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Bacterial biofilm formation and attachment to hosts are mediated by carbohydrate-binding lectins, exopolysaccharides, and their interactions in the extracellular matrix (ECM). During tomato infection Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (Rps) GMI1000 highly expresses three lectins: LecM, LecF, and LecX. The latter two are uncharacterized. We evaluated the roles in bacterial wilt disease of LecF, a fucose-binding lectin, LecX, a xylose-binding lectin, and the Rps exopolysaccharide EPS I. Interestingly, single and double lectin mutants attached to tomato roots better and formed more biofilm under static conditions in vitro. Consistent with this finding, static bacterial aggregation was suppressed by heterologous expression of lecFGMI1000 and lecXGMI1000 in other Ralstonia strains that naturally lack these lectins. Crude ECM from a ΔlecF/X double mutant was more adhesive than the wild-type ECM, and LecF and LecX increased Rps attachment to ECM. The enhanced adhesiveness of the ΔlecF/X ECM could explain the double mutants hyper-attachment in static conditions. Unexpectedly, mutating lectins decreased Rps attachment and biofilm viscosity under shear stress, which this pathogen experiences in plant xylem. LecF, LecX, and EPS I were all essential for biofilm development in xylem fluid flowing through cellulose-coated microfluidic channels. These results suggest that under shear stress, LecF and LecX increase Rps attachment by interacting with the ECM and plant cell wall components like cellulose. In static conditions such as on root surfaces and in clogged xylem vessels, the same lectins suppress attachment to facilitate pathogen dispersal. Thus, Rps lectins have a dual biological function that depends on the physical environment.

The cuticle constitutes the outermost defensive barrier of most land plants. It comprises a polymeric matrix-cutin, surrounded by soluble waxes. Moreover, the cuticle constitutes the first line of defense against pathogen invasion, while also protecting the plant from many abiotic stresses. Aliphatic monomers in cutin have been suggested to act as immune elicitors in plants. This study analyses the potential of cutin oligomers to activate rapid signaling outputs reminiscent of pattern-triggered immunity in the model plant Arabidopsis. Cutin oligomeric mixtures led to Ca2+ influx and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Comparable responses were measured for cutin, which was also able to induce a reactive oxygen species burst. Furthermore, cutin oligomer treatment resulted in a unique transcriptional reprogramming profile, having many archetypal features of pattern-triggered immunity. Targeted spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses of the cutin oligomers suggest that the elicitor compounds consist mostly of two up to three 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid monomers linked together through ester bonds. This study demonstrates that cutin breakdown products can act as inducers of early plant immune responses. Further investigation is needed to understand how cutin breakdowns are perceived and to explore their potential use in agriculture.

Saponins are plant secondary metabolites comprising glycosylated triterpenoids, steroids or steroidal alkaloids with a broad spectrum of toxicity to microbial pathogens and pest organisms that contribute to basal plant defense to biotic attack. Secretion of glycosyl hydrolases that enzymatically convert saponins into less toxic products was thus far the only mechanism reported to enable fungal pathogens to colonize their saponin-containing host plant(s). We studied the mechanisms that the fungus Botrytis cinerea utilizes to be tolerant to well-characterized, structurally related saponins from tomato and Digitalis purpurea. By gene expression studies, comparative genomics, enzyme assays and testing a large panel of fungal (knockout and complemented) mutants, we unraveled four distinct cellular mechanisms that participate in the mitigation of the toxic activity of these saponins and in virulence on saponin-producing host plants. The enzymatic deglycosylation that we identified is novel and unique to this fungus-saponin combination. The other three tolerance mechanisms operate in the fungal membrane and are mediated by protein families that are widely distributed in the fungal kingdom. We present a spatial and temporal model on how these mechanisms jointly confer tolerance to saponins and discuss the repercussions of these findings for other plant pathogenic fungi, as well as human pathogens.

Plant pathogenic bacteria often have a narrow host range, which can vary among different isolates within a population. Here, we investigated the host range of the tomato pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis (Cm). We determined the genome sequences of 40 tomato Cm isolates and screened them for pathogenicity on tomato and eggplant. Our screen revealed that out of the tested isolates, five were unable to cause disease on any of the hosts, 33 were exclusively pathogenic on tomato, and two were capable of infecting both tomato and eggplant. Through comparative genomic analyses, we identified that the five non-pathogenic isolates lacked the chp/tomA pathogenicity island, which has previously been associated with virulence in tomato. In addition, we found that the two eggplant-pathogenic isolates encode a unique allelic variant of the putative serine hydrolase chpG (chpGC), an effector that is recognized in eggplant. Introduction of chpGC into a chpG inactivation mutant in the eggplant-non-pathogenic strain Cm101, failed to complement the mutant, which retained its ability to cause disease in eggplant and failed to elicit hypersensitive response (HR). Conversely, introduction of the chpG variant from Cm101 into an eggplant pathogenic Cm isolate (C48), eliminated its pathogenicity on eggplant, and enabled C48 to elicit HR. Our study demonstrates that allelic variation in the chpG effector gene is a key determinant of host range plasticity within Cm populations.

Tremendous plant metabolic diversity arises from phylogenetically restricted specialized metabolic pathways. Specialized metabolites are synthesized in dedicated cells or tissues, with pathway genes sometimes colocalizing in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). However, the mechanisms by which spatial expression patterns arise and the role of BGCs in pathway evolution remain underappreciated. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms driving acylsugar evolution in the Solanaceae. Previously thought to be restricted to glandular trichomes, acylsugars were recently found in cultivated tomato roots. We demonstrated that acylsugars in cultivated tomato roots and trichomes have different sugar cores, identified root-enriched paralogs of trichome acylsugar pathway genes, and characterized a key paralog required for root acylsugar biosynthesis, SlASAT1-LIKE (SlASAT1-L), which is nested within a previously reported trichome acylsugar BGC. Last, we provided evidence that ASAT1-L arose through duplication of its paralog, ASAT1, and was trichome-expressed before acquiring root-specific expression in the Solanum genus. Our results illuminate the genomic context and molecular mechanisms underpinning metabolic diversity in plants.

BACKGROUND: Fungal plant pathogens have dynamic genomes that allow them to rapidly adapt to adverse conditions and overcome host resistance. One way by which this dynamic genome plasticity is expressed is through effector gene loss, which enables plant pathogens to overcome recognition by cognate resistance genes in the host. However, the exact nature of these loses remains elusive in many fungi. This includes the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum, which is the first fungal plant pathogen from which avirulence (Avr) genes were ever cloned and in which loss of Avr genes is often reported as a means of overcoming recognition by cognate tomato Cf resistance genes. A recent near-complete reference genome assembly of C. fulvum isolate Race 5 revealed a compartmentalized genome architecture and the presence of an accessory chromosome, thereby creating a basis for studying genome plasticity in fungal plant pathogens and its impact on avirulence genes. RESULTS: Here, we obtained near-complete genome assemblies of four additional C. fulvum isolates. The genome assemblies had similar sizes (66.96 to 67.78 Mb), number of predicted genes (14,895 to 14,981), and estimated completeness (98.8 to 98.9%). Comparative analysis that included the genome of isolate Race 5 revealed high levels of synteny and colinearity, which extended to the density and distribution of repetitive elements and of repeat-induced point (RIP) mutations across homologous chromosomes. Nonetheless, structural variations, likely mediated by transposable elements and effecting the deletion of the avirulence genes Avr4E, Avr5, and Avr9, were also identified. The isolates further shared a core set of 13 chromosomes, but two accessory chromosomes were identified as well. Accessory chromosomes were significantly smaller in size, and one carried pseudogenized copies of two effector genes. Whole-genome alignments further revealed genomic islands of near-zero nucleotide diversity interspersed with islands of high nucleotide diversity that co-localized with repeat-rich regions. These regions were likely generated by RIP, which generally asymmetrically affected the genome of C. fulvum. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal new evolutionary aspects of the C. fulvum genome and provide new insights on the importance of genomic structural variations in overcoming host resistance in fungal plant pathogens.

Postharvest chilling injury (PCI) is a physiological disorder that often impairs tomato fruit ripening; this reduces fruit quality and shelf-life, and even accelerates spoilage at low temperatures. The CBF gene family confers cold tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana, and constitutive overexpression of CBF in tomato increases vegetative chilling tolerance, in part by retarding growth, but, whether CBF increases PCI tolerance in fruit is unknown. We hypothesized that CBF1 overexpression (OE) would be induced in the cold and increase resistance to PCI. We induced high levels of CBF1 in fruit undergoing postharvest chilling by cloning it from S. lycopersicum and S. habrochaites, using the stress-inducible RD29A promoter. Harvested fruit were cold-stored (2.5°C) for up to three weeks, then rewarmed at 20°C for three days. Transgene upregulation was triggered during cold storage from 8.6- to 28.6-fold in SlCBF1-OE, and between 3.1- to 8.3-fold in ShCBF1-OE fruit, but developmental abnormalities in the absence of cold induction were visible. Remarkably, transgenic fruit displayed worsening of PCI symptoms, i.e., failure to ripen after rewarming, comparatively higher susceptibility to decay relative to wild-type (WT) fruit, lower total soluble solids, and the accumulation of volatile compounds responsible for off-odors. These symptoms correlated with CBF1 overexpression levels. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the ripening and biotic and abiotic stress responses were altered in the cold-stored transgenic fruit. Seedlings grown from chilled and non-chilled WT fruit, in addition to non-chilled transgenic fruit were also exposed to 0°C to test their photosynthetic response to chilling injury. Chilled WT seedlings adjusted their photosynthetic rates to reduce oxidative damage; non-chilled WT seedlings did not. Photosynthetic parameters between transgenic seedlings were similar at 0°C, but SlCBF1-OE showed more severe photoinhibition than ShCBF1-OE, mirroring phenotypic observations. These results suggest that 1) CBF1 overexpression accelerated fruit deterioration in response to cold storage, and 2) Chilling acclimation in fructus can increase chilling tolerance in seedling progeny of WT tomato.

Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) causes substantial economic loss to tomato production, and the Sw-5b resistance gene is widely deployed for management. Here, we show (i) the emergence of resistance-breaking (RB) TSWV strains in processing and fresh market tomato production in California over the past ten years, and (ii) evolutionary relationships with RB strains from other areas. A specific RT-PCR test was used to show the C118Y RB strain that emerged in Fresno County in 2016 quickly became predominant in the central production area and remained so through this study. In 2021, the C118Y strain was detected in the Northern production area, and was predominant in 2022. However, in 2023, the C118Y strain was unexpectedly detected in fewer spotted wilt samples from resistant varieties. This was due to emergence of the T120N RB strain, previously known to occur in Spain. A specific RT-PCR test was developed and used to show that the T120N RB strain was predominant in Colusa and Sutter counties (detected in 75-80% of samples), and detected in ~50% of samples from Yolo County. Pathogenicity tests confirmed California isolates of the T120N strain infected Sw-5b tomato varieties and induced severe symptoms. Another RB strain, C118F, was associated with spotted wilt samples of Sw-5 varieties from fresh market tomato production in southern California. Phylogenetic analyses with complete NSm sequences revealed that the C118Y and T120N RB strains infecting resistant processing tomato in California emerged locally, whereas those from fresh market production were more closely related to isolates from Mexico. Thus, widespread deployment of this single dominant resistance gene in California has driven the local emergence of multiple RB strains in different tomato production areas and types. These results further emphasize the need for ongoing monitoring for RB strains, and identification of sources of resistance to these strains.

Plant roots integrate environmental signals with development using exquisite spatiotemporal control. This is apparent in the deposition of suberin, an apoplastic diffusion barrier, which regulates flow of water, solutes and gases, and is environmentally plastic. Suberin is considered a hallmark of endodermal differentiation but is absent in the tomato endodermis. Instead, suberin is present in the exodermis, a cell type that is absent in the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we demonstrate that the suberin regulatory network has the same parts driving suberin production in the tomato exodermis and the Arabidopsis endodermis. Despite this co-option of network components, the network has undergone rewiring to drive distinct spatial expression and with distinct contributions of specific genes. Functional genetic analyses of the tomato MYB92 transcription factor and ASFT enzyme demonstrate the importance of exodermal suberin for a plant water-deficit response and that the exodermal barrier serves an equivalent function to that of the endodermis and can act in its place.

Meloidogyne floridensis is one of the emerging species of root-knot nematodes in vegetable production in the Southern USA. It can reproduce on commercial vegetable cultivars that have resistance to the common tropical root-knot nematode species (i.e., M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. javanica). The objective of this study was to evaluate the Solanum sisymbriifolium line Sis Syn II as rootstock, in combination with drench application of a non-fumigant nematicide, fluazaindolizine, for managing M. floridensis on tomato. This study was conducted in artificially infested microplots under field conditions at two different locations in Georgia, USA in 2021. Treatments were arranged in a randomised complete block design with eight replications at one location and four replications at the other. The tomato cultivar ‘Roadster’ was used as the scion. Control treatments included non-grafted, and ‘Roadster’ grafted onto ‘Roadster’ rootstock (self-grafted). Our results showed that, in both experiments, Sis Syn II (reproduction factor: 0.07) significantly reduced the population of M. floridensis compared to the non-grafted (4.37) and self-grafted (6.86) controls. Similarly, the galling index was lower for Sis Syn II (0.61) compared to the non-grafted (4.13) and self-grafted (3.90) controls. Moreover, grafting onto Sis Syn II increased the average biomass and yield of the tomato in both experiments. However, fluazaindolizine drenching did not exhibit any effect on M. floridensis populations or the yield increment of tomato. Our study demonstrates that Sis Syn II is effective in management of M. floridensis. Grafting the desirable tomato cultivar onto this rootstock can significantly suppress M. floridensis population and increase crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants face constant threats from pathogens, leading to growth retardation and crop failure. Cell-surface leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) are crucial for plant growth and defense, but their specific functions, especially to necrotrophic fungal pathogens, are largely unknown. Here, we identified an LRR-RLK (Solyc06g069650) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) induced by the economically important necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Knocking out this LRR-RLK reduced plant growth and increased sensitivity to B. cinerea, while its overexpression led to enhanced growth, yield, and resistance. We named this LRR-RLK as BRAK (B. cinerea resistance-associated kinase). Yeast two-hybrid screen revealed BRAK interacted with phytosulfokine (PSK) receptor PSKR1. PSK-induced growth and defense responses were impaired in pskr1, brak single and double mutants, as well as in PSKR1-overexpressing plants with silenced BRAK. Moreover, BRAK and PSKR1 phosphorylated each other, promoting their interaction as detected by microscale thermophoresis. This reciprocal phosphorylation was crucial for growth and resistance. In summary, we identified BRAK as a novel regulator of seedling growth, fruit yield and defense, offering new possibilities for developing fungal disease-tolerant plants without compromising yield. Synopsis: Plant growth and defense against pathogens are tightly regulated by receptor-like kinases (RLKs) located at the cell surface. This study identifies a novel leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-RLK in tomato, BRAK (Botrytiscinerea resistance-associated kinase), which simultaneously promotes plant growth and boosts resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen B. cinerea. BRAK promotes tomato seedling growth, fruit yield and defense against B. cinerea. BRAK interacts with the phytosulfokine (PSK) receptor PSKR1, and BRAK-regulated growth and defense is related to the PSK signaling pathway. Reciprocal phosphorylation between BRAK and PSKR1 is critical for growth and defense. The trade-off between pathogen resistance and growth is bypassed by the interaction between two membrane kinases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While humic substances (HS) are recognized for their role in enhancing plant growth under abiotic stress by modulating hormonal and redox metabolisms, a key question remains: how do HS influence the microbiota associated with plants? This study hypothesizes that the effects of HS extend beyond plant physiology, impacting the plant-associated bacterial community. To explore this, we investigated the combined and individual impacts of HS and osmotic stress on tomato plant physiology and root endophytic communities. Tomatoes were grown within a sterile hydroponic system, which allowed the experiment to focus on seed-transmitted endophytic bacteria. Moreover, sequencing the 16S-ITS-23S region of the rrn operon (~4,500 bp) in a metabarcoding assay using the PNA-chr11 clamp nearly eliminated the reads assigned to Solanum lycopersicum and allowed the species-level identification of these communities. Our findings revealed that HS, osmotic stress, and their combined application induce changes in bacterial endophytic communities. Osmotic stress led to reduced plant growth and a decrease in Bradyrhizobium sp., while the application of HS under osmotic stress resulted in increased tomato growth, accompanied by an increase in Frigoribacterium sp., Roseateles sp., and Hymenobacter sp., along with a decrease in Sphingomonas sp. Finally, HS application under non-stress conditions did not affect plant growth but did alter the endophytic community, increasing Hymenobacter sp. and decreasing Sphingomonas sp. This study enhances the understanding of plant–endophyte interactions under stress and HS application, highlighting the significance of the vertically transmitted core microbiome in tomato roots and suggesting new insights into the mode of action of HS that was used as a biostimulant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial infectious disease has become a major problem in the world. It has been found as its continual distribution is at extremely frightening rate. The most curable technique is the design and synthesis of effective nano-based drugs as green alternative. In this study, ZnO and Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were produced from their precursor salts in the volume ratios of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 with Solanum lycopersicum leaf as a capping and reducing agent. Characterizations were performed using TGA/DTA, XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, SAED, UV-Vis, and FTIR techniques. After 450°C and 500°C, ZnO and Co3O4 NPs were found to be thermally stable, respectively. For the ZnO and Co3O4 NPs in 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 volume ratios, respectively, their average crystalline sizes were 51, 20, 29 and 26, 21 and 28 nm. The degree of crystallinity is confirmed by SEM in conjunction with TEM-HRTEM, and SAED. Among the numerous volume ratios, Co3O4 (1:3) and Co3O4 (1:1) showed 100% promised activity against Alternaria solani pathogen. Antimicrobial infectious disease has become a major serious problem in the modern world. It has been found as its continual distribution is at an extremely frightening rate. The most curable technique for this worldwide issue is the design and synthesis of effective nano-based drugs as green alternative solutions. In this study, ZnO and Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were produced from their respective precursor salts in the volume ratios of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 with Solanum lycopersicum leaf as a capping and reducing agent. Characterizations were performed using TGA/DTA, XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, SAED, UV-Vis, and FTIR techniques. After 450°C and 500°C, greenly synthesized ZnO and Co3O4 NPs were found to be thermally stable, respectively. For the ZnO and Co3O4 synthesized in 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 volume ratios, respectively, their average crystalline sizes were 51, 20, 29 and 26, 21 and 28 nm. The degree of crystallinity is confirmed by SEM examination in conjunction with TEM-HRTEM, and SAED. Among the numerous volume ratios, Co3O4 (1:3) and Co3O4 (1:1) showed 100% promised activity against Alternaria solani pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meloidogyne spp. are the most devastating plant‐parasitic nematodes affecting tomato worldwide. Although resistant cultivars and rootstocks are used, selection for virulence occurs in the pathogen. Consequently, using other resistance sources, such as Solanumtorvum, could improve resistance durability. Several experiments in microplots and plastic greenhouses were carried out to determine the potential use of S. torvum as a tomato rootstock to protect against M. incognita and M. javanica. In microplots, the relationship between nematode density at transplanting (Pi) and multiplication rate did not differ between Meloidogyne species in either ungrafted or grafted tomato. However, maximum multiplication rate and maximum density on grafted tomato were 1.27% and 2.93% those on ungrafted, respectively. The grafted tomato plants yielded between 2.9 and 7.5 more times than the ungrafted plants at Pi ≥ 100 eggs + J2s per 100 cm3 of soil, but no differences were observed in plastic greenhouse where a large amount of scion‐rooting occurred. In microplots, the quality of the tomato fruits of ungrafted and grafted plants was affected by the Pi. In parallel, some pot experiments were conducted on S. torvum and susceptible eggplant to determine the putative selection for nematode virulence to S. torvum and the nematode fitness cost. These showed that the nematode subpopulations infected and reproduced less on S. torvum than on eggplant. However, the female fertility was only reduced after development of three or four subpopulations on S. torvum. Finally, a histopathological study showed that nematode infection and development in S. torvum was delayed compared to eggplant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to estimate and compare substitution matrixes of nucleotide frequencies for Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) with recently identified begomoviral isolates from two medicinal false daisy (Eclipta prostrata) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. The ToLCNDV has become a significant limitation to vegetables production in many countries. A polymerase chain reaction was conducted to conserve the existence of begomoviral infection. The acquired amplicon was amplified using primers appropriate to the sequence in order to retrieve the full genome. The sequence analysis has confirmed the presence of ToLCNDV in symptomatic plants. The complete genome sequence having a 2.6–2.7 kb entire genome of ToLCNDV was obtained. An investigation of the phylogenetic and evolutionary history has verified the connection between this virus and other closely related viruses. The available nucleotide frequencies of codon regions (A, T/U, C, G) with newly isolates revealed 20–28% substitution matrixes. There was a minimal difference of nucleotide frequencies' with already submitted database of this virus. Substitution matrixes, which quantify the probability of nucleotide substitutions evolving over a period of time, offer valuable information about mutation patterns and the forces driving evolution. This comparative analysis enhanced the comprehension of the genetic diversity of ToLCNDV and its possible consequences on medicinal plants. It also assisted in the formulation of efficient control measures and the preservation of begomoviruses in medicinal plant biodiversity. The information presented here is highly valuable for understanding the ToLCNDV biology and epidemiology, and it would also assist in disease management in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinity is a serious concern for tomato culture, affecting both yield and quality parameters. Although some genes involved in tomato salt tolerance have been identified, their genetic diversity has been rarely studied. In the present study, we assessed salt tolerance‐related traits at juvenile and adult stages in a large core collection and identified salt tolerance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) by genome‐wide association study (GWAS). The results suggested that a major QTL is involved in leaf sodium accumulation at both physiological stages. We were able to identify the underlying candidate gene, coding for a well‐known sodium transporter, called SlHKT1.2. We showed that an eQTL for the expression of this gene in roots colocalized with the above ground sodium content QTL. A polymorphism putatively responsible for its variation was identified in the gene promoter. Finally, to extend the applicability of these results, we carried out the same analysis on a test‐cross panel composed of the core collection crossed with a distant line. The results indicated that the identified QTL retained its functional impact even in a hybrid genetic context: this paves the way for its use in breeding programs aimed at improving salinity tolerance in tomato cultivars. Summary Statement: The genetic diversity of sodium accumulation in tomato shoot under salt stress is associated with an expression QTL of SlHKT1.2. This gene, already identified as involved in tomato salinity tolerance, has been differentially selected during domestication and is of interest for the development of salinity‐tolerant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic agriculture comprises farming practices that discard synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Tomato production demands huge amounts of fertilizers and pesticides. Improving efficiency of the inputs allowed for organic tomato production is a challenge to upgrade yields. Thereby, we studied the effects of the inoculation of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Rhizophagus clarus, supplying rock thermophosphate and bioactivator, alone or associated, on tomato development and yield. The experiment was achieved in a greenhouse using undetermined tomato cv. BRS-Nagai sown in polystyrene trays and afterwards transplanted to pots. Treatments included R. clarus; thermophosphate (TH) (130 g/pot); bioactivator (PenergeticK® + Penergetic®) (BI); R. clarus + TH; R. clarus + BI; R. clarus + TH+ BI and TH + BI and control (CO). From the flowering onset, plant height, height of insertion of first truss, trusses space, length, and also the diameter and fresh weight of ripe fruits of the three first trusses were assessed. AMF colonization in the roots and macronutrients in leaves and petioles were also measured. Trusses spacing variable was affected by mycorrhiza and thermophosphate. R. clarus inoculation incremented 10 and 31.85% of fresh mass of ripe fruits and mass of ripe fruits per plant, respectively. Soluble solids contents in fruits and N, P and K in the leaves and petioles were similar among treatments. AMF colonization decreased on thermophosphate fertilized plants and increased in bioactivator treatment. Results showed that root inoculation with R. clarus promoted better plant development and yield and may be used as biological inoculant mostly on organic tomato production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous factors, such as soil fertility, climatic conditions, human activity, pests, and diseases, limit agricultural yields. Pesticides and fertilizers have become indispensable tools to satisfy the global food demand. However, its adverse environmental effects have led to the search for more sustainable and ethical techniques. Biofertilizers and biopesticides based on plant- growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) are efficient and ecological treatments that promote plant growth and protection against pathogens and abiotic stresses. In this study, twelve rhizobacterial strains with plant-growth-promoting attributes were selected to evaluate their plant-growth-promoting effect on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. var Robin). Soil inoculation with these strains resulted in a significant increase in shoot length, up to 50% when compared with control plants. Regarding fresh biomass, rhizobacterial treatments significantly improved seedlings' fresh aerial weight with a maximum increase of 77%. Root biomass also demonstrated a substantial improvement, yielding 62.26% greater fresh root weight compared to the control. Finally, dry root weights exhibited the most remarkable enhancements, with values between 49 and 124%, when compared to the control plants. Concerning the nutritional status, the strains inoculation increased the macronutrients and micronutrients content in the aerial and root parts of the plants. All these findings suggest that rhizobacteria from different ecosystems and agriculture soils of the Canary Islands could be used as fertilizer inoculants to increase crop yield and promote more sustainable practices in modern agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum lycopersicum (family: Solanaceae) is a crucial crop and model organism for many phenotypic traits, and its sequenced genome provides valuable insights into plant biology and crop improvement. This study investigated lectin receptor-like kinases (LecRLKs) in tomato, focusing on L-type and G-type families. Mining the tomato genome (ITAG2.4) revealed 161 putative lectin genes across seven families, with GNA-related genes being the most abundant. Gene duplication analysis indicated that tandem and segmental duplications were the primary mechanisms driving LecRLK gene family expansion, particularly for G-type LecRLKs. These duplicated genes showed evidence of both purifying and negative selection, suggesting functional conservation and sub-functionalization. L-type and G-type LecRLKs exhibited diverse domain rearrangement architectures and subcellular localizations, with G-type LecRLKs showing greater expansion and architectural diversity. Differential expression analysis during abiotic stress (drought, heat, and cold stress) revealed key responsive genes. During drought stress, 63.2% of L-type and 18.5% of G-type LecRLK genes were expressed, with L-type Solyc09g005000.1 and G-type Solyc03g078360.1 genes showing significant 2-fold upregulation. Heat stress (42 °C) induced the upregulation of L-type Solyc04g071000.1 and G-type Solyc03g078360.1 and Solyc04g008400.1, particularly after 12–24 h of exposure. Promoter analysis revealed numerous stress-related cis-elements. Transcription factor predictions and miRNA targeting sites suggest complex regulatory mechanisms. This comprehensive in silico characterization of tomato LecRLKs, including their expansion patterns and evolutionary pressures, provides insights into their potential roles in abiotic stress responses and lays the groundwork for enhancing crop resilience through targeted breeding or genetic engineering approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late blight (LB), caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans , is one of the most devastating diseases of the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) worldwide. Attempts to control the disease through fungicide applications are becoming less effective, as new and aggressive genotypes of the pathogen emerge. Further, some new P. infestans genotypes overcome the currently available resistance in tomato, necessitating the identification, characterization, and utilization of new sources of host resistance. In the present study, to detect QTLs underlying LB resistance in a recently-identified LB-resistant S. pimpinellifolium accession (PI 270442), an F2 population (n = 1,175) of a cross between PI 270442 and LB-susceptible tomato breeding line Fla. 8059 was screened for LB resistance and subjected to selective genotyping. A total of 19,839 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from reduced representation libraries (RRLs) constructed from the parents, of which 212 were used to build a genetic linkage map and locate QTLs. Ten LB-resistance QTLs were identified in PI 270442 on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 11 and 12, of which those on chromosomes 6, 10 and 11 were the strongest and co-localized with previously-reported LB-resistance QTLs. Genomic locations of the QTLs were compared with the tomato physical map, which resulted in the identification of several candidate genes that might be underpinning the LB resistance in PI 270442. The identified QTL-linked markers can be used in breeding programs to transfer resistance from PI 270442 into the cultivated tomato via marker-assisted breeding and to develop near-isogenic lines for fine mapping of the QTLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Fruit morphogenesis is determined by the coordination of cell division and expansion, which are fundamental processes required for the development of all plant organs. Here, we show that the regulation of TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) LANCEOLATE (TCP2/LA) by miR319 is crucial for tomato fruit morphology. The loss of miR319 regulation in the semi‐dominant La mutant led to a premature SlTCP2/LA expression during gynoecium patterning, which results in modified cell division during carpel development. As a consequence, La mutants exhibited elongated ovary and fruit shape, and a reduced number of ovules and seeds. Elongated fruit shape in La may be partially due to the SlTCP2/LA‐mediated repression of OVATE activity in young floral buds. Further analysis showed that the de‐repression of SlTCP2/LA decreases auxin responses in young floral buds by directly repressing SlYUCCA4 expression, but SlTCP2/LA also acts in parallel with ENTIRE (E) to orchestrate fruit morphology and seed production. Our study defines a novel miRNA‐based molecular link between the domestication‐associated OVATE gene and auxin responses. Given the striking variation in fruit morphology among members of the Solanaceae family, fine‐tuning regulation of gene expression by miRNA coupled with modulation of auxin dynamics may be a common driver in the evolution of fruit shape diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato is a widely grown horticultural crop, and its growth process is often affected by high temperatures. Caseinolytic Protease B (ClpB), a homologous protein to heat shock protein 101 (HSP101), plays a vital role in plant heat adaptation and development. In this study, we identified six SlClpB genes in tomatoes, distributed across four chromosomes. Collinearity analysis revealed that the gene pairs SlClpB-2 and SlClpB-3A, as well as SlClpB-3C and SlClpB-12, resulted from segmental duplication events. Phylogenetic and motif analyses showed that ClpB proteins possess highly conserved domains across different species. We used RNA-seq data to analyze the expression patterns of the ClpB family. Among them, SlClpB-3A and SlClpB-12 exhibited increased expression in multiple tissues under heat stress. Specifically, SlClpB-2, SlClpB-3A, and SlClpB-3C were highly expressed in the fruit orange stage and in flower buds under heat treatment, while in seedlings, SlClpB-2 and SlClpB-3A exhibited heat-induced expression. Real-time quantitative fluorescent PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that the expression of SlClpB-2 and SlClpB-3A was significantly increased under heat stress in the leaves and buds of Ailsa Craig, Micro-Tom, and M82. Overall, our findings provide valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms of SlClpB genes in response to heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Agronomic uses of biochar have been intensely explored in the last 15 years. Recently, a new generation of biochar‐based fertilizers has been developed. Raw biochar (BCH), nitrogen‐enriched biochar (N + BCH) or urea were added to a coir fiber‐based substrate for tomato cultivation, to assess seed germination, growth and fruiting of two cultivars (Cuarenteno and Moneymaker).BCH stimulated seed germination and early radicle growth, possibly because of the presence of karrikins detected in both BCH and N‐BCH (0.039 and 0.044 mg kg−1, respectively). However, BCH reduced growth in adult plants in both cultivars, probably because of ammonium retention, causing low‐N‐stress‐related symptoms such as accumulation of flavonoids in the leaf. Urea was toxic for seed germination because of the fast release of ammonium, but caused a positive effect on adult plant growth and yield, increasing chlorophyll in both cultivars, quantum yield and ascorbic acid in cv. Cuarenteno, and decreasing flavonoids and peroxide in leaves of both cultivars. Unlike urea, N + BCH showed a positive impact on plant growth and yield, but without releasing high amounts of ammonium or negatively affecting seed germination. Nitrogen‐rich amendments reduced phosphorus and increased iron leaf content in both cultivars.BCH can be effectively used as a growth medium constituent in nurseries for seedling production, whereas N + BCH offers a promising alternative to urea or other nitrogen mineral fertilizers for crop cultivation. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diseases caused by begomoviruses such as tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) are major constraints in agriculture. While the interactions between plants and monopartite begomoviruses during TYLCD pathogenesis have been explored extensively, how bipartite begomoviruses interact with tomato plants are understudied. Here we first found that a bipartite begomovirus tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV) induced stunted growth, leaf curl and yellowing in tomato plants. We then profiled the tomato transcriptomic changes in response to TYLCTHV infection. In total, we identified 2322 upregulated and 1377 downregulated genes. KEGG enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that many KEGG pathways regulating plant photosynthesis processes and defenses were enriched. Specifically, TYLCTHV infection disrupted the expression of DEGs that function in the light-harvesting chlorophyll protein complex, photosystem I and II, cytochrome b6/f complex, photosynthetic electron transport and F-type ATPase. Additionally, the expression of many DEGs regulating plant defenses including pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity, effector-triggered immunity and hypersensitive response was upregulated upon TYLCTHV infection. Taken together, we found that during the pathogenesis of TYLCD induced by TYLCTHV, the virus actively disrupts plant photosynthesis processes and induces defense responses. Our findings add to our knowledge of TYLCD pathogenesis and plant–virus interactions in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The polyphagous notorious pest, black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), cause significant production losses due to its distinctive feeding and hiding behavior, making it particularly challenging to control it with conventional methods. Therefore, sustainable agriculture demands more effective and environmentally safe pest control solutions. This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of two insecticide alternatives, the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Beauveria bassiana and Solanum lycopersicum extract (Tomato plant crude extract, TPCE), using two bioassay methods: the poisoned bait method and the leaf dipping method. In addition, the impact of these biological tools on larval development and protein profiles was evaluated. Results: The bait application of both tested materials exhibited higher toxicity than the leaf dipping method, as indicated by the toxicity index. The LC50 values for B. bassiana were 1.6 × 10⁸ and 1.8 × 10⁶ conidia ml−1 using the leaf dipping method and poisoned baits method, respectively. For TPCE, the LC50 values were 4.35 and 1.51 mg ml−1 for the same methods, respectively. In addition, sublethal concentrations of both materials altered the larval and pupal durations. B. bassiana significantly reduced the concentration of larval hemolymph protein. A maximum of 12 protein bands in the control sample, with molecular weights (Mw) ranging between 35 and 120 kDa, were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). In B. bassiana-treated larvae, ten bands were detected with Mw ranging from 35 to 120 kDa. At least seven bands were detected in TPCE-treated larvae, with Mw ranging from 35 to 97 kDa. Conclusions: The findings of this study can be integrated into management programs for A. ipsilon. In addition, the availability of B. bassiana and TPCE in Egypt and their cost-effectiveness as insecticide alternatives support their use in the management programs of this critical pest. These methods are particularly effective when applied in bait form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sida mottle virus (SiMoV) and Sida micrantha mosaic virus (SiMMV) are major Brazilian begomoviruses (Geminiviridae). However, the range of DNA–A identity of isolates of these viruses (81–100%) is not in agreement with the current criteria for Begomovirus species demarcation (<91%). To clarify this putative classification problem, we performed a comprehensive set of molecular analyses with all 53 publicly available isolates (with complete DNA–A genomes) designated as either SiMoV or SiMMV (including novel isolates obtained herein from nationwide metagenomics-based studies). Two well-defined phylogenetic clusters were identified. The SiMMV complex (n = 47) comprises a wide range of strains (with a continuum variation of 88.8–100% identity) infecting members of five botanical families (Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Oxalidaceae, and Passifloraceae). The SiMoV group now comprises eight isolates (90–100% identity) restricted to Malvaceae hosts, including one former reference SiMMV isolate (gb|NC_077711) and SP77 (gb|FN557522; erroneously named as "true SiMMV"). Iteron analyses of metagenomics-derived information allowed for the discovery of the missing DNA–B cognate of SiMoV (93.5% intergenic region identity), confirming its bipartite nature. Henceforth, the correct identification of SiMoV and SiMMV isolates will be a crucial element for effective classical and biotech resistance breeding of the viral host species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect plant growth and productivity, and plant stress responses are affected by both the intensity of stress and genotype. In Iraqi Kurdistan, tomato plants play a significant role in the country's economy. Due to climate change, which causes soil moisture to diminish, the crop's growth and yield have been dropping in recent years. Accordingly, the effects of simulated drought stress on germination parameters were assessed in 64 tomato accessions gathered from the Iraqi Kurdistan region in order to identify sensitive and tolerant accessions. In this respect, the responses associated with drought stress were observed phenotypically and biochemically. Germination percentage (GP) and morphological characteristics such as root length (RL), shoot length (SL), and shoot fresh weight (SFW) were significantly reduced in both stress treatments with polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) (7.5% PEG and 15% PEG). On the other hand, significant changes in biochemical profiles such as proline content (PC), soluble sugar content (SSC), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AC), guaiacol peroxidase (GPA), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation (LP) in tomato accessions were detected; all biochemical traits were increased in most tomato accessions under the PEG-induced treatments compared to the control treatment (0.0% PEG). Three tomato accessions (AC61 (Raza Pashayi), AC9 (Wrdi Be Tow), and AC63 (Sandra)) were found to be the most tolerant accessions under all drought conditions, whereas the performances of the other tested accessions (AC13 (Braw), AC30 (Yadgar), and AC8 (Israili)) were inferior. The OMIC analysis identified the biomarker parameters for differentiating the highly, moderately, and low tolerant groups as PC, SSC, and TPC. This study shows that early PEG-6000 screening for drought stress may help in choosing a genotype that is suitable for growth in water-stressed environments. Hence, Raza Pashayi, Wrdi Be Tow, and Sandra accessions, which had great performances under drought conditions, can be candidates for selection in a breeding program to improve the growth of plants and production in the areas that face water limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron beam (EB) technology typically consists of high‐energy electron streams produced by a linear accelerator. Although promising, the use of EB irradiation as a technique to delay ripening and prevent spoilage in tomatoes has not been extensively investigated. In this study, the effectiveness of EB irradiation in prolonging the shelf life of tomatoes postharvest was investigated. The results indicated that EB irradiation successfully reduced microbial contamination and decay, preserved key quality attributes (such as total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, and firmness), and significantly minimized weight loss. Notably, the treatment delayed the biosynthesis of lycopene, a key indicator of ripening, without adversely affecting phenolic content and antioxidant activity, which remained consistent regardless of irradiation. Additionally, different methods for detecting irradiation were evaluated. Thermoluminescence analysis proved to be the most dependable technique, especially for doses exceeding 600 Gy, due to its high sensitivity and specificity. In contrast, photostimulated luminescence and electron spin resonance analyses showed limitations in accurately identifying the irradiation status of foods with high moisture content, such as tomatoes. This study confirms that EB irradiation, while maintaining postharvest quality, extends the shelf life of tomatoes by 5–10 days, suggesting its potential for commercial application in food preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Cold stress restricts the metabolic and physiological activities of plants, thereby affecting their growth and development. Although broad‐complex, tramtrack, and bric‐à‐brac (BTB) proteins are essential for diverse biological processes and stress responses, the mechanisms underlying BTB‐mediated cold responses remain not fully understood. Here, we characterize the function of the cold‐induced SlBTB19 protein in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Overexpression of SlBTB19 resulted in increased plant sensitivity to cold stress, whereas SlBTB19 knockout mutants exhibited a cold‐tolerance phenotype. Further analyses, including protein–protein interaction studies and cell‐free degradation assays, revealed that SlBTB19 interacts with and destabilizes the transcription factor SlWRKY2. Using virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) to silence SlWRKY2 in both wild‐type and slbtb19 mutants, we provided genetic evidence that SlWRKY2 acts downstream of SlBTB19 in regulating cold tolerance. Importantly, we demonstrated that SlWRKY2 positively regulates cold tolerance in a CRT/DRE binding factor (CBF)‐dependent manner. Under cold stress, SlWRKY2 binds to the W‐box in the CBF1 and CBF3 promoters, directly activating their expression. In summary, our findings identify a SlBTB19‐SlWRKY2 module that negatively regulates the CBF‐dependent cold tolerance pathway in tomato. Significance Statement: Our findings not only contribute to the broader understanding of the molecular basis of plant responses to cold stress but also highlight the importance of post‐transcriptional mechanisms in regulating these responses. In summary, we proposed an updated model: A cold‐induced BTB family protein SlBTB19 negatively regulates cold tolerance. SlBTB19 interacts with and facilitates the proteolysis of the SlWRKY2 protein. SlWRKY2 is a positive regulator of cold tolerance, which activates cold‐responsive genes SlCBFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand whether domestication had an impact on susceptibility and responsiveness to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), we investigated two tomato cultivars ("M82" and "Moneymaker") and a panel of wild relatives including S. neorickii, S. habrochaites and S. pennellii encompassing the whole Lycopersicon clade. Most genotypes revealed good AM colonisation levels when inoculated with the AMF Funneliformis mosseae. By contrast, both S. pennellii accessions analysed showed a very low colonisation, but with normal arbuscule morphology, and a negative response in terms of root and shoot biomass. This behaviour was independent of fungal identity and environmental conditions. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed in S. pennellii the lack of genes identified within QTLs for AM colonisation, a limited transcriptional reprogramming upon mycorrhization and a differential regulation of strigolactones and AM‐related genes compared to tomato. Donor plants experiments indicated that the AMF could represent a cost for S. pennellii: F. mosseae could extensively colonise the root only when it was part of a mycorrhizal network, but a higher mycorrhization led to a higher inhibition of plant growth. These results suggest that genetics and functional traits of S. pennellii are responsible for the limited extent of AMF colonisation. Summary Statement: Contrary to our hypothesis (domesticated plants are less dependent on mycorrhization than their wild relatives), we found a very low AM colonisation and a negative growth response in Solanum pennelli. Genetic and functional traits were identified as responsible for the limited colonisation success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant viruses exist in a broader ecological community that includes non-vector herbivores that can impact vector abundance, behavior, and virus transmission within shared host plants. However, little is known about the effects of non-vector herbivore infestation on virus transmission by vector insects on neighboring plants through inter-plant airborne chemicals. In this study, we investigated how volatiles emitted from tomato plants infested with the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) affect the infection of neighboring plants by tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Exposure of neighboring tomato plants to volatiles released from T. urticae -infested tomato plants reduced subsequent herbivory as well as TYLCV transmission and infection, and the jasmonic acid signaling pathway was essential for generation of the inter-plant defense signals. We also demonstrated that (E)-β-ocimene and methyl salicylic acid were two volatiles induced by T. urticae that synergistically attenuated TYLCV transmission and infection in tomato. Thus, our findings suggest that plant–plant communication via volatiles likely represents a widespread defensive mechanism that substantially contributes to plant fitness. Understanding such phenomena may help us to predict the occurrence and epidemics of multiple herbivores and viruses in agroecosystems, and ultimately to manage pest and virus outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dirigent (DIR) genes play a key role in the development of organic products in plants. They confer conformational influence on processes that lack stereoselectivity and regioselectivity through processes that are mostly understood. They are required to produce lignans, which are a unique and widely distributed family of plant secondary metabolites with intriguing pharmacological characteristics and potential role in plant development. DIR genes are implicated in the process of lignification and protect plants from environmental stresses, including biotic and abiotic stresses. Nevertheless, no research has been performed on the DIR gene family in Solanum lycopersicum. This study provides detailed information on the DIR gene family in S. lycopersicum. Methods and results: The conserved domain analysis, phylogenetic analysis, evolutionary adaptation, cis-acting elements, proteomic analysis, signal peptide detection, transmembrane potential analysis, sequence identity and similarity analysis, gene assembly, genomic localization, duplication of gene analysis, and evolutionary linkage of 31 potential DIR genes were studied. All these analyses provide a deep understanding of DIR genes in the S. lycopersicum genome that will provide a useful reference for further functional analysis of the DIR genes in S. lycopersicum. Conclusion: This research provides an in-depth and comprehensive explanation of the detailed process and structural characterization of DIR genes in the genome of S. lycopersicum, laying the groundwork for future plant genetic engineering and crop development exploration. This work will provide valuable information for identifying DIR genes in higher plants and support future research on the DIR gene family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in various biological processes in plants. However, the functional mechanism of lncRNAs in fruit ripening, particularly the transition from unripe to ripe stages, remains elusive. One such lncRNA1840, reported by our group, was found to have important role in tomato fruit ripening. In the present study, we gain insight into its functional role in fruit ripening. CRISPR‐Cas9 mediated lncRNA1840 mutants caused the delayed tomato fruit ripening. Notably, loss function of lncRNA1840 did not directly impact ethylene signaling but rather delay ethylene synthesis. Transcriptomic analysis revealed differences in the expression of ripening related genes in lncRNA1840 mutants, suggesting that it is involved in gene regulation of fruit ripening. We used Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)‐Seq to identify lncRNA1840 binding sites on chromatin. ChIRP‐seq suggested that lncRNA1840 had occupancy on 40 genes, but none of them is differentially expressed genes in transcriptomic analysis, which indicated lncRNA1840 might indirectly modulate the gene expression. ChIRP‐mass spectrometry analysis identified potential protein interactors of lncRNA1840, Pre‐mRNA processing splicing factor 8, highlighting its involvement in post‐transcriptional regulatory pathways. In summary, lncRNA1840 is key player in tomato plant growth and fruit ripening, with multifaceted roles in gene expression and regulatory networks. Significance Statement: Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in various biological processes in plants, but the mechanism of action of lncRNAs during fruit ripening remains unexplored. lncRNA1840 was identified in tomato, which confirmed that it affected the ripening process of tomato fruit and achieved post‐transcriptional regulation by participating in alternative splicing, which improved the regulatory network of tomato fruit ripening and filled the gap of lncRNA in the field of fruit ripening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been significant consumer demand for traditional tomato varieties due to their favourable organoleptic qualities; however, the cultivation of these ancient varieties is becoming more restricted due to inadequate shelf life and low productivity. The "Pisanello" is a Tuscany tomato variety mainly cultivated in the provinces of Pisa, Lucca, and Livorno, and the main producers of this ancient tomato are small local farmers. The purpose of this work was, firstly, to study the range of quality parameters of this landrace tomato grown using different cultivation techniques, both in soil and soilless systems. For this purpose, the physicochemical parameters of Pisanello tomatoes grown in six different farms in Tuscany using both soilless and soil methods were investigated. Secondly, Pisanello tomatoes grown using different soilless techniques (rockwool and aeroponics) and soil-grown tomatoes (Pisanello and Goldmar F1) were evaluated from organoleptic and nutraceutical points of view. The sensory profile evaluation of all types of tomatoes under investigation was carried out. The aeroponic cultivation of Pisanello induced higher organoleptic qualities than those of tomatoes cultivated in rockwool (+34% for titratable acidity and +18% for total soluble solids). On the other hand, soilless rockwool-grown tomatoes showed a better sensory profile with respect to aeroponic cultivation. Nevertheless, the Goldmar F1 tomato, morphologically similar to 'Pisanello', received lower scores from the sensory panel compared to the Tuscany landrace tomato. This indicates that ancient tomato varieties selected over decades remain the preferred choice for consumers. Therefore, from a long-term viewpoint, the valorisation of local tomato varieties such as Pisanello can promote the regional commercialization of novel niche products originating from ancient fruit thanks to their acceptability by consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the authors investigated the possibility of modifying the fatty acid (FA) composition of tomato leaves (Solanum lycopersicum L.) by introducing into its genome the gene of the cyanobacterial Δ9 acyl-lipid desaturase (Synechococcus vulcanus C.). To obtain transgenic tomato plants expressing cyanobacterial desaturase (desC) and to evaluate the effect of this desaturase on the FA composition of total lipids, vectors carrying the gene desC were constructed. The gene sequence was fused with leader sequences that ensure localization of the protein product in chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), or cytoplasmic membrane. The resulting vectors were used to transform the A. tumefaciens AGL0 strain for subsequent agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tomato plants. FA analysis of leaves showed that, when desC is localized in the cytoplasmic membrane or ER membrane, an increase in the content of C16:1 and C16:2 fatty acids is observed for some lines. For these lines, an increase in the relative representation of the transcript desC compared to transgenic lines that did not show changes in FA composition is shown. The obtained data can be used to develop strategies for targeted modification of the fatty acid composition of tomatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late blight (LB), caused by oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most destructive diseases of the cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum. Since new and aggressive clonal lineages of P. infestans, many of which overcoming formerly effective fungicides or host resistance genes, have continued to emerge, it is crucial to identify, characterize, and utilize new sources of host resistance in tomato breeding. A recent screening of tomato germplasm identified Solanum pimpinellifolium accession PI 224710 with very strong resistance to several current P. infestans clonal lineages. The present study aimed to identify and characterize QTLs associated with LB resistance in PI 224710. Disease screening of a large F2 population (n = 1721), derived from a cross between PI 224710 and LB-susceptible tomato breeding line Fla. 8059, followed by F3 progeny testing, resulted in the identification of 43 highly-resistant and 27 highly-susceptible F2 individuals. A selective genotyping approach, using 469 non-identical SNP markers, resulted in the construction of a genetic linkage map and identification of three LB-resistance QTLs on chromosomes 6, 9 and 10 of PI 224710. A comparison of the QTLs genomic locations with the tomato physical map resulted in the identification of several candidate genes, which might be underpinning the LB-resistance QTLs in PI 224710. The identified markers associated with the LB-resistance QTLs can be utilized in breeding programs to transfer resistance from PI 224710 into tomato breeding lines and hybrid cultivars via marker-assisted breeding; they also can be used to develop near-isogenic lines for fine mapping of the QTLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant-specific IDD transcription factors (TFs) are vital for regulating plant growth and developmental processes. However, the characteristics and biological roles of the IDD gene family in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) are still largely unexplored. In this study, 17 SlIDD genes were identified in the tomato genome and classified into seven subgroups according to the evolutionary relationships of IDD proteins. Analysis of exon–intron structures and conserved motifs reflected the evolutionary conservation of SlIDDs in tomato. Collinearity analysis revealed that segmental duplication promoted the expansion of the SlIDD family. Ka/Ks analysis indicated that SlIDD gene orthologs experienced predominantly purifying selection throughout evolution. The analysis of cis-acting elements revealed that the promoters of SlIDD genes contain numerous elements associated with light, plant hormones, and abiotic stresses. The RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR experimental results showed that the SlIDD genes exhibited tissue-specific expression. Additionally, Group A members from Arabidopsis thaliana and rice are known to play a role in regulating plant shoot gravitropism. QRT-PCR analysis confirmed that the expression level of SlIDD15 in Group A was high in the hypocotyls and stems. Subcellular localization demonstrated that the SlIDD15 protein was localized in the nucleus. Surprisingly, the loss-of-function of SlIDD15 by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology did not display obvious gravitropic response defects, implying the existence of functional redundant factors within SlIDD15. Taken together, this study offers foundational insights into the tomato IDD gene family and serves as a valuable guide for exploring their molecular mechanisms in greater detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, the annual revenue attributable to tomato production is $1 billion. However, tomato production can cause negative environmental impacts, such as water pollution, often in the form of eutrophication-causing nutrient pollution. Hydroponic production can decrease excess nutrient leaching; however, optimization of nutrient management and cultivar choices could further decrease excess nutrient discharges. The objectives of this study were as follows: to evaluate and compare the responses of tomato growth characteristics, yield, and yield components to two nutrient management regimes (varying nutrient solution concentrations by growth stage and the use of a constant nutrient solution concentration from transplant to termination), and to analyze the effects of growth habits among six cultivars (Big Beef, Cherokee Purple, Heatmaster, Legend, Mountain Fresh Plus, and Tropic) on tomato yield and yield-correlated morphological characteristics. The nutrient management strategies were applied to tomato plants, and data regarding yield and related morphological characteristics were obtained. Data were analyzed using SAS PROC GLM. An analysis revealed no significant difference in the total fruit weight/plant between nutrient management regimes (P 5 0.05); however, the mean fruit weight (164.26 g) and diameter (71.70 mm) were significantly greater (P < 0.0001) for plants that received the constant concentration nutrient regime. Indeterminate plants had a significantly greater (P < 0.0001) mean fruit weight (192.76 g) and mean fruit diameter (76.42 mm). Among cultivars, Big Beef had a significantly greater (P < 0.05) total fruit weight/plant (9.25 kg). Applying a constant nutrient concentration to indeterminate cultivars, particularly Big Beef and Cherokee Purple, improved the factors analyzed and could decrease negative environmental impacts while increasing profits of the producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circadian dynamics of the expression of key genes of carotenoid metabolism (PSY2, LCYE, CrtRB1, and NCED1) in the photosynthetic tissue of tomato Solanum lycopersicum L. (cultivar Korneevsky) plants was characterized. An in silico analysis of the gene expression pattern was carried out and a high level of their transcripts was detected in the leaf tissue. qRT-PCR analysis of gene expression was performed at six time points during the day and showed the highest levels of PSY2, LCYE, and NCED1 transcripts in the second half of the light phase and CrtRB1 at the end of the dark phase. The content and composition of carotenoids in leaf tissue in the middle of the day was determined; it was shown that the leaf accumulates 1.5 times more compounds of the ɛ/β-branch of carotenoid biosynthesis pathway than compounds of the β/β-branch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial mask plays an important role in skincare routines due to its immediate effect on the skin and ease of use. Consumer awareness of the adverse effects of synthetic ingredients encourages the development of green cosmetics to meet consumer demand and achieve sustainability. Hence, facial masks without synthetic ingredients would gain more public preference. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a new polyherbal powdered facial mask for anti-ageing effects. The polyherbal powdered facial mask was formulated using tomato powder, turmeric powder, and chickpea flour. The polyherbal powdered facial mask and the marketed mask were evaluated for organoleptic characteristics, particle size, pH, spreadability, flowability, and loss on drying. Heavy metal tests and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay were also conducted for the polyherbal mask. The polyherbal mask was cosmetically acceptable and skinfriendly due to its optimal pH (5.31 ± 0.13), spreadability (100 g: 3.93 ± 0.05 cm; 200 g: 4.37 ± 0.17 cm), flowability (angle of repose: 35.47 ± 1.90°; bulk density: 0.36 ± 0.03 g/cm3; Hausner's ratio: 1.00 ± 0.0001; Carr's index: 0.25 ± 0.01%) and water content (LOD: 0.90 ± 0.08%). Heavy metal tests demonstrated that the polyherbal mask was free from cadmium and lead. In addition, turmeric contributes to the antioxidant activity of the polyherbal mask. In conclusion, the polyherbal powdered facial mask is a safe and effective alternative to the marketed mask for antiageing effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To understand the effect of organic wastes as fertilizer and weed management on the growth and fruit yield of tomatoes to recommend the best organic waste fertilizer and weed management practices for the production of this crop in a derived savannah agro-ecology zone of Nigeria. Method: The experiment was conducted in Nsukka, Nigeria where the climate is characterized by mean annual rainfall of about 1600 mm, with a bimodal distribution pattern that peaks in July and October. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures are 21 °C and 31 °C, respectively. The relative humidity varies yearly, often in the range of 55-90%. The treatment is comprised of organic animal wastes as manure types which include: 20 t/ha of poultry manure, 20 t/ha of Pig dung, zero manure application(control), and 5 weed management practices: sawdust cover (17,000 tons/ha), rice husk mulch (23,000 tons/ha), black polyethylene mulch, hoe weeding, and weedy check. The treatment was laid out in a 3 × 5 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results: Among the mulch materials used, rice husk plots consistently recorded the highest tomato fruit yield per hectare (34, 222.0 tons/ha). On the organic wastes, the pig dung treatment performed better than others used, the yield recorded per hectare was (15,533.0 tons/ha) for the tomatoes. Conclusion: The research found out that the use of pig dung should be adopted as well as the use of rice husk mulch on the soil surface as weed management practices to improve yield of tomatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-Tom is a cultivar of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), which is known as a major crop and model plant in Solanaceae. Micro-Tom has phenotypic traits such as dwarfism, and substantial EMS-mutagenized lines have been reported. After Micro-Tom was generated in Florida, USA, it was distributed to research institutes worldwide and used as a genetic resource. In Japan, the Micro-Tom lines have been genetically fixed; currently, three lines have been re-distributed from three institutes, but many phenotypes among the lines have been observed. We have determined the genome sequence de novo of the Micro-Tom KDRI line, one of the Micro-Tom lines distributed from Kazusa DNA Research Institute (KDRI) in Japan, and have built chromosome-scale pseudomolecules. Genotypes among six Micro-Tom lines, including three in Japan, one in the United States, one in France, and one in Brazil showed phenotypic alternation. Here, we unveiled the swift emergence of genetic diversity in both phenotypes and genotypes within the Micro-Tom genome sequence during its propagation. These findings offer valuable insights crucial for the management of bioresources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Solanum lycopersicum (family: Solanaceae) is a crucial crop and model organism for many phenotypic traits, and its sequenced genome provides valuable insights into plant biology and crop improvement. This study investigated lectin receptor-like kinases (LecRLKs) in tomato, focusing on L-type and G-type families. Mining the tomato genome (ITAG2.4) revealed 161 putative lectin genes across seven families, with GNA-related genes being the most abundant. Gene duplication analysis indicated that tandem and segmental duplications were the primary mechanisms driving LecRLK gene family expansion, particularly for G-type LecRLKs. These duplicated genes showed evidence of both purifying and negative selection, suggesting functional conservation and sub-functionalization. L-type and G-type LecRLKs exhibited diverse domain rearrangement architectures and subcellular localizations, with G-type LecRLKs showing greater expansion and architectural diversity. Differential expression analysis during abiotic stress (drought, heat, and cold stress) revealed key responsive genes. During drought stress, 63.2% of L-type and 18.5% of G-type LecRLK genes were expressed, with L-type Solyc09g005000.1 and G-type Solyc03g078360.1 genes showing significant 2-fold upregulation. Heat stress (42 °C) induced the upregulation of L-type Solyc04g071000.1 and G-type Solyc03g078360.1 and Solyc04g008400.1, particularly after 12–24 h of exposure. Promoter analysis revealed numerous stress-related cis-elements. Transcription factor predictions and miRNA targeting sites suggest complex regulatory mechanisms. This comprehensive in silico characterization of tomato LecRLKs, including their expansion patterns and evolutionary pressures, provides insights into their potential roles in abiotic stress responses and lays the groundwork for enhancing crop resilience through targeted breeding or genetic engineering approaches.

Abstract Background The polyphagous notorious pest, black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), cause significant production losses due to its distinctive feeding and hiding behavior, making it particularly challenging to control it with conventional methods. Therefore, sustainable agriculture demands more effective and environmentally safe pest control solutions. This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of two insecticide alternatives, the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Beauveria bassiana and Solanum lycopersicum extract (Tomato plant crude extract, TPCE), using two bioassay methods: the poisoned bait method and the leaf dipping method. In addition, the impact of these biological tools on larval development and protein profiles was evaluated. Results The bait application of both tested materials exhibited higher toxicity than the leaf dipping method, as indicated by the toxicity index. The LC50 values for B. bassiana were 1.6 × 10⁸ and 1.8 × 10⁶ conidia ml−1 using the leaf dipping method and poisoned baits method, respectively. For TPCE, the LC50 values were 4.35 and 1.51 mg ml−1 for the same methods, respectively. In addition, sublethal concentrations of both materials altered the larval and pupal durations. B. bassiana significantly reduced the concentration of larval hemolymph protein. A maximum of 12 protein bands in the control sample, with molecular weights (Mw) ranging between 35 and 120 kDa, were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). In B. bassiana-treated larvae, ten bands were detected with Mw ranging from 35 to 120 kDa. At least seven bands were detected in TPCE-treated larvae, with Mw ranging from 35 to 97 kDa. Conclusions The findings of this study can be integrated into management programs for A. ipsilon. In addition, the availability of B. bassiana and TPCE in Egypt and their cost-effectiveness as insecticide alternatives support their use in the management programs of this critical pest. These methods are particularly effective when applied in bait form. Graphical Abstract

California is the primary US producer of processing tomatoes. After decades-long excellent protection against the common tropical Meloidogyne spp. M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria (root-knot nematode: RKN) by Mi-resistant tomato cultivars, resistance-breaking RKN populations are spreading throughout the San Joaquin Valley. For some time, nematicidal crop management tools have diminished under CA State regulatory pressure. In recent years, new non-volatile compounds have been developed with novel modes of action. In this project with susceptible processing tomato grown on an M. incognita-infested site, the efficacy of three fluorinated nematicides was evaluated in 10 field trials from 2011 to 2021. Seven trials included fluensulfone, six included fluazaindolizine, and five included fluopyram. On average, tomato root-galling (0 – 10 scale) at harvest was reduced by 3.2, 2.3, and 2.5 by fluazaindolizine, fluensulfone, and fluopyram, respectively, compared to the untreated control. These reductions in root-galling corresponded with estimated yield gains of approximately 21%, 14%, and 15%, respectively, over the untreated control. The reproduction of RKN during the tomato crop was not affected by the nematicides. The tested compounds have a very low acute mammalian toxicity and are more target-specific than previous generations of nematicides. However, there is considerable concern about the persistence of synthetic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment, including pharmaceuticals and pesticides containing fluorine with the C-F3 functional group.

Abstract Background Dirigent (DIR) genes play a key role in the development of organic products in plants. They confer conformational influence on processes that lack stereoselectivity and regioselectivity through processes that are mostly understood. They are required to produce lignans, which are a unique and widely distributed family of plant secondary metabolites with intriguing pharmacological characteristics and potential role in plant development. DIR genes are implicated in the process of lignification and protect plants from environmental stresses, including biotic and abiotic stresses. Nevertheless, no research has been performed on the DIR gene family in Solanum lycopersicum. This study provides detailed information on the DIR gene family in S. lycopersicum. Methods and results The conserved domain analysis, phylogenetic analysis, evolutionary adaptation, cis-acting elements, proteomic analysis, signal peptide detection, transmembrane potential analysis, sequence identity and similarity analysis, gene assembly, genomic localization, duplication of gene analysis, and evolutionary linkage of 31 potential DIR genes were studied. All these analyses provide a deep understanding of DIR genes in the S. lycopersicum genome that will provide a useful reference for further functional analysis of the DIR genes in S. lycopersicum. Conclusion This research provides an in-depth and comprehensive explanation of the detailed process and structural characterization of DIR genes in the genome of S. lycopersicum, laying the groundwork for future plant genetic engineering and crop development exploration. This work will provide valuable information for identifying DIR genes in higher plants and support future research on the DIR gene family.

Abstract Sustainable plant production in soil polluted with heavy metals requires that novel strategies are developed for the benefit of humans and other living things. Cadmium (Cd) is a common heavy metal pollutant for plants, and there is limited information on the use of exogenous bio-regulators to reduce the accumulation and toxic effects of Cd pollution in plants. Choline is an endogenous quertarnary amine that is known to improve stress tolerance in plants, while its mechanism of action in certain conditions is yet to be determined. This study investigated the effects of foliar choline supplementation (10 mM) on Solanum lycopersicum seedlings exposed to Cd application (50 mg/L in soil). The seedlings were randomized to five groups: Control (E1), Cd stress (E2), Choline supplementation after Cd stress (E3), Choline (E4), and Choline supplementation before Cd stress (E5). Following the applications, the Cd content, growth and development parameters (chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight), oxidative stress parameters (H2O2 and MDA contents), as well as antioxidative defense system (SOD, GSH, AsA, and TPC contents) were analyzed. Choline supplementation after Cd stress reduced the enhanced Cd content in roots by 38% but did not alter it in leaves (p > 0.05) compared to the Cd group. Choline supplementation before Cd stress decreased Cd content both in roots by 87.5% and in leaves by 50%. Choline supplementation after and before Cd stress increased fresh and dry weights in both roots and leaves. While the Cd group (E2) increased the H2O2 level and SOD activity, no remarkable change was observed in H2O2 levels in all choline supplementations (E3, E4, E5). Therefore, lipid peroxidation (MDA) was not observed in choline supplementation before Cd stress (E5), however, when the choline was applied after Cd stress (E3) MDA content was reduced by 40% compared with the Cd stress group (E2). Choline supplementations after and before Cd stress (E3, E5) increased AsA content by 30%, while the Cd group (E2) decreased it by 60% compared with the control group (E1). Choline supplementations before Cd stress (E5) increased TPC by 33%, while the Cd group (E2) decreased it by 18%, moreover, when choline was applied after Cd stress (E3), no change was observed compared to the control group. These data suggest that choline prevents inhibition of plant growth due to Cd toxicity by reducing Cd uptake. The results provided in the present study are likely to enhance the quality and efficiency of crop production in heavy metal-polluted areas.

The genus Streptomyces (Actinomycetota) is known to contain strains that are very prospective biocontrol agents, but limited research focused on their ability to enhance plant defence after foliar treatments, thus posing technical limits to their potential use. In this study, the Streptomyces sp. DLS2013 was able to epiphytically colonise tomato leaves under controlled conditions. Following plant colonisation by DLS2013, RNA-Seq analysis was conducted on tomato leaves for up to 24 h after treatment to investigate possible changes in the transcriptome and to identify new putative marker genes associated with enhanced plant disease resistance. RNA-Seq data suggested that a DLS2013 treatment triggers plant defence by up-regulating, in a time course manner, defence pathways dependent on salicylic and jasmonic acids, and promoting the synthesis of antimicrobial metabolites, like polyamines (i.e. putrescine and spermidine) and phenolic compounds (i.e. stilbenoids and phenylpropanoids). Conversely, the down-regulation of genes involved in photosynthesis metabolic pathways was highlighted, as a “compensation marker” for the triggered defence response. Additionally, the ability of DLS2013 to elicit resistance in tomato against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato was investigated by assessing the transcription kinetics of six genes associated with distinct defence response pathways, highlighting the key role of PR-1 and JAZ 25 repressor in the tomato resistance to bacterial speck. Finally, our results propose JAZ 25 gene as additional benchmark for defence priming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background To counteract soil degradation, it is important to convert conventional agricultural practices to environmentally sustainable management practices. To this end, the application of biostimulants could be considered a good strategy. Compost, produced by the composting of biodegradable organic compounds, is a source of natural biostimulants, such as humic acids, which are naturally occurring organic compounds that arise from the decomposition and transformation of organic residues, and compost tea, a compost-derived liquid formulated produced by compost water-phase extraction. This study aimed to determine the molecular responses of the roots of tomato plants (cv. Crovarese) grown under hydroponic conditions and subjected to biostimulation with humic substances (HSs) and filtered sterile compost tea (SCT). Results The 13C CPMAS NMR of humic acids (HA) and SCT revealed strong O-alkyl-C signals, indicating a high content of polysaccharides.Thermochemolysis identified over 100 molecules, predominantly from lignin, fatty acids, and biopolymers. RNA-Seq analysis of tomato roots treated with HA or SCT revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with distinct patterns of transcriptional reprogramming. Notably, HA treatment affected carbohydrate metabolism and secondary metabolism, particularly phenylpropanoids and flavonoids, while SCT had a broader impact on hormone and redox metabolism. Both biostimulants induced significant gene expression changes within 24 h, including a reduction in cell wall degradation activity and an increase in the expression of hemicellulose synthesis genes, suggesting that the treatments prompted proactive cell wall development. Conclusions The results demonstrate that HS and SCT can mitigate stress by activating specific molecular mechanisms and modifying root metabolic pathways, particularly those involved in cell wall synthesis. However, gene regulation in response to these treatments is complex and influenced by various factors. These findings highlight the biostimulatory effects of HS and SCT, suggesting their potential application in crop biofertilization and the development of innovative breeding strategies to maximize the benefits of humic substances for crops. Further research is needed to fully elucidate these mechanisms across various contexts and plant species.

The use of microbial seed priming may be a promising tool to improve the first stages of seed germination of several herbaceous species. In tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), enhanced germination and vigor, and biotic and abiotic stress control, with a reduction in chemicals, have been reported. In this study, seeds from two Italian tomato varieties (Canestrino di Lucca and Pisanello) were primed with seven different strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPB) belonging to Azospirillum baldaniorum, A. brasilense, Methylobacterium symbioticum, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, and B. subtilis. They were selected for their ability to produce auxin. The germination test was carried out on treated seeds and the germination percentage was calculated. The obtained seedlings were transplanted and kept in greenhouse conditions. After 60 d, fresh and dry weight, root number, and length of plantlets were recorded. A general and significant improvement in the growth parameters was observed in the treated plants. All microbial strains proved to be indolacetic acid (IAA) producers using the Salkowsky method. A positive relationship between root number and length, and amount of IAA was found. The overall results suggest that the microbial priming of tomato seed could be useful for advancing organic farming, sustainable agriculture, and environmental protection.