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AbstractDrug addiction, particularly to opioids like morphine, remains a pressing global health issue. Curcumin, a natural flavonoid, holds promise for treating neurological disorders, yet faces challenges, such as poor solubility and limited bioavailability across the blood-brain barrier. Solid lipid nanoparticles offer a solution, facilitating drug delivery to the brain. Using the Box-Behnken design, nanoparticles were optimised, yielding particles sized 152 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.254, and an encapsulation efficiency of 70.74%. These nanoparticles enhance curcumin concentration and retention in brain tissue. Behavioural experiments using the conditioned place preference (CPP) test confirmed curcumin’s impact on morphine addiction and its modulation of c-Fos gene expression. Pharmacological network analysis identified potential mechanisms of action, highlighting common targets in calcium and serotonin pathways. Docking simulations showed curcumin’s affinity for proteins like 5HT1A, MAO-A, and TRPV1, relevant to addiction pathways. This research underscores the potential of curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles as a therapeutic approach for combating opioid addiction and neurological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin flaps are employed to cover cutaneous denuded surfaces, but ensuing flap necrosis often occurs. Previously, rats with myocardial infarction treated with lipid-core nanoparticles (LDE) loaded with methotrexate (MTX) improved myocardial irrigation and reduced necrosis. Here, the aim was to investigate the efficacy of LDE-MTX to preserve the viability of cutaneous flaps and its implications for surgical wound healing. Twenty-eight male rats were divided into 4 groups: (1) LDE, injected intraperitoneally with LDE only; (2) MTX (1 mg/Kg commercial MTX): (3) LDE-MTX (1 mg/Kg MTX associated with LDE), and controls without treatment. LDE, MTX or LDE-MTX were repeated after 2 days. Then, flap surgery (9x3cm) was performed on the dorsal region. Injections were continued every other day until day 7 when animals were euthanized. LDE-MTX treatment improved the total viable area of the flaps with a fourfold increase in blood flow and reduced inflammatory cell number (p < 0.001), accompanied by decreased protein expression of pro-inflammatory factors. SOD-1 was higher in LDE-MTX-treated rats (p < 0.05). In conclusion, LDE-MTX treatment achieved total viability of cutaneous flaps, with increased irrigation and diminished local inflammation. LDE-MTX may offer efficient and cost-effective prevention of cutaneous flaps and treatment for wounds from surgical procedures to be tested in future clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naturally available antioxidants offer remarkable medicinal applications in wound healing. However, the encapsulation of these phytoactive moieties into suitable nano-scale drug delivery systems has always been challenging due to their inherent characteristics, such as low molecular weight, poor aqueous solubility, and inadequate skin permeability. Here, we provide a systematic review focusing on the major obstacles hindering the development of various lipid and polymer-based drug transporters to carry these cargos to the targeted site. Additionally, this review covers the possibility of combining the effects of a polymer and a lipid within one system, which could increase the skin permeability threshold. Moreover, the lack of suitable physical characterization techniques and the challenges associated with scaling up the progression of these nano-carriers limit their utility in biomedical applications. In this context, consistent progressive approaches for addressing these shortcomings are introduced, and their prospects are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of nanodelivery systems for delivery of hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs particularly lipid nanoparticles (LNP), has seen significant advancements in recent years. Fine-tuning LNP formulations is crucial due to the impact of various parameters on their efficacy quality. The study investigated the influence of formulation variables on amoxicillin-loaded LNPs designed for anti-Helicobacter pylori activity. Size, polydispersity index (PDI), Zeta potential and entrapment efficiency (EE) were evaluated across diverse formulations. The impact of particle size on drug release and encapsulation was explored. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based design of experiments generated formulations to minimize the particle size, PDI and Zeta potential while maximizing the EE, accounting for factor interactions. Additionally, the user friendliness of QbD (Quality by Design), Machine Learning (ML), and design of experiment (DoE) were compared. To optimize amoxicillin (amox)-loaded LNP, a Box-Behnken design with 27 formulations were chosen. Each formulation was measured for particle size distribution, zeta potential, PDI, and entrapment efficiency. LNP ranged in size from 200 to 600 nm, zeta potential from − 5 to -40 mV, PDI from 0.1 to 1, and EE from 5 to 100%. Characterization included DLS, FESEM, FTIR, and SEM. The obtained results were statistically analyzed. This study demonstrates the potential of AI-driven DoE for optimizing LNP formulations. We explained the effect of different parameters, lipid concentration, surfactant concentration, sonication time and sonication speed on nanoparticles and derived a formula for further prediction. The identified formulations exhibited desired antibiotic efficiency with minimum chemical usage, suggesting the effectiveness of this approach. Further research explored it as a drug with more bioavailability, stability, and cheap alternatives to traditional medicines, with more side effects and less bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Micelles, liposomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are promising drug delivery vehicles; however, poor aqueous stability requires post-processing drying methods for maintaining long-term stability. The objective of this study was to compare the potential of lipid-based micelles, liposomes, and SLNs for producing stable re-dispersible spray-dried powders with trehalose or a combination of trehalose and L-leucine. This study provides novel insights into the implementation of spray drying as a technique to enhance long-term stability for these lipid-based nanocarriers. Methods: Aqueous dispersions of LDV-targeted micelles, liposomes, and SLNs loaded with paclitaxel (PTX) were converted into re-dispersible powders using spray drying. The physicochemical properties of the nanocarriers were determined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Karl Fischer titration, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Short-term stability of all nanocarrier formulations was compared by measuring particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and paclitaxel retention over 7 days at room temperature and at 4 °C. Results: Paclitaxel-loaded micelles, liposomes, and SLN formulations were successfully converted into well-dispersed spray-dried powders with acceptable yields (71.5 to 83.5%), low moisture content (<2%), and high transition temperatures (95.1 to 100.8 °C). SEM images revealed differences in morphology, where nanocarriers spray-dried with trehalose or a combination of trehalose and L-leucine produced smooth or corrugated particle surfaces, respectively. Reconstituted spray-dried nanocarriers maintained their nanosize and paclitaxel content over 7 days at 4 °C. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate the potential for the development of spray-dried lipid-based nanocarriers for long-term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the development and characterization of lyophilized chondroitin sulfate (CHON)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as an innovative platform for advanced drug delivery. Background/Objectives: Solid lipid nanoparticles are increasingly recognized for their biocompatibility, their ability to encapsulate diverse compounds, their capacity to enhance drug stability, their bioavailability, and their therapeutic efficacy. Methods: CHON, a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan with anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties, was integrated into SLN formulations using the hot microemulsion technique. Two formulations (SLN-1 and SLN-2) were produced and optimized by evaluating critical physicochemical properties such as particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE%), and stability. The lyophilization process, with the addition of various cryoprotectants, revealed trehalose to be the most effective agent in maintaining nanoparticle integrity and functional properties. Results: Morphological analyses using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed the dimensions of the nanoscales and their structural uniformity. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed minimal excipient interaction with CHON, ensuring formulation stability. Stability studies under different environmental conditions highlighted that SLN-2 is the most stable formulation, maintaining superior encapsulation efficiency (≥88%) and particle size consistency over time. Conclusions: These findings underscore the potential of CHON-loaded SLNs as promising candidates for targeted, sustained-release therapies in the treatment of inflammatory and degenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skin ageing, driven predominantly by oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by environmental factors like ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation, accounts for approximately 80% of extrinsic skin damage. L-glutathione (GSH), a potent antioxidant, holds promise in combating UVA-induced oxidative stress. However, its instability and limited penetration through the stratum corneum hinder its topical application. This study introduces a novel solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN)-enriched hydrogel designed to enhance GSH stability, skin penetration, and sustained release for anti-ageing applications. Methods: GSH-loaded SLNs were prepared via a double-emulsion technique and optimized using factorial design. These SLNs were incorporated into 1–3% (w/v) Carbopol hydrogels to produce a semi-solid formulation. The hydrogel's characteristics, including morphology, mechanical and rheological properties, drug release, stability, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, and skin penetration, were evaluated. Results: SEM and FTIR confirmed the uniform dispersion of SLNs within the hydrogel. The formulation exhibited desirable properties, including gel strength (5.1 ± 0.5 g), spreadability (33.6 ± 1.9 g·s), pseudoplasticity, and elasticity. In vitro studies revealed a biphasic GSH release profile, with sustained release over 72 h and over 70% cumulative release. The hydrogel significantly improved antioxidant capacity, protecting human fibroblasts from UVA-induced oxidative stress and enhancing cell viability. Stability studies indicated that 4 °C was optimal for storage over three months. Notably, the hydrogel enhanced GSH penetration through the stratum corneum by 3.7-fold. Conclusions: This SLN-enriched hydrogel effectively improves GSH topical delivery and antioxidant efficacy, providing a promising platform for anti-ageing and other bioactive compounds with similar delivery challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of people worldwide suffer from cancer, facing challenges such as treatments affecting healthy cells, suboptimal responses, adverse effects, recurrence risk, drug resistance, and nonspecific targeting. Chemoresistance leads to fatalities, but phytoactives show promise in cancer management despite limitations such as high metabolism, poor absorption, and high dosage requirements. Challenges in the large-scale isolation of phytoactive compounds, solubility, bioavailability, and targeting limit their development. Recent developments, including carbohydrate, lipid, and protein-based nanoparticles, have enhanced cancer treatment by improving the bioavailability and targeted delivery of phytoactives such as polyphenols, alkaloids, sulfur-containing compounds, flavonoids, and terpenes. Despite advancements, clinical application faces hurdles such as poor bioavailability and inconsistent immune responses. This article discusses the promise of phytoactive-loaded nanoformulations in cancer management, highlighting targeted drug delivery, unmet needs, and challenges. Further research is needed to overcome these challenges and fully understand the potential of phytoactives in cancer management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The current study aimed to improve the oral bioavailability of tenofovir (TNF), an antihuman immunodeficiency viral (HIV) drug, by integrating it into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), an emerging lipid formulation. Method: The suggested SLNs were generated utilizing the microemulsion process, using Compritol 888 ATO. A Box–Behnken experimental design was attempted to analyze the impact of critical quality attributes (CQAs), such as lipid and surfactant content and homogenization duration on response metrics such as particle size (PS) and percentage entrapment. The prepared SLNs were assessed for entrapment efficiency, zeta potential (ZP), PS, polydispersity index, and in vitro drug release. Moreover, ex vivo permeation tests employing goat intestinal sacs, solid‐state characterization by DSC and PXRD, surface morphology by SEM, and in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation using albino Wistar rats were conducted. Results: The research findings demonstrated that a formulation composed of 5.5% lipid and 2% surfactant had a comparatively smaller PS (449.90 ± 4.79 nm), a narrow size distribution (0.304 ± 0.004), and strong stability with an entrapment efficiency of 83.13 ± 6.34% and a negative ZP (−18.10 ± 2.35 mV). According to in vitro drug release experiments, first‐order kinetics were followed and 99% of the medication was released over the time course of 24 h. In albino Wistar rats, an in vivo pharmacokinetic analysis of the optimized formulation (F10) showed a 12.4‐fold improvement in bioavailability over pure TNF solution. Conclusion: This study suggests the potential of SLNs in overcoming bioavailability issues, particularly low permeability, gut metabolism, and P‐gp efflux transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a common neglected parasitic disease. Nanoparticles containing drugs have been widely utilized in various formulations for several purposes, including improving the bioavailability of drugs by increasing the solubility and dissolution rate of the nanoparticles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of solid lipid nanoparticles containing albendazole and conjugated to albumin (B-SLN + ABZ) as a novel treatment approach for hydatid cysts in vivo. Methods: Albendazole-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by emulsification and solvent evaporation method. The experimental mice were assessed for prophylactic and therapeutic effects of the drugs. Ultrastructural changes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results: The variance analysis of the fitted model indicated that the Glyceryl monostearate (GMS)/soy lecithin concentration ratio and the amount of albendazole had a significant effect on nanoparticle size. The GMS/soy lecithin concentration ratio and the amount of albendazole had a notable effect on nanoparticle polydispersity index (PdI) and entrapment efficiency (EE%), respectively. During chemoprophylaxis, the B-SLN + ABZ group showed a lower number and weight of cysts (0.90 ± 0.73 and 15.01 ± 10.46, respectively) compared with the ABZ + SLN group (1.4 ± 0.51 and 26.73 ± 9.92, respectively). In addition, therapeutic efficacy analysis showed a significant reduction in wet weights of metacestodes in mice treated with both B-SLN + ABZ (29.37 ± 13.82 mg) and SLN + ABZ (35.88 ± 7.49 mg) compared with the control group (59.78 ± 3.80 mg). Conclusions: The results showed that B-SLN + ABZ nanoparticles were more effective against E. granulosus cysts compared with free ABZ. The cysts in the animals receiving B-SLN + ABZ every 24 h showed more ultrastructural changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prolonged therapy, hepatic damage, and the development of drug resistance are the limitations of doxycycline and rifampicin in the treatment of brucellosis. This study was designed to assess the effect of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) encapsulation of these antimicrobials against brucella. SLNs were prepared by a double emulsion method and characterized for entrapment efficiency, particle size distribution, drug release, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The encapsulated formulations were tested for stability, safety, and in vitro antimicrobial assay on brucella and brucella-infected mice models. Results: The particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential of doxycycline encapsulated SLN size were 443.6 ± 3.03 nm, 0.858 ± 0.00, and + 26.5 ± 1.87 mV, respectively. The rifampicin SLN showed particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of 348.7 ± 3.35 nm, 0.234 ± 0.00, and + 22.9 ± 1.59 mV. The entrapment efficiency of doxycycline and rifampicin encapsulated SLN was 98% and 96%, respectively. The drug-loaded SLN retained the biophysical properties, drug loading, and entrapment efficiency after storage at 4 °C as well as 25 °C for 6 months. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy depicted effective encapsulation and the Differential scanning colorimetry thermogram revealed a negative interaction of drug and polymer. Drug release parameters were fitted well with the Korsmeyer–Peppas and Hixson–Crowell model (R2 ≥.09). The MIC findings showed a reduction in MIC values of SLN-encapsulated rifampicin; whereas, doxycycline did not show any changes. The MBC value for free and SLN-encapsulated doxycycline and rifampicin did not show changes. SLN encapsulation did not show any cytotoxicity on murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.76 for both drugs. Doxycycline and rifampicin significantly reduced the CFU of B. abortus compared to the free drug (P > 0.05), resulting in less damage to the liver and kidneys. Conclusions: The present study concludes that SLN encapsulation of doxycycline and rifampicin would be safe and effective for the prolonged treatment regimen against Brucella infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The present study aims to develop, optimize and assess hispolon (HPN) lipid nanocapsules (LNCs), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and suspension for treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials & methods: It included UPLC-MS/MS, solubility, optimization, characterization, stability, in vitro and in vivo studies. Results: HPN-loaded LNCs were developed using phase-inversion and temperature cycling, while SLNs and suspension using hot homogenization and trituration methods. HPN-LNCs had a particle size (PS) of 196.9 nm, a PDI of 0.315 and a zeta potential of -24.3 mV. HPN-S2 had a PS of 199.90 nm, a PDI of 0.381 and a zeta potential of -19.1 mV. HPN-SPN3 showed a PS of 946.60 nm, a PDI of 0.31 and a zeta potential of -0.1945 mV. Stability tests over 3 months and gastric stability testing in different media showed no significant changes in PS, PDI, entrapment efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC). HPN-LNCs demonstrated 96.22% sustained drug release over 25 h, outperforming HPN-S2 (87.12%) and HPN-SPN3 (22% within 2 h). HPN-loaded LNCs improved oral bioavailability by 2.03-times, the most effective hepatoprotective action and higher localization in liver tumors over HPN-S2 and HPN-SPN3. Conclusion: HPN-Loaded LNCs results are promising, but more safety data needed in the future. Article highlights HCC is the sixth most common tumor globally. Key risk factors include hepatitis B and C infections, which account for 60–85% of cases worldwide, and exposure to aflatoxin B1. CLSPN (Claspin), a protein essential for normal DNA replication, is regulated by ubiquitination. Studies have shown that CLSPN plays a significant role in HCC. Elevated levels of CLSPN have been observed in HepG2 and Huh7 cell lines, commonly used in liver cancer research. The elevated levels of CLSPN in these cell lines suggest its potential as a biomarker for HCC. Understanding its molecular mechanisms, particularly its role in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, could lead to new therapeutic targets. Hispolon (HPN), a phenolic compound from PL, has anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects but faces biopharmaceutical challenges such as low solubility and rapid metabolism. HPN-loaded LNCs are developed using phase-inversion and temperature cycling. Solid lipid nanoparticles are developed using hot homogenization and suspension is developed through trituration. Stability over 3 months and gastric stability testing in different media showed no significant changes in PS, PDI, EE and LC of HPN-loaded LNCs, HPN-S2 and HPN-SPN3. HPN-loaded LNCs improved oral bioavailability by 2.03-times. HPN-loaded LNCs showed the most effective hepatoprotective action and higher localization in the liver tumor compared with HPN-S2 and HPN-SPN3 suspension. HPN-loaded LNCs show promise for HCC treatment, but more in vivo safety data is needed soon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid nanoparticles such as nanoemulsions, nanostructured and solid lipid particles made of stearic acid and paraffin oil and stabilized with a mixture of nonionic surfactants Tween 60 and Span 60 are studied. The effect of incorporated yttrium stearate (YSt) as an additive in the modelling of radiopharmaceuticals and radiotherapy on the physicochemical properties of lipid nanoparticles is considered. The resultes indicate that the size of the oil droplets changes slightly when YSt is included in the nanoemulsions. The incorporation of YSt into lipid nanoparticles with stearic acid reduces their size, due apparently to the incorporation of YSt into the adsorption layer together with stearic acid. The studied lipid nanoparticles are resistant to radioactive irradiation with a dose of 5 kGy. No changes in the molecular structure of the components are observed after irradiation, and the aggregative stability of the lipid nanoparticles is not changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Glioblastoma is a grade IV solid brain tumor and has a 15-month survival rate even after treatment. Glioblastoma development is heavily influenced by retinoblastoma protein (pRB) pathway changes. The blood–brain barrier, drug resistance, and severe toxicity of Temozolamide are key obstacles in treating glioblastoma. Innovative treatments targeting the pRB pathway with efficient delivery vehicles are required to treat glioblastoma. Methods: For this purpose, a library of 691 plant extracts previously tested in vitro for anti-cancerous, anti inflammatory, and anti-proliferative characteristics was created after thorough literature investigations. Compounds were docked against pRB pathway protein ligands using molecular operating environment and chimera. Their nuclear structure and drug-like properties were predicted through Lipinski rule and density functional theory analysis. Physio-chemical characterizations of naked and drug-encapsulated SLNPs assessed size, stability, entrapment efficiency, and drug release rate. Anti-cancer potential of drug and drug- loaded SLNPs was evaluated using U87, U251, and HEK cell lines. Formulations were tested for cancer cell metastatic potential using cell migration assays. Results: Silymarin (Sil) was identified as the most potent compound against CDK4, which was then encapsulated in stearic acid solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNP-Sil). Sil showed decreased cell viability 72 h after treatment against both U87 and U251 cell lines but had negligible cytotoxic effect on HEK-293. IC50 value of Sil was 155.14 µM for U87 and 195.93 µM for U251. Sil and SLNP-Sil effectively inhibited U87 and U251 cell migration 24 h after treatment. Discussion: Our results indicated that Sil and SLNP-Sil are promising therapeutic approaches against glioblastoma and merit in vivo experimental verification using orthotropic xenograft mouse models against glioblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomedicine has introduced strategies that provide precise diagnosis and treatment with fewer side effects than traditional therapies. Treatments for neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease, are palliative, necessitating an innovative delivery system with a curative function. This study investigated a solid lipid nanoparticle (SLNP) system's ability to bind and safely deliver siRNA in vitro. SLNPS were formulated using sphingomyelin and cholesterol, with Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) incorporated to enhance biocompatibility and neuroprotection. Poly-L-lysine (PLL) functionalization ensured successful siRNA binding, safe transport, and protection from nuclease degradation. SLNPs were physicochemically characterized, with binding and protection of siRNA assessed using agarose gels. Cytotoxicity, apoptotic induction, and cellular uptake studies were undertaken in the human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. The GBE-PLL-SLNPs had an average size of 93.2 nm and demonstrated enhanced binding and protection of the siRNA from enzyme digestion, with minimal cytotoxicity in HEK293 (<10%) and SH-SY5Y cells (<15%). Caspase 3/7 activity was significantly reduced in both cells, while efficient cellular uptake was noted. The present study provided a solid basis as a proof of principle study for future applications of the potential therapeutic in vitro, promising to address the unmet medical needs of patients with neurological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-delivery strategies have become an integral active delivery approach, although understanding of how the microstructural characteristics could be deployed to achieve independently regulated active co-delivery profiles, is still an area at its infancy. Herein, the capacity to provide such control was explored by utilizing Pickering emulsions stabilized by lipid particles, namely solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). These dual functional species, regarding their concurrent Pickering stabilization and active carrying/delivery capabilities, were formulated with different solid lipid and surfactant types, and the effect on the release and co-release modulation of two hydrophobic actives separately encapsulated within the lipid particles themselves and within the emulsion droplets was investigated. Disparities between the release profiles from the particles in aqueous dispersions or at an emulsion interface, were related to the specific lipid matrix composition. Particles composed of lipids with higher oil phase compatibility of the emulsion droplets were shown to exert less control over their release regulation ability, as were particles in the presence of surfactant micelles in the continuous phase. Irrespective of their formulation characteristics, all particles provided a level of active release control from within the emulsion droplets, which was dependant on the permeability of the formed interfacial layer. Specifically, use of a bulkier particle surfactant or particle sintering at the droplet interface resulted in more sustained droplet release rates. Compared to sole release, the co-release performance remained unaffected by the co-existence of the two hydrophobic actives with the co-release behavior persisting over a storage period of 1 month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The aims of this work were to formulate cannabidiol in different lipid carriers for skin delivery after topical application and to study their stability, interaction with the skin, and antibacterial activity. Methods: Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with cannabidiol were prepared and characterized in terms of their physicochemical properties, colloidal stability, protection of the antioxidant capacity of cannabidiol, as well as their retention over time. Skin penetration was assessed using an in vitro model with human skin. The antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and compared to free cannabidiol. Results: Three nanoformulations exhibited the best size and reproducibility values and were selected for further studies. The formulations were stable, protected the active ingredient, succeeded in delivering it to deep skin layers, and demonstrated antibacterial activity. Conclusions: These cannabidiol nanoformulations show potential for use in skin diseases and conditions, as they protect the active ingredient, enhance its delivery to the skin, and exhibit antibacterial effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating global threat of antibiotic resistance underscores the urgent need for innovative antimicrobial strategies. This review explores the cutting-edge applications of nanotechnology in combating bacterial infections, addressing a critical healthcare challenge. We critically assess the antimicrobial properties and mechanisms of diverse nanoparticle systems, including liposomes, polymeric micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, zinc oxide, silver, and gold nanoparticles, as well as nanoencapsulated essential oils. These nanomaterials offer distinct advantages, such as enhanced drug delivery, improved bioavailability, and efficacy against antibiotic-resistant strains. Recent advancements in nanoparticle synthesis, functionalization, and their synergistic interactions with conventional antibiotics are highlighted. The review emphasizes biocompatibility considerations, stressing the need for rigorous safety assessments in nanomaterial applications. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying emerging trends, this review provides crucial insights for researchers and clinicians aiming to leverage nanotechnology for next-generation antimicrobial therapies. The integration of nanotechnology represents a promising frontier in combating infectious diseases, underscoring the timeliness and imperative of this comprehensive analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]