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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by impaired communication and social interaction skills, and by repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. Multiple studies report that there are synaptic dysfunctions in ASD, in which important substrates such as morphology and neuronal function are involved in this pathogenesis. In this review we discuss the data available at the levelof neuronal abnormalities in ASD, and emphasize the morphological aspects of dendrites, dendritic spines, and actin cyto skeleton. Actinrich dendrites and dendritic spines shape the postsynaptic part of the most excitatory synapses. In ASD, the data points to a dysregulation in dendritic growth and development, as well as an alteration in the density of dendritic spines. This is accompanied by alterations in there modeling and composition of the neuronal cytoskeleton. In orderto better understand the pathophysiology of ASD, further informationis needed on how the elements of synaptic morphofunctional changes impact circuits and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity has reached pandemic proportions in recent years. Not only adults suffer from the disease, but increasingly children and young people. One of the main causes of overweight and obesity is excessive food intake, in particular heavily processed carbohydrates. Obesity alters multiple organs, including the salivary glands, bringing functional alterations with it. Among researchers, the relation between obesity and tooth decay, periodontal disease and xerostomia is being debated. More and more scientific reports are drawing attention to the changes in the microflora of the oral cavity during obesity. All changes are closely related to the morphological and functional alterations of the salivary glands. This article review presents the current points of view regarding the impact of obesity on the health of the salivary glands, and how changes their functions influence other structures in the oral cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was making a 3D modeling with the morphological characteristics of a first premolar from its morphometry. With reference to an anatomical diagram of a first upper premolar and morphometric relationships, it performs its contour plot (software Catya) considering at least three cross-sections of the figure seen occlusal, mesial-distal (AP) and one vestibulopalatal (L). 2d obtained model is completed by extrapolation to obtain a three-dimensional mesh which subsequently transforms triangular elements premolar model being ready to be imported into the software of the finite element analysis (Ansys) where these elements are transformed into the once plate elements connected by beams which gives a linear and isometric to which also inputs values ??of mechanical properties for each tissue for the analysis. Thus the figure obtained allows us to reproduce the morphology of the premolar and the relationships among its components, including linearity and isometry conferred allows us to study the mechanical behavior in any section of the model. Computational design of anatomical structures from a contour drawing based on their morphology and morphometry using the technique described results in a complementary alternative to study the morphology and mechanical analyzes of teeth or other anatomical structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to identity the origin and distribution of the circt, mflex femoral arteries (CFA) at the time of vascular reconstructive surgery. The femoral triangle contents in 92 lower extremities of formolized adult male cadavers of differen! ethnic groups, were dissected uncovering the femoral artery (FA) and its branches originating at the level of the femoral triangle. The origin of each CFA was identified determining the origin type and location. The medial circumflex femoral artery (MCFA) originated from the FA in 43 cases (46.7%); from the profunda femoris artery (PFA) in 41 cases (44.6%); from a common trunk formed by the PFA and CFA in 7 cases (7.6%), and in one case (1.1%) from the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA). In 75 cases (81.5%) the MCFA was most proximal than the LCFA, and in 9 cases (9.8%) it originated at the same level. The LCFA originated at the PFA in 68 cases (73.9%): from the FA in 17 cases ( 18.5%): from a common trunk formed by the PFA and CFA in 7 cases (7.6%). The origin of the LCFA was considered regardless, whether the descending branch originated therein or from the FA. Considering the presence of a number of important elements it is essential to identify the precise origin of the arteries and its eventual variations in procedures carried out in that area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caligus rogercresseyi is a copepod that represents one of the main challenges of the salmon farming industry in Chile, since it profusely affects the skin. It should be noted that fish in freshwater and estuaries are not affected, unlike salmon, which from post-smolt is highly parasitized when transferred to the sea. Multiple studies have been carried out on the life cycle of the parasite and chemical, physical and mechanical treatments have been developed to eliminate them. However, to date, the treatments have not been effective, which produces a permanent problem for the welfare of the animal. The purpose of this study was to recognize the biostructure of Atlantic salmon caudal fin skin at sites of interaction with chalimus. For this, 15 post-smolt infected with Caligus and 5 post-smolt controls, without Caligus, were used. The salmon were provided by Fundación Chile and the experience was carried out in its own experimental center. Once the euthanasia was carried out, by means of an overdose of the anesthetic benzocaine, samples of the caudal fins were obtained, which were fixed in 10 % formalin, included in paraplast to make 5 µm-thick sections and stained with Masson's Trichrome and PAS. The results indicated that the skin of the caudal fin of the affected post-smolt presented a greater height of the epidermis, few mucus-secreting cells and a solution of continuity in the epidermis. In addition, the basement membrane is discontinued and an increase in melanomacrophages occurs in the dermis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maternal nutritional status determines the health and nutritional conditions of the newborn, as well as complications during pregnancy and childbirth. The study was carried out in 894 women who had their delivery in the Hospitals of the city of Loja Ecuador during the period January - June 2019. The anthropometry of the mother and her child was determined, as well as data on complications during pregnancy and delivery, from their clinical history. In addition, the correlation was made between the pre-gestational nutritional status of the mother with the newborn, in the same way with the health status of the mother. The objective of this work was to determine the pre-gestational nutritional status and its relationship with the health and nutritional condition of the child. The pre-gestational BMI reported 47.3 % overweight and obesity and 2.6 % underweight. In a percentage higher than 10 %, mothers with overweight and obesity had large children for gestational age, in the same way, mothers with low weight had 26.1 % small newborns. The main complications of the mothers related to overweight and obesity were: gestational diabetes, postpartum hemorrhage and pre-eclampsia during pregnancy. It is important to note the high frequency of urinary tract infections 53.9% (478); and vaginitis 22.3% (199; although these are not directly related to metabolic processes such as etiology, more if they are favored by them. During delivery, the most frequent complication was dystocic delivery with 8.9 % (77), in addition to the total deliveries 42.5 % (374) that ended in cesarean section, of which 51.6 % (193) correspond to overweight and obesity. The complications of the newborn were: Acute respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal asphyxia and hypoglycemia. In conclusion, the pre-gestational nutritional status of the mother is directly related to the health and nutritional status of the newborn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thyroid gland is a an extensive, medium and symmetrical endocrine gland situated on the anterior side of the neck at the lower third and the upper third junction. The thyroid follicle is the functional and structural unit of the thyroid gland. Follicles are separated from each other by narrow interfollicular connective tissue. Stereological values of follicular, parafollicular and colloid containing follicles have been observed in experimental animal models. The aim of this study was to determine the existence ofa stereological pattern in the human thyroid gland defined by age and sex. A sample of six human thyroid glands of adult males with no history of thyroid disease or disorder obtained from non fixed human cadavers; of these cadavers the gland was removed and processed for thyroid follicle density (21.09 mm 2/mm³), follicular cell number density (10.81 x 105 cells/mm³) and paratbllicular (1.81 x 10 cells/mm³). With the average gland volume (21.3 mm³) we determined the total number of follicular cells (230.22 x 105) and parafollicular (38.33 x 105). The number of follicles per mm² (46.18 follicles/mm²) was also determined. Prior information and knowledge of numerical values and normal stereological proportions provides excellent parameters for determining hyper or hypotrophic endemic or exogenous alterations leading to stratification of certain disorders which was already observed in experimental models where differences amongst models were significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While studies have been conducted in the liver of different species, there is little research on the guinea pig, a rodent of easy handling and used as an experimentation animal. The aim was to describe in the guinea pig liver, some histological and histochemical aspects, which would allow experimental studies to be carried out. We used seven male guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) obtained from the Bioterium of the Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. Samples were fixed in buffered formalin and processed for inclusion in paraplast. Serial thick of 5 μm were stained for histological and histochemical studies. The liver presented a lobular architecture vague borders and portal tracts consisting of vascular structures and canalicular bile. Parenchymal cords were composed of hepatocytes with a cuboidal to polygonal appearence, and radially distributed from the central lobular vein. It showed the presence of glucogen liver cells, and hemosiderin neutral mucins. The average diameter of hepatocytes was 17.25 μm and the nucleous was of 7.31 μm. The guinea pig liver shows similarities with other species, however, to determine morphological parameters, age, environmental conditions of animals, feeding, etc. must be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a worldwide epidemic that has become a risk factor for the development of respiratory problems, meaning it is necessary to generate models that assess lung function in obese patients for proper treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate a model for analyzing respiratory function according to body composition, by analyzing the structure and function of the airways by computed tomography (CT). Lung function and body fat percentage (BF%) were measured in three male subjects (25 ± 6 years), with different body mass index (BMI; normal, overweight, obese). A third-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the airways was performed using CT. Trachea, right and left main bronchi and anterior segmental bronchus of the right and left lung were measured. Three measurement points were established for each structure, and the average value of these three points was used for the analysis. An increase in the thickness of the airways wall of the left and right main bronchi and right segmental bronchus was observed as BMI and BF% increased. The same was observed for the percentage of airway wall area (%AWA) and airway resistance in the main and segmental bronchi. The proposed 3D reconstruction model and the three-point analysis simplified image assessment and allowed to observe the problems caused by obesity in lung function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastination is an anatomical technique of cadaveric preservation that allows the preservation of anatomical pieces indefinitely, in dry and odorless form. It was created in 1978 by Gunther von Hagens, in Heidelberg, Germany. In particular, the sheet plastination technique, with epoxy resin, allows the generation of thin sections of various anatomical regions, allowing an accurate visualization of anatomical structures of difficult access through dissection or cadaveric exploration. The aim of this work was to present a new sheet plastination protocol with Biodur® E12/E1, which is faster in its implementation, applied, for the first time, in a rabbit head. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The retina of teleost fish zebrafish, has become an important model for studying neuronal plasticity and neurogenesis. It was further shown that the retina undergoes ontogenetic changes to adapt to different environments during their lifetime. This study aims to describe the ontogenetic development of the retina of juvenile salmon from hatching to the juvenile stage. We worked with 30 salmon divided into three groups of 10. Group I: newly hatched with yolk sac and 18 μm in length. Group II: without yolk sac and 30 μm in length. Group III: 100 μm long. Five fry each group were processed according to the protocol of Hanken & Wassersug to measure dorsoventral and nasal-temporal diameters using the cartilage that protects the eyeball. The remaining five specimens were sectioned with a microtome Microm serially (5 μm) and processed with technical H-E / Alcian blue. The layers of the retina were measured on a Zeiss optical microscope with camera Powershot built and with Image Tool 3.0 software. Group 1 showed large pigmented eyes, looking embryonic optic cup, the retina is stratified in layers. The inner nuclear layer (CNI) measured 62±10 microns and the inner plexiform layer (CPI) 10±2 μm. Group 2 presents changes in the thickness of them. The CNI decreases in thickness to 45±8 μm and the plexiform increased to 25±5 μm. In juvenile fish of group 3, the CNI reaches the minimum thickness (15±3 μm), by contrast, the inner plexiform layer thickness increases up to (70±10 μm). In the three groups observed in the periphery of the retina one proliferative germinative zone, which corresponds to a remnant of the embryonic neural epithelium responsible for the continued growth of the retina. The retina of the salmon can also be an important model for the study of ontogeny, neuronal plasticity and neurogenesis. This retinal neurogenesis fish rearrangement facilitates cell along ontogeny, potentially allowing optimization of the visual system to changes in the visual demands. This study may be useful to help diagnose pathologies in eye salmon and can also contribute to better understand tissue regeneration. On the other hand, with later studies, fish's retinal neurogenesis could be extrapolated to the treatment of human retinal diseases, such us glaucoma, retinal detachment o diabetic retinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clinical implications of occlusive processes in the anterior choroidal artery (AChA) are of considerable importance and have motivated us to perform a biometrical analysis of the afore mentioned artery including new biometric parameters (measurements). This study was perfomed on vascularized brains that were both fixed with for formalin solution and injected whith red tinted latex and brains that were not fixed with formalin solution, which were obtained from the Medical Legal Service, Santiago. They were observed using a luminescent 4 X magnifying glass and the measurements perfomed using a Mitutoyo Digital Caliper. This artery originated from the internal carotid artery (ICA) in 83.3 % of the cases observed, and in 16.7 % it originated from the posterior communicating artery ( PCoA). The mean caliber (diameter) of the artery was 0.68 ± 0.31 mm at the point of origin; the middle third was 0.60 mm ± 0.21 mm; at the point of entry into the choroidal plexus it was 0.48 mm ± 0.23 mm. The mean length from its origin at the AChA to the choroidal plexus was 28.67 mm ± 6.33 mm; the mean distance from its origin at the PCoAwas 6.97mm± 4.89 mm. The number of perforating branches of the AChA was 6. Our results can be considered a clinical contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]