the mother held a nonstandard job, even compared to children of non-employed mothers. These study findings contribute to the literature on access to health insurance for children in the United States.

Using nationally representative longitudinal data collected in South Korea from 2006 to 2013, this study evaluates the associations between nonstandard employment and various health outcomes with a focus on gender differences. We also examine to what extent family status, that is, marital status and parenthood, conditions these associations for men and women. Our results reveal an important role of selection in that many of the significantly negative associations between nonstandard/self-employment and health outcomes disappear in fixed-effects models when time-invariant unobserved individual heterogeneity is taken into account. Such negative selection appears to be more pronounced for men than for women. We also find a significant association between nonstandard/self-employment and health, which differs by gender and particular health outcomes examined. As for the moderating role of family status, our results show that mothers do benefit from self-employment in terms of lower depressive symptoms.

Background: Anti-tumor immunity plays a key role in tumor development and progression and the landscape of tumor immune microenvironment could affect the clinical outcome of patients. The concept of immunoscore based on immune cell infiltration has been actively applied to solid tumors including colon cancer and malignant melanoma and successfully predicted prognosis of patients. However, a potential utility of immunoscore in predicting prognosis of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains unclear. For easy application of immunoscore to daily practice, we investigated the prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating CD3+ T-cell density which is routinely stained for diagnosing malignant lymphomas, and then explored the feasibility of immunoscore application in DLBCL. Method: One-hundred-four patients with DLBCL treated with R-CHOP therapy, whose tumors were prospectively immunoprofiled for routine clinical diagnosis, were enrolled in this study. Immunohistochemistry was performed on representative whole formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections using CD3, CD20, MYC, BCL2, BCL6, CD10 and MUM1. Cell-of-origin was determined using the Hans' algorithm and MYC/BCL2 double expressor (DE) was defined as the co-expression of MYC (in ≥ 40% of tumor cells) and BCL2 (in ≥ 70% of tumor cells). Whole-slide scanning was performed, whole tumor regions were annotated, and images were analyzed with Aperio ImageScope v.12.4.3 software (Leica Biosystems, Nussloch, Germany). The CD3+ density was quantified in three different methods: the total numbers of CD3+ cells/area (mm 2), CD3+ cells/total cells and CD3+ cells/CD20+ cells. Correlation between the CD3 density and clinicopathologic parameters and prognostic impact of the CD3 density were analyzed. To validate the findings, publicly available mRNA and clinical datasets of two DLBCL cohorts were downloaded and analyzed (Schmitz et al. 2018 and Sha et al. 2019). To dichotomizing low versus high CD3 density cases, the optimal cut-off values for overall survival were determined by ROC curve analysis using MedCalc Software v 19.4 (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium). Remaining all statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25.0 (SPSS). Result: All three methods assessing CD3+ cell density showed high concordance (CD3+ cells/area vs CD3+ cells/total cells, k=0.540 p=0.000; CD3+ cells/total cells vs CD3+ cells/CD20+ cells, k=0.394 p=0.000; CD3+ cells/CD20+ cells vs CD3+ cells/area, k=0.739 p=0.000). Patients with low CD3 density had elevated serum LDH (all, p Conclusion: Low CD3 density was a poor prognostic factor in DLBCL independent of other poor prognostic parameters such as IPI score and DE status. Therefore, evaluating CD3 density might be suitable for immunoscoring DLBCL cases to predict prognosis. Disclosures Kim: Boryung: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BeyondBIO: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Hanmi: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AstraZeneca/MedImmune: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bayer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AstraZeneca-KHIDI: Research Funding; Takeda: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Sanofi: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; GI CELL: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Roche/Genentech: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a major subset of NKT cells that recognize foreign and endogenous lipid antigens presented by CD1d. Although iNKT cells are characteristically autoreactive to self-antigens, the role of iNKT cells in the regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) has been elucidated using α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a strong synthetic glycolipid that is presented by professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells. Despite the well-known effects of α-GalCer and dendritic cells on lipid antigen presentation, the physiological role of endogenous antigens presented by CTLs during crosstalk with iNKT cells has not yet been addressed. In this study, we found that antigen-primed CTLs with transient CD1d upregulation could present lipid self-antigens to activate the iNKT cell production of IFN-γ. CTL-mediated iNKT cell activation in turn enhanced IFN-γ production and the proliferation and cytotoxicity of CTLs. We also found that the direct interaction of iNKT cells and CTLs enhanced the antitumor immune responses of CTLs. This partially explains the functional role of iNKT cells in CTL-mediated antitumor immunity. Our findings suggest that in the absence of exogenous iNKT cell ligands, iNKT cells enhanced the CTL production of IFN-γ and CTL proliferation and cytotoxicity via direct interaction with CD1d expressed on T cells without interacting with APCs., Cancer: Direct interaction between immune cells promotes anti-tumor responses Cancer-killing T cells engage in a form of molecular crosstalk with other specialized immune cells to enhance anti-tumor immune responses in mice. Se-Ho Park and colleagues from Korea University in Seoul, South Korea, studied a specialized population of immune cells known as invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, which serve as important mediators of tumor surveillance. They showed that iNKT cells directly interact with cancer-killing cytotoxic T cells through surface molecules and not through other immune cells. The resulting activation of iNKT cells leads to the production of a pro-inflammatory signaling molecule, which in turn enhances the proliferation and killing potential of the cytotoxic T cells, ultimately producing more potent tumor control in a mouse model of lymphoma. The findings could aid in the development of iNKT-based cancer immunotherapies.

Background Although the black-white gap in life expectancy has narrowed in the U.S., there is considerable variability across states. In Wisconsin, the black-white gap exceeds 6 years, well above the national average. Reducing this disparity is an urgent public health priority, but there is limited understanding of what contributes to Wisconsin’s racial gap in longevity. Our investigation identifies causes of death that contribute most to Wisconsin’s black-white gap in life expectancy among males and females, and highlights specific ages where each cause of death contributes most to the gap. Methods Our study employs 1999–2016 restricted-use mortality data provided by the National Center for Health Statistics. After generating race- and sex-specific life tables for each 3-year period of observation (e.g., 1999–2001), we trace recent trends in the black-white life expectancy gap in Wisconsin. We subsequently conduct a series of analyses to decompose the black-white gap in three time periods into 13 separate causes and 19 different age groups. Results In 2014–16, Wisconsin’s black-white gap in life expectancy was 7.34 years for males (67% larger than the national gap), and 5.61 years for females (115% larger than the national gap). Among males, homicide was the single largest contributor, accounting for 1.56 years of the total gap. Heart disease and cancer followed, contributing 1.43 and 1.42 years, respectively. Among females, heart disease and cancer were the two leading contributors to the gap, accounting for 1.12 and 1.00 years, respectively. Whereas homicide contributed most to the racial gap in male longevity during late adolescence and early adulthood, heart disease and cancer exerted most of their influence between ages 50–70 for both males and females. Other notable contributors were unintentional injuries (males), diabetes and cerebrovascular disease (females), and perinatal conditions (males and females). Conclusions Our study identifies targets for future policy interventions that could substantially reduce Wisconsin’s racial gap in life expectancy. Concerted efforts to eliminate racial disparities in perinatal mortality and homicide early in the life course, and chronic conditions such as cancer and heart disease in later life, promise to help Wisconsin achieve the public health objective of racial parity in longevity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-7145-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

While recent studies underscore how financial stress and lack of tangible assets significantly increase the odds of intimate partner violence (IPV) among couples, little is known about these effects over time. Theoretically informed by family stress theory, this study examines the influence of changing subjective reports of economic hardship over time on the risk for IPV. Specifically, we test two hypotheses: (1) change in economic hardship significantly predicts IPV; and, specifically, (2) increased economic hardship or unstable economic conditions increases the risk of IPV. Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study, we assess the incidence of IPV for 941 women in committed relationships. Results from our logistic regression analyses suggest that after controlling for numerous demographic factors, women who never experienced economic hardship had lower odds of experiencing IPV than those who did. Further, women who experienced high levels of economic hardship over time had the highest odds of experiencing IPV. However, the effects of changing economic hardship on IPV were attenuated once maternal depression and parenting stress were controlled. Results are discussed in terms of practice and policy implications.

In this study, we evaluate alternative hypotheses about the potentially harmful or beneficial effects of marriage on women's health and examine the factors underlying observed relationships between marriage and health. Using data from the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers, an annual survey of a nationally representative sample of Japanese women (N = 1,610), our study advances current scholarship on marriage and health by focusing on a context characterized by a high degree of gender inequality. Results from models employing different approaches to the potential role of health-related selection into marriage consistently indicate that marriage is associated with better mental and physical health and that the lower levels of employment among married women play an important role in explaining this relationship. Our findings highlight the importance of considering how the specific pathways linking marriage and health may vary across societies with different gender and institutional contexts.

Age and cause decomposition of the 2.44-year difference in life expectancy between non-Hispanic black females in Wisconsin and non-Hispanic black females in the U.S., 2014–16. This table shows the contribution, in years, of each age group and cause of death to the total difference in life expectancy between non-Hispanic black females in Wisconsin and non-Hispanic black females in the U.S. from 2014–16. (PDF 95 kb)

Age and cause decomposition of the 5.61-year difference in life expectancy between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white females in Wisconsin, 2014–16. This table shows the contribution, in years, of each age group and cause of death to the total difference in life expectancy between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white females in Wisconsin from 2014–16. (PDF 93 kb)

Age and cause decomposition of the 6.96-year difference in life expectancy between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white males in Wisconsin, 2007–09. This table shows the contribution, in years, of each age group and cause of death to the total difference in life expectancy between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white males in Wisconsin from 2007–09. (PDF 95 kb)

Age and cause decomposition of the 7.34-year difference in life expectancy between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white males in Wisconsin, 2014–16. This table shows the contribution, in years, of each age group and cause of death to the total difference in life expectancy between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white males in Wisconsin from 2014–16. (PDF 95 kb)

Age and cause decomposition of the 5.73-year difference in life expectancy between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white females in Wisconsin, 1999–01. This table shows the contribution, in years, of each age group and cause of death to the total difference in life expectancy between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white females in Wisconsin from 1999–01. (PDF 93 kb)

Age and cause decomposition of the 2.03-year difference in life expectancy between non-Hispanic black males in Wisconsin and non-Hispanic black males in the U.S., 2014–16. This table shows the contribution, in years, of each age group and cause of death to the total difference in life expectancy between non-Hispanic black males in Wisconsin and non-Hispanic black males in the U.S. from 2014–16. (PDF 94 kb)

Age and cause decomposition of the 0.24-year difference in life expectancy between non-Hispanic black males in Wisconsin and non-Hispanic black males in the U.S., 2007–09. This table shows the contribution, in years, of each age group and cause of death to the total difference in life expectancy between non-Hispanic black males in Wisconsin and non-Hispanic black males in the U.S. from 2007–09. (PDF 94 kb)

Age and cause decomposition of the 5.82-year difference in life expectancy between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white females in Wisconsin, 2007–09. This table shows the contribution, in years, of each age group and cause of death to the total difference in life expectancy between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white females in Wisconsin from 2007–09. (PDF 95 kb)

Background: Recent research on fertility in industrialized countries focuses primarily on delayed childbearing, despite the facts that large numbers of women continue to enter parenthood at relatively young ages and that early childbearing has been linked to economic disadvantage. Objective: This cross-national comparative study describes relationships between women's educational attainment and young age at first birth and evaluates the extent to which these differences have changed over time for women born 1955-1981. Methods: Defining 'early' childbearing as the age by which 20Š of first births have occurred to women in a given birth cohort and country, we describe differences in early childbearing by educational attainment across three cohorts of women in 20 countries. Results: We find a strong negative educational gradient in early childbearing across all 20 countries and some evidence of an increase in the relative prevalence of early childbearing among the least-educated women. In 10 countries, the relative prevalence of early childbearing among women with low education is significantly higher for one or both of the more recent birth cohorts compared to the earliest cohort. However, many countries show no significant change, and in one country (Poland) there is modest evidence of a decreasing educational gap. Conclusions: Evidence that educational differences in early childbearing have grown in some countries is generally consistent with the notion of family bifurcation and 'diverging destinies' by socioeconomic status. However, the pattern is not universal and future work should examine the various factors that shape these patterns, including the role of public policies.

Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) from 1979 to 2008, this study examines how employment precarity is associated with the transition to first marriage. Building upon research on precarious work and economic determinants of marriage, I employ various measures of precarious work, including health insurance coverage, the provision of pension benefits, and part-time work. Results from the discrete-time hazard models show that precarious work delays men’s marriage entry more than women’s. For men, all indicators of precarious work decrease the odds of first marriage by up to 40%. Compared to men, women’s entry into first marriage is delayed when they have part-time employment. My study findings contribute to the theoretical discussions of the causes of family inequality, which have suggested the precarization of work and associated deterioration of job quality as one of the leading influences on the retreat from marriage. Further, results of this study indicate that the spread of precarious work has profound social consequences through its impact on family formation. In light of limited empirical research on the impact of precarious work on non-work-related outcomes, subsequent research needs to continue examining how employment precarity and family inequality are intertwined with various substantive foci across societies.

There is a great deal of uncertainty over the levels of, and trends in, infant mortality in the former Soviet republics of Central Asia. As a result, the impact of the break-up of the Soviet Union on infant mortality in the region is not known, and proper monitoring of mortality levels is impaired. In this paper, a variety of data sources and methods are used to assess levels of infant mortality and their trend over time in one Central Asian republic, Kyrgyzstan, between 1980 and 2010. An abrupt halt to an already established decline in infant mortality was observed to occur during the decade following the break-up of the Soviet Union, contradicting the official statistics based on vital registration. Infants of Central Asian ethnicity and those born in rural areas were also considerably more at risk of mortality than suggested by the official sources. We discuss the implications of these findings, both for health policy in this seldom studied part of the former Soviet Union and for our understanding of the health crisis which it currently faces.

In this study, we evaluate alternative hypotheses about the potentially harmful or beneficial effects of marriage on women’s health and examine the factors underlying observed relationships between marriage and health. Using data from the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers, an annual survey of a nationally representative sample of Japanese women (N = 1,610), our study advances current scholarship on marriage and health by focusing on a context characterized by a high degree of gender inequality. Results from models employing different approaches to the potential role of health-related selection into marriage consistently indicate that marriage is associated with better mental and physical health and that the lower levels of employment among married women play an important role in explaining this relationship. Our findings highlight the importance of considering how the specific pathways linking marriage and health may vary across societies with different gender and institutional contexts.

In this paper, we examine educational differences in married women’s labor force attachment in Japan using 10 waves of data from a nationally representative survey. Results of discrete-time multi-state hazard models of labor force exit and entry indicate that university graduates are both more likely to remain in and less likely to reenter the labor force relative to women with a high school education or less. Their relatively low likelihood of labor force exit reflects educational differences in occupational characteristics, especially employment in full-time, standard jobs. However, junior college and university graduates remain substantially less likely to reenter the labor force net of family circumstances, characteristics of previous employment, and efforts to control for unobserved characteristics. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that tension between emerging incentives to remain in the labor force and lingering incentives to remain out of the labor force are both relatively strong among highly educated women. We conclude with speculation about the implications of these educational differences in married women’s employment for stratification.

e14500Background: Engaging T cells to attack tumors is a new class of immunotherapy. Tumor-specific T cell-engaging antibodies have an ability to redirect and activate T cells to target tumor cells...

The rapid expansion of nonstandard work has altered the nature of women's employment, but previous research on married women's employment trajectories in japan has paid little attention to the role of nonstandard work. to fill this gap, we examine how patterns of employment in regular and nonstandard positions vary by married women's socioeconomic status using nationally representative longitudinal data. results from discrete-time competing risks models of labor force transitions indicate that university graduates have the most stable labor force attachment in that they are the least likely to move from standard to nonstandard employment and to exit nonstandard jobs. in contrast, married women with a high school degree or less are more likely to reenter the labor force to take low-quality nonstandard jobs. these results are consistent with a scenario characterized by both continuity and change. older patterns of labor force exit and reentry, combined with the rise in nonstandard employment, are most relevant for less educated women while the emergence of more career employment opportunities is most relevant for highly educated women. considering the role of women's income in shaping patterns of inequality, these findings have important implications for stratification in japan.