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Oat (Avena sativa) processing generates a large amount of by-products, especially oat bran. These by-products are excellent sources of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and essential fatty acids. Therefore, enhancing the extraction of these bioactive substances and incorporating them into the human diet is critical. This study investigates the effect of acid pretreatment on the solid-state fermentation of oat bran with Aspergillus niger , with an emphasis on the bioaccessibility of phenolic acids and lipid profile. The results showed a considerable increase in reducing sugars following acid pretreatment. On the sixth day, there was a notable increase in the total phenolic content, reaching 58.114 ± 0.09 mg GAE/g DW, and the vanillic acid level significantly rose to 77.419 ± 0.27 μg/g DW. The lipid profile study revealed changes ranging from 4.66 % in the control to 7.33 % on the sixth day of SSF. Aside from biochemical alterations, antioxidant activity measurement using the DPPH technique demonstrated the maximum scavenging activity on day 4 (83.33 %). This study highlights acid pretreatment's role in enhancing bioactive compound accessibility in solid-state fermentation and its importance for functional food development. [Display omitted] • Acid pretreatment increased monosaccharides like maltose, glucose, and fructose. • The analysis of phenolic compounds showed a wide variety, including cinnamic acids, benzoic acids, and avenanthramides. • Vanillic acid increased during fermentation, indicating a synergistic effect with acid pretreatment. • The analyzed samples exhibit low levels of PUFAs/SFAs ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs) are mended for the betterment of all living species on this earth. Climate change planning consistently revolves around sustainable products derived from natural raw materials. Our recent research has specifically targeted the optimization of biocatalyst production and microorganism growth through solid-state fermentation. In this research work, we utilized Aspergillus niger [S1], isolated from a mixed vegetable pickle. Initially, batch tests were conducted, altering the concentrations of five ingredients—sucrose, molasses, yeast extract, sunflower oil, and Tween-80 to achieve maximum extracellular biocatalyst (Lipases) production. Maximum extracellular biocatalyst activity was achieved in the presence of sucrose, molasses, yeast extract, sunflower oil and tween-80 at the rate of 6.39 ± 1.73a U/mL, 2.2 ± 1.09a U/mL, 2.22 ± 0.48a U/mL, 3.06 ± 1.27a U/mL and 2 ± 0.87a U/mL respectively using different concentration of 1 g/L, 4 g/L, 0.5 g/L, 3.5% v/v and 1% v/v respectively through one factor at a time approach. Response surface methodology was employed to examine the interaction of critical medium components and their impact on biocatalyst activity. The range and level of selected independent variables were explored using the Box-Behnken experimental design. The maximum production was observed at the 6th run, reaching 13.0 U/mL by using combination of various critical medium components i.e., sucrose 3 g/L, molasses 5 g/L, yeast extract 1.5 g/L, sunflower oil 2.25% v/v, and Tween-80 0.5% v/v. Regarding the basal quantity of substrate, 10 g of mustard meal was also utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the conditions for polygonati rhizoma (PR) fermentation by Monascus ruber and the lipid-lowering activity of the resulting product. Monascus ruber was used for the solid-state fermentation of PR, and the response surface method was used to optimize the fermentation culture medium parameters. The optimal fermentation system yielded a maximum monacolin K concentration of 21.82 ± 0.34 mg/g. The fermentation conditions were as follows: 12.5 mmol/kg of L-glutamic acid, 0.64 mmol/kg of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, 3.0 wt% of yeast extract powder, a fermentation period of 15 days, and a fermentation temperature of 30 ℃. The binding capacities of unfermented PR, "Nine-Steam-Nine-Bask" processed Polygonati rhizoma (NPR), and Monascus ruber solid-state fermented polygonati rhizoma (MPR) to sodium cholate, sodium taurocholate, and sodium glycolate were determined. MPR showed a stronger bile acid-binding capacity than unfermented PR. In addition, MPR exhibited the highest cholesterol inhibitory capacity of 51.43±1.41 %. Thus, MPR can be used as a potential antilipemic agent with potent hypolipidemic effects. [Display omitted] • Monascus-fermented metabolites may be a potentially anti-hypertensive drug. • culture-medium can promote the production of monacolin K. • Polygonati rhizome has the potential as a hypolipidemic properties. • synergistic effect of Monascus solid state fermented polygonati rhizome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melissa officinalis L. is a plant with different medicinal and culinary uses, which is considered one of the essential oils with the highest market value, mainly because of its low yield. The use of technologies that improve the extraction of this essential oil is justified. The study evaluated the use of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE) obtained from Pleorotus djamor to extract essential oil of Melissa officinalis L.. For the optimization of the enzymatic pre-treatment, the independent variables time and CWDE/H 2 O ratio were evaluated through central composite rotational design (CCRD). The essential oil extraction was carried out by hydrodistillation after pre-treatment. The results showed that the pre-treatment was able to increase the essential oil yield by 71 % and reduced energy consumption and CO2 emissions by 42 %, when applied for 60 minutes and CWDE/H 2 O ratio (25/450 mL.mL−1). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to evaluate the essential oil composition. The majority of compounds were citral (Neral +Geranial). In addition, the increase of this compound was observed at about 24 %. The lemon balm plant cell wall was degraded. Considering the production and energy costs and increase yield as well as the quality of lemon balm essential oil, the application of CWDE was efficient. [Display omitted] • Multienzyme extract was extracted from the solid-state fermentation of P. djmour. • Association of enzymes with hydrostillation was considered an eco-friendly process. • Lignocellulosic enzymes acted on the cell wall of the trichomes. • Pretreatment on M. officinalis leaves increase of the essential oil yield by 71 %. • The concentration of Citral in the essential oil of Melissa officinalis increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our investigation is to elucidate the impact of ultrasonic treated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (B. amyloliquefaciens) on production of peptides during solid-state fermentation of soybean meal and its mechanisms. There was a substantial enhancement in levels of peptides, biomass, and protease activity within fermented soybean meal by 14.61%, 65.96%, and 16.58%, respectively, relative to control group (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, omics analysis and qRT-PCR verification declared that ultrasonic treatment did not bring the growing of B. amyloliquefaciens or the protease production in single cell, but accelerate the germination of spores. Genes encoding spo0A, spo0B, spo0F, spo0J were all substantially down-regulated ranged from − 0.25 to − 1.75 (p < 0.05). Concurrently, the gene encoding sleB displayed a remarkable up-regulation with log2-fold change of + 3.07 (p < 0.05). Besides, their respective proteins performed the same change tendency. Moreover, after ultrasonic treatment, spores germination rate and DPA content significantly increased by 3.29 and 12.14 times, respectively. Meanwhile, OD600 of spores suspension obviously decreased by 37.81% (p < 0.05). Most importantly, Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that peptides yield in fermented products was strongly correlated with spores germination (Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.839, p < 0.01). In brief, ultrasonic treatment promoted the germination of spores in the inoculum, which resulted in microbial proliferation and protease activity raising in fermented products, and consequently improving peptides yield. The improvement of spore germination rate after ultrasonic treatment might be achieved by reducing bacterial aggregation and lowering viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prodigiosin finds tremendous application in the food industry owing to its physicochemical and non-toxic attributes. In the present investigation, microbial production of food color (prodigiosin) was done by Serratia marcescens NCIM 5246 under solid-state fermentation (SSF). For economical prodigiosin yield, initial substrate screening was conducted using agro-waste such as rice bran, wheat bran, orange peel powder, green gram husk and cane molasses. A maximum pigment yield of 1059.67 ± 1.53 µg/L was observed on wheat bran media. Further, Taguchi Design of the experiment (DOE) using Qualitek-4 software with bigger is better as quality attributes was done for process optimization. The Taguchi (DOE) comprised five independent variables, i.e., pH, temperature, substrate concentration, trace metal concentration, and inoculum size at two levels. The software deduced independent variables' individual and interactive effects on product yield by performing an L8 orthogonal array (OA). The output variable (prodigiosin yield) was improved based on the S/N ratio. Under optimized cultural conditions maximum prodigiosin yield of 1320.2 ± 20 µg/L was obtained. The expected prodigiosin yield of 1386.60 µg/L showed a 95% resemblance with the actual yield, showed model validation, and 24.57% improvement in overall yield. The extracted pigment was purified by TLC and was characterized as prodigiosin by absorption spectroscopy and FTIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An adhesive solid-state fermentation (adSSF) mode was developed to produce Aspergillus niger conidia, which used a stainless-steel Dixon ring as the support and water-retaining adhesive to load nutritional media on its surface. To obtain high conidia yields, the components of the water-retaining adhesive were screened, optimized by single-factor optimization and response surface methodology, and the optimal dosages of the main components were: wheat bran powder 0.023 g·cm−3bed, cassava starch 0.0022 g·cm−3bed, and xanthan gum 0.0083 g·cm−3bed. The experimentally tested conidia yield was 4.2-fold that without water-retaining adhesive but was 3.7% lower than the maximum yield predicted by the model. The observed double-side growth of A. niger on the Dixon ring supports improved space utilization of the fermentation bed, and the void fraction can increase with the shrinkage of the gel layer. In 1.6 L tray reactors with three-point online temperature monitoring, the inner-bed temperature of adSSF was at most 4 °C lower than the adsorbed carrier solid-state fermentation (ACSSF) mode, and the conidia yield was 1.68 × 108conidia.cm−3bed, 61.5% higher than that of the ACSSF bed at the same time, but when the fermentation time was extended to 168 h, the conidia yield of the adSSF bed and ACSSF bed were close to each other. The results revealed that the high voidage of the adSSF bed was the main reason for low bed temperature, which can benefit the inner-bed natural convection and water evaporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the potential of utilizing orange processing waste as a cost-effective substrate for the production of pectinolytic enzymes using an isolated strain of Aspergillus brasiliensis. The study focused on optimizing various process parameters, such as temperature, pH, and incubation time, for the production of enzymes through solid-state fermentation using a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The maximum pectinase enzyme activities of polygalacturonase, lyase, and esterase were 44.58 U/g, 16.53 U/g, and 74 U/g, respectively. These optimal enzyme activities were observed for enzyme extracts from cells cultivated at 35 °C and pH 4.0 for 6 days. The crude enzyme extract was characterized, and its potential application in apple juice extraction and clarification was evaluated. The results showed that the enzyme extract was effective in improving juice yield from 65% (for control) to 84.5% at 4% enzyme loading. The enzyme was also effective in clarifying the juice as demonstrated by reduced pectin content (from 0.45% to 0.04%) and pH (from 3.55 to 3.35) of the juice, leading to reduction in absorbance at 620 nm. This study highlights the potential of orange processing waste as a sustainable and cost-effective substrate for pectinolytic enzyme production and demonstrates the effectiveness of using Aspergillus brasiliensis strain and BBD in optimal enzyme production. The findings suggest that this approach could be useful for the industrial-scale production of pectinolytic enzymes for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal feed production has recently received significant attention in the food and livestock sectors due to its high nutritional value and substantial environmental potential. Extensive studies have been conducted to explore the effects of solid fermented feeds on different growth stages of animals but also on the health status of animals, the quality of animal products, and the composition of intestinal micro-flora to replace non-fermented feed production. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date existing trends, recent developments, and prospects of solid-state fermentation (SSF) practices for the production of animal feeds. Studies on enhancing nutritional factors by increasing the crude protein content, enzymes, and antioxidant activity of feed using physical processing methods on agro-industrial waste such as rapeseed meal, cottonseed, wheat bran, soybean meal, and legumes by mainly SSF are reviewed and discussed thoroughly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Soybean meal (SBM) is used widely in animal feed but it contains anti‐nutritional factors (ANFs) such as protease inhibitors – immunogenic proteins that limit its utilization. Fermentative processes could help to reduce these ANFs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional attributes, bacterial community dynamics, and microbial metagenomic profile during the solid‐state fermentation of SBM using a strain of the bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus with or without pre‐autoclaving treatment. RESULTS: Following fermentation, there was a reduction in the pH and a concurrent increase in the population of lactic acid bacteria. Fermentation also resulted in an increase in both crude and soluble protein levels. Trypsin inhibitor levels decreased after fermentation, particularly in fermented SBM that had not been pre‐autoclaved, with an inactivation rate higher than 90%. Moreover, high‐molecular‐weight peptides (44–158 kDa), specifically some polypeptides from the soybean immunogen glycinin and β‐conglycinin, underwent degradation during the fermentation process. Bacterial community analysis revealed the dominance of the Lactobacillus genus in all samples, regardless of the treatments applied. Metagenomic profiling identified L. acidophilus as the dominant species in inoculated SBM, irrespective of whether pre‐autoclaving was conducted or not. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the feasibility of solid‐state fermentation with L. acidophilus under non‐sterile conditions to inactivate trypsin inhibitor and increase protein concentration and hydrolysate immunogen proteins into low‐molecular‐weight peptides in SBM. Lactobacillus acidophilus inoculum also inhibited the growth of undesirable bacteria. This knowledge contributes to our understanding of the potential applications of solid‐state fermentation with L. acidophilus in improving the nutritional quality of SBM. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic dyes such as azo dyes are significant pollutants in the wastewater released from various textile industries. The low biodegradability and production from synthetic sources with high shelf life make azo dyes a challenging material for degradation. This study used chemically mutated Aspergillus terrus in the laccase production under solid-state fermentation using sugarcane bagasse. Initially, the wild-type strain produced a laccase activity of 4.12 U/mL. Later, the alkaline pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse showed a significant increase in laccase activity by 38.9%. Further, random mutagenesis treatment with 100 mM EMS generated a hyper laccase-producing strain with a 2.3-fold increment in laccase activity compared to the wild-type strain. The enzyme displayed optimal activity at pH 6.5 and 35 °C. The metal ions such as Fe3+ (29.4 U/mL), Fe2+ (20.8 U/mL) and Cu2+ (18.05 U/mL) showed positive effects on laccase activity. The crude laccase was used to bioremediate Congo red, a prominent azo dye used in textile and pharmaceutical industries. The preliminary studies with a crude enzyme displayed 68.86% dye decolourization after 24 h of incubation. Additionally, with Taguchi orthogonal array optimization experiments, the maximal dye decolorization of 78.24% was achieved by maintaining crude enzyme concentration (20 U), dye concentration (25 mg/L) and pH 4.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient method of solid-state fermentation (SSF) is reported for producing bioactive phenolic compounds using soil-isolated fungi. Antioxidant activity using a rapid DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl), was employed to screen the 120 fungal isolates from soil. Aspergillus terreus 1, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus terreus 2, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus wentii1, Aspergillus wentii 2, Penicillium expansum and Penicillium granulatum were chosen, concerning their antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. These fungal strains were applied on agro residues viz. sugarcane bagasse, corn cob, rice straw, pea pod and wheat straw, to evaluate the release of phenolic compounds. The fermented extracts from various agro-residues showed good antioxidant activity against DPPH, ferric ion, and nitric oxide radicals. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in fermented extracts of sugarcane bagasse, followed by pea pod. Additionally, the total phenolic content in the fermented extracts positively correlated with antioxidant potential. This study highlights the significant potential of solid substrate fermentation using soil-isolated fungi and agro-residues to produce bioactive phenolic compounds with potent antioxidant properties. The utilization of SSF for the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources not only offers a clean and sustainable approach but also contributes to the valorization of agro-industrial residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that mung beans constitute a significant nutrient source in many cultures, it is worthwhile to investigate ways to improve their nutritional and functional properties. The effect of fermentation of mung beans by Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto was investigated in various reactor designs, including static, shaking flasks, and soft elastic tubular reactors (SETR). The results showed that all three processes might affect the substrate, resulting in changes in the protein and carbohydrate fractions. We noticed an increase in soluble protein and serine levels, which we attribute to the proteases produced during fermentation. Through XRD, FTIR, and DSC analyses, it was also discovered that whereas static and shaking flask fermentation might raise relative crystallinity and peak temperature, fermentation performed on the SETR decreased these values. It was also possible to notice that SETR might induce a change in the particle size distribution of the substrate through a complex impact of mechanical forces, mixing, and microbial activity, which could be helpful to some aspects of the process. To summarize, fermentation of mung beans by Bacillus. subtilis subsp. natto could be an attractive approach for producing a food ingredient with various functional and nutritional properties. Furthermore, the SETR has been shown to be a viable technique for dealing with high solid load substrates, whether as the reactor for the entire process or as a first stage/pre-treatment step, and its applicability in bioprocesses should be explored further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most abundant by-product of the brewing industry, the valorization of proteins from brewers' spent grains (BSG) is critical to reducing processing waste and meeting the growing demand for plant-derived protein globally. However, the applicability of brewers' spent grain proteins in food manufacturing has been constrained by the high extraction cost and undesirable functionalities. In this research, BSG was used as the substrate to ferment with the mixed strains Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Kluyveromyces marxianus and then subjected to protein extraction. The solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions were optimized using single-factor tests together with Box-Behnken Design to 50% initial moisture content, 10% strain inoculum ratio, fermented at pH 5.8 under 32 °C for 6 days, with the highest soluble protein concentration of 0.678 ± 0.0047 µg/µL (equivalent to bovine serum albumin). Furthermore, proteins were extracted from unmalted raw barley grains and BSG control (with a yield of 0.338 ± 0.016 µg/µL and 0.352 ± 0.015 µg/µL, respectively) and then evaluated for their physiochemical characterizations as a comparison of solid-state fermented proteins. The physicochemical attributes of all the intact proteins were similar, except that the fermented samples showed a smaller molecular mass on the SDS-PAGE gel. In conclusion, these results indicated that SSF is a feasible strategy for the bioconversion of BSG into valuable food ingredients as it enhances protein extraction efficiency while reducing the production cost, thereby being beneficial to alleviate the associated environmental pollution and to broaden its possibilities for further integration into the circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saccharomyces cerevisiae can metabolize sugars to produce ethanol and secondary metabolites that contribute to the complex flavor profile of Baijiu, a traditional Chinese distilled beverage. The yeasts that contribute to Baijiu fermentation are mostly adventitious strains that show low ethanol production and stress resistance, which results in lower Baijiu yields and quality. Here, we screened S. cerevisiae strains for ethanol production and stress resistance. The best selected strain, SW4, produced a final ethanol titer of 148.1 g/L, which was 113.8% higher than the initial 69.6 g/L. Additionally, the solid-state fermentation of Baijiu with the addition of S. cerevisiae SW4 (QH) resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundance of Pediococcus and Saccharomyces at days 0–14 compared to the control (KB), which may be the main reason for the alteration of Baijiu flavor. Analysis of flavor compounds revealed that QH increased the concentration of alcohols by 44.82% relative to KB after 7 days of fermentation, as well as increasing the concentration of alcohols and esters by 13.06% and 7.11% after 28 days of fermentation. Measurement of 15 differential flavor compounds revealed that 8 were positively correlated with Saccharomyces (p ≤ 0.05), all of which are important flavor compounds contributing to the quality to Baijiu. The Baijiu yield of QH was 25.18%, which was 11.47% higher than that of KB. Overall, this study confirms the positive effects of exogenously added S. cerevisiae on the microbial community structure and flavor of Baijiu at different stages of solid-state fermentation, providing novel opportunities for improving the yield and quality of this important traditional beverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of solid-state fermentation with Clostridium butyricum on the microstructure of wheat bran, the release of dietary fiber and phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity. Compared with unfermented wheat bran, insoluble dietary fiber and phytic acid content decreased, whereas soluble dietary fiber and water-extractable arabinoxylan content increased in C. butyricum culture. Because of the increased release of phenolic compounds, such as ferulic acid and apigenin, and organic acids, such as isobutyric acid, the antioxidant capacity of the culture was considerably improved. Furthermore, the culture of C. butyricum treated with dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice enhanced the expression of intestinal mucus and tight-junction proteins, modulating the gut microbiota structure, increasing the levels of short-chain fatty acids in the intestine, and restoring the essential functions of the gut microbiota. These anti-inflammatory effects stemmed from the combined action of various effective components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lentinus sajor-caju has shown potential for the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass in various substrates. Here, we evaluated whether L. sajor-caju affects the lignocellulosic biomass, in vitro fermentation and antioxidant properties of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (AMM) stems. The lignocellulosic biomass content and the antioxidant activity of AMM stems were determined by scanning electron microscopy, chemical component analysis, in vitro fermentation and LC-MS metabolomics after 30 days of fermentation by L. sajor-caju at 25 °C. L. sajor-caju significantly altered the rigid structure of the stems. Compared with the control condition, the lignocellulose contents were significantly reduced (p < 0.001) and improved in vitro digestibility and total volatile fatty acids. In total, 624 differential metabolites, including 201 up-regulated and 423 down-regulated, were identified in unfermented and fermented comparison groups. Correlation analysis indicated that there were strongly correlations of the total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity. Meanwhile, the differential metabolites were primarily associated with antioxidant activity, with 4(3H)-quinazolinone, dihydrocarvyl acetate and jaceoside being the most representative. In summary, L. sajor-caju altered the composition of the cell wall of AMM stems, thereby enhancing their antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Probiotics have a range of effects on poultry industry, including improving production performance, inhibiting or mitigating pathogenic infections, enhancing antioxidant capacity, reducing toxic effects, and improving the intestinal environment of poultry. They have significant potential for use as an ideal alternative to antibiotics in poultry farming. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of solid fermentation products of Lactobacillus plantarum, Candida utilis, and Bacillus coagulans on the growth characteristics of broilers and the prevention of avian colibacillosis. The findings indicate that solid fermentation products can enhance the growth characteristics, immune function, and intestinal morphology of broilers. Additionally, it can optimize the abundance of microflora in the cecum and prevent avian colibacillosis, which is caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). This study investigates the impact of the solid-state fermentation products of Lactobacillus plantarum, Candida utilis, and Bacillus coagulans (LCBs) on the growth characteristics, immune function, intestinal morphology, cecum microbial community, and prevention of avian colibacillosis in broilers. One hundred and twenty Hyland Brown broilers (aged one day) were divided randomly into three groups (four replicates of ten broilers per group). (1) The CON group was fed a basal diet. (2) The MOD group was fed a basal diet. On day 40, APEC strain SX02 (1.1 × 105 CFU/g) was administered to the breasts of chickens in this group. (3) The LCBs group was fed a basal diet supplemented with fermentation products (98.5% basal diet + 0.5% Lactobacillus plantarum and Candida utilis solid-state fermentation products + 1.0% Bacillus coagulans solid-state fermentation products). On day 40, the LCBs group received the same treatment as the MOD group. The experiment lasted 43 days. This study found that the average daily gain (ADG) of the LCBs group was significantly higher than that of the MOD group (p < 0.05), indicating that LCBs can significantly increase the ADG of broilers and improve the feed conversion ratio. Furthermore, compared to the MOD group, the heart bacterial load was significantly reduced in the LCBs group (p < 0.05), and the lesions less severe in the heart, liver, and jejunum were observed (p < 0.05). Additionally, the detection of intestinal flora showed a significant increase in the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the cecum of the LCBs group, while the number of Escherichia coli and Shigella decreased significantly. In conclusion, the solid fermentation of Lactobacillus plantarum, Candida utilis, and Bacillus coagulans can improve the growth performance of broilers while also protecting against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli infection. This demonstrates the potential usefulness of these LCBs in feed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Penicillium saprophytic species, which primarily consume organic biodegradable materials, is a common example of a fungal species. The preparation filtrates of Penicillium italicum, a saprophyte on citrus fruits frequently linked to post-harvest diseases in this crop, were included in the current investigation. Objective: This investigation aimed determine the most efficient culture medium for the production of antibacterial secondary metabolites. Patients and Methods: included identifying the growth medium for P. italicum and produce its metabolites through the use of gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC MS) for both solid-state fermentation filtrate (SSFF) and liquid fermentation filtrate (LFF). Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of the mold filtrate against certain pathogenic bacteria was assessed using the agar well diffusion method. Results: indicated that the biomass used for mold growth was heavier in SSFF than LFF, and according to the findings, the selective active isolate's crude filtrate from two duplicates of the P. italicum Yeast Extract Sucrose YES culture medium was 0.063 mg, while the crude extract from rotten orange (as a solid medium) containing P. italicum was 0.11 mg. Tetracosane and other substances with a track record of therapeutic activity were found in the two mold extracts, according to GC MS data. Overall, both SSFF and LFF demonstrated antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, with the inhibition zones± standard deviation (IZ ± SD) being 24.7 ± 0.57, 18.2 ± 0.28, 26.3 ± 0.59, 21.6 ± 0.51, and 32.8 ± 0.21 (for SSFF) mm and 0.0, 12.3±0.57, 28.16±0.20, 19.3±1.15, and 28±0.2 (for LFF) mm, respectively. Conclusion: the filtrate of P. italicum from a natural medium (rotted orange) as a solid state fermentation was more weighted and gave many effective metabolites compared to what was produced by liquid fermentation on a synthetic medium, and both liquid and solid fermentation filtrates demonstrated efficacy against harmful bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buckwheat is a valuable crop that contains various nutrients and functional components. Tartary buckwheat peptide is a protease-hydrolyzed protein with a wide range of physiological functions. Tartary buckwheat peptide produced through microbial fermentation can decrease the enzymatic digestion of buckwheat protein, which contributes to the bitter taste, and improve both the flavor and texture of buckwheat peptide products. In this study, microbial fermentation using probiotics was employed to prepare Tartary buckwheat peptides, and the preparation process was optimized. Based on single-factor experiments, the polypeptide content in the fermentation solution initially increased and then decreased with varying water content, inoculum concentration, glucose addition, fermentation temperature, fermentation time, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate addition. According to the response surface methodology, the maximum peptide content was achieved under fermentation conditions of 60.0% moisture content, 12.87% inoculum ratio, 2.0% glucose, and a fermentation temperature of 30.0 °C, with an actual value of (22.18 ± 1.02) mg/mL. The results show that fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum produces higher peptide levels and is safer than other microbial fermentation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cereal wastes such as rice bran and cereal dust are valuable yet underutilised by-products of grain processing. This study aimed to bio-convert these wastes into bacterial cellulose (BC), an emerging sustainable and renewable biomaterial, via an inexpensive solid-state fermentation (SSF) pre-treatment using three mould isolates. Medium substitution by directly using untreated rice bran or cereal dust did not significantly increase the yield of bacterial cellulose produced by Novacetimonas sp. (NCBI accession number PP421219) compared to the standard Hestrin–Schramm (HS) medium. In contrast, rice bran fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus yielded the highest bacterial cellulose (1.55 ± 0.6 g/L dry weight) compared to the untreated control (0.45 ± 0.1 g/L dry weight), demonstrating an up to 22% increase in yield. Using the SSF process, the media production costs were reduced by up to 90% compared to the standard HS medium. Physicochemical characterisation using SEM, EDS, FTIR, XPS, XRD, and TGA was performed to gain insights into the internal structure, morphology, and chemical bonding of differently produced BC, which revealed comparable biopolymer properties between BC produced in standard and waste-based media. Hence, our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of fungal SSF for transforming abundant cereal waste into BC, providing a circular economy solution to reduce waste and convert it into by-products to enhance the sustainability of the cereal industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The main aim of this study is to utilize municipal solid waste (MSW) and date molasses as a culture medium to reduce the production cost of enzymes. A novel cellulase-producing fungus, Trichoderma reesei Al-K1 149, was isolated from the date molasses. MSW and date molasses were processed and used as the substrate (1:1 ratio) in solid-state fermentation. The proximate composition of the substrate revealed that the MSW was enriched with cellulostic material and contributed about 33% of the available biomass. Elements such as Ca, K, S, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Na were found in the MSW. Fungal cellulase production was at its maximum after 96 h of incubation with the yields of β-glucanase (98 ± 3.9 U/gds), carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) (241 ± 12.8 U/gds), and filter paperase (FPase) (31.2 ± 3.1 U/gds). The combination of municipal solid waste and date molasses was found to be the best source of nitrogen and carbon for the biosynthesis of cellulase by T. reesei Al-K1 149. The optimal temperature and moisture content of the medium for cellulase production by T. reesei Al-K1 149 were 40 °C and 60%, respectively. The optimal pH and inoculum were 6.0 and 8% (v/w), respectively. The optimized culture condition was used to produce cellulases in a laboratory-scale tray reactor, and enzyme production was enhanced twofold compared to the unoptimized medium. The cellulolytic ability was tested in biomass saccharification with various plant materials (palm sawdust, palm leaves, palm fruit waste, and filter paper) and saccharified plant materials effectively. These findings revealed that the enzymes secreted by strain Al-K1 149 may have significant value for the industrial saccharification process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannase-producing filamentous fungi residing alongside tannin-rich ambient in the Northwest Himalayas were isolated at laboratory conditions and further identified by 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Five most potent tannase producing strains (EI ≥ 2.0), designated Aspergillus fumigatus AN1, Fusarium redolens AN2, Penicillium crustosum AN3, Penicillium restrictum AN4, and Penicillium commune AN5, were characterized. The strain Penicillium crustosum AN3 exhibited a maximum zone dia (25.66 mm ± 0.38). During solid-state fermentation, a maximal amount of tannase was attained with Penicillium crustosum AN3 using pine needles (substrate) by adopting response surface methodology for culture parameter optimization. Gel filtration chromatography yielded 46.48% of the partially purified enzyme with 3.94-fold of tannase purification. We found two subunits in enzyme-117.76 KDa and 88.51 KDa, respectively, in the SDS-PAGE. Furthermore, the characterization of partially purified tannase revealed a maximum enzyme activity of 8.36 U/mL at 30 °C using a substrate concentration (methyl gallate) of 10 mM. To broaden the knowledge of crude enzyme application, dye degradation studies were subjected to extracellular crude tannase from Penicillium crustosum AN3 where the maximum degradation achieved at a low enzyme concentration (5 ppm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alginate lyases have countless potential for application in industries and medicine particularly as an appealing biocatalyst for the production of biofuels and bioactive oligosaccharides. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) allows improved production of enzymes and consumes less energy compared to submerged fermentation. Seaweeds can serve as the most promising biomass for the production of biochemicals. Alginate present in the seaweed can be used by alginate lyase–producing bacteria to support growth and can secrete alginate lyase. In this perspective, the current study was directed on the bioprocessing of brown seaweeds for the production of alginate lyase using marine bacterial isolate. A novel alginate–degrading marine bacterium Enterobacter tabaci RAU2C which was previously isolated in the laboratory was used for the production of alginate lyase using Sargassum swartzii as a low-cost solid substrate. Process parameters such as inoculum incubation period and moisture content were optimized for alginate lyase production. SSF resulted in 33.56 U/mL of alginate lyase under the static condition maintained with 75% moisture after 4 days. Further, the effect of different buffers, pH, and temperature on alginate lyase activity was also analyzed. An increase in alginate lyase activity was observed with an increase in moisture content from 60 to 75%. Maximum enzyme activity was perceived with phosphate buffer at pH 7 and 37 °C. Further, the residual biomass after SSF could be employed as biofertilizer for plant growth promotion based on the preliminary analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report stating the usage of seaweed biomass as a substrate for the production of alginate lyase using solid-state fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a major global health threat, necessitating the urgent development of new antimicrobials through innovative methods to combat the rising prevalence of resistant microbes. With this view, we developed three novel nanoconjugates using microbial natural pigment for effective application against certain pathogenic microbes. Results: A natural red pigment (RP) extracted from the endophyte Monascus ruber and gamma rays were applied to synthesize RP-ZnO, RP-CuO, and RP-MgO nanoconjugates. The synthesized nanoconjugates were characterized by different techniques to study their properties. The antimicrobial potential of these nanoconjugates was evaluated. Moreover, the antibiofilm, protein leakage, growth curve, and UV light irradiation effect of the synthesized nanoconjugates were also studied. Our results confirmed the nano-size, shape, and stability of the prepared conjugates. RP-ZnO, RP-CuO, and RP-MgO nanoconjugates showed broad antimicrobial potential against the tested bacterial and fungal pathogens. Furthermore, the RP-ZnO nanoconjugate possessed the highest activity, followed by the RP-CuO against the tested microbes. The highest % inhibition of biofilm formation by the RP-ZnO nanoconjugate. Membrane leakage of E. coli and S. aureus by RP-ZnO nanoconjugate was more effective than RP-MgO and RP-CuO nanoconjugates. Finally, UV light irradiation intensified the antibiotic action of the three nanoconjugates and RP-ZnO potential was greater than that of the RP-MgO, and RP-CuO nanoconjugates. Conclusion: These findings pave the way for exploiting the synthesized nanoconjugates as potential materials in biomedical applications, promoting natural, green, and eco-friendly approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with the production of cellulase-free endoxylanase by Aspergillus niger ISL-9 using wheat bran as a solid substrate. Endoxylanase was produced under a solid-state fermentation. Various growth parameters were optimized for the improved production of the enzyme. The Substrate level of 15 g was optimized as it provided the fungus with balanced aeration and nutrition. Among the six moisture contents investigated, Moisture Content 5 (MC5) was optimized (g/l: malt extract, 10; (NH4)2HPO4, 2.5; urea, 1.0) and 10 mL of MC5 was found to give the highest production of endoxylanase. The pH and time of incubation were optimized to 6.2 and 48 h respectively. The Inoculum size of 2 mL (1.4 × 106 spores/mL) gave the maximum enzyme production. After optimization of these growth parameters, a significantly high endoxylanase activity of 21.87 U/g was achieved. Very negligible Carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) activity was observed indicating the production of cellulase-free endoxylanase. The notable finding is that the endoxylanase activity was increased by 1.4-fold under optimized conditions (p ≤ 0.05). The overall comparison of kinetic parameters for enhanced production of endoxylanase by A. niger ISL-9 under Solid State Fermentation (SSF) was also studied. Different kinetic variables which included specific growth rate, product yield coefficients, volumetric rates and specific rates were observed at 48, 72 and 96 h incubation time and were compared for MC1 and MC5. Among the kinetic parameters, the most significant result was obtained with volumetric rate constant for product formation (Qp) that was found to be optimum (1.89 U/h) at 72 h incubation period and a high value of Qp i.e.1.68 U/h was also observed at 48 h incubation period. Thus, the study demonstrates a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable process for xylanase production and exhibits scope towards successful industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Camellia oleifera meal (COM), a primary byproduct of oil-tea processing, often being discarded or used as a low-grade fertilizer due to its low value. The underutilization has become a significant bottleneck hindering the high-quality development of the oil-tea industry. In this study, the production of antibiotic-free feed additives through the solid-state fermentation of COM by Acremonium terricola was investigated. Our findings revealed that a saponin concentration of 5 mg/mL significantly enhanced the production of cordycepic acid (70.4 mg/g), ergosterol (3.32 mg/g), and chitin (110 mg/g) by A. terricola. This concentration also promoted chitin production and the activities of peroxidase (POD) and Na+/K+-ATPase, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis and energy balance in A. terricola. Solid-state fermented rice bran (RB), wheat bran (WB), and desaponificated COM (containing 2.6 mg/100 g of tea saponin) were all found to be beneficial for increasing the production of cordycepic acid and ergosterol. The blend of COM, RB, and WB in the ratio of 15:65:20 was particularly advantageous for the production and accumulation of cordycepic acid and ergosterol, yielding 1.54 and 1.43 times, 1.27 and 1.37 times, and 1.98 and 5.52 times more than those produced by WB, RB, and COM alone, respectively.Meantime, the difference in contents of sugar and protein in A. terricola cultures (ATCs) using combination were not significant compared to RB and WB. These results indicated that COM can partially replace foodstuffs or food by-products to prepare antibiotic-free feed additives by A. terricola. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The massive yield of brewers' spent grain (BSG) waste inevitably threaten environmental health. Here, solid-state fermentation (SSF) technology featuring multi-strain (MS) inoculation and high-throughput sequencing technology were employed to facilitate the sustainable and clean recycling of BSG waste while revealing the associated underlying microbiological and metabolic mechanisms. MS inoculation displayed a lower pH value (3.91 vs. 4.12) and neutral detergent fiber content (446.24 vs. 476.23 g/kg DM), a higher levels of lactic acid (86.64 vs. 33.07 g/kg DM), acetic acid (6.13 vs. 4.87 g/kg DM), propionic acid (2.78 vs. 2.18 g/kg DM) and crude protein (307.5 vs. 289.15 g/kg DM) than those in the control group. Moreover, MS inoculation inhibited the formation of nonprotein- N and ammonia-N, and spoilage microorganism resuscitation, while enhanced substrate preservation. Microbiologically, during the SSF, the group treated with MS inoculation exhibited an increase in the relative abundance of Leuconostoc (0.58%-6.60%), Weissella (6.22%-15.42%), Enterococcus (3.15%-9.08%), Bacillus (17.63%-31.29%), Lactobacillus (12.89%-8.29%), Pseudoalteromonas (12.87%-16.29%), and a decrease in the relative abundance of Acinetobacter (0.79%-0.02%) and Enterobacteriaceae (0.78%-0.24%). Metabolically, starch and sucrose metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and phenylalanine metabolism significantly influenced the quality of extruded BSG fermented by MS during SSF. The examination of the correlation between the microbiota, metabolites, and fermentation parameters revealed that complex interactions between microbes and the environment factors impact metabolite production. Collectively, inoculating with MS improved fermentation quality and stability, facilitated the clean recycling of BSG, which is linked to complex interactions among microbes, the environment factors and metabolite production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A halotolerant alkaline protease-producing Bacillus subtilis ZB was isolated from the extreme environment. It was characterized by morphological, biochemical, and 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Halotolerant protease production by the strain ZB was performed using low-cost substrate to reduce the production cost of the enzyme. Enzyme production was optimized using cow dung substrate in solid-state fermentation. In this study, the important process parameters were determined by the traditional one-variable-at-a-time approach, followed by response surface methodology. Three key factors including pH, moisture, and calcium chloride significantly influenced halotolerant protease activity (p < 0.05) in a two-level full factorial experimental design. Then, the central composite design was subjected to analyze the optimum concentration. The regression coefficient value, R2 value, was 0.9227 and the corresponding F-value was 26.21. The pinnacle of protease production was reached under the following optimized conditions: pH 8.85, 118.4% moisture, and 0.913% CaCl2. As compared with the unoptimized medium, the optimized medium showed an overall 2.5-fold increase in the yield of halotolerant protease. The protease enzyme was purified and the molecular weight was 49 kDa. The pH, thermo, and salt tolerance of protease enzyme were stable between pH 6–9, 30–40 °C, and 1–5% NaCl, respectively. Of the tested divalent ions, Mg2+, Na+, Mn2+, and Ca2+ showed protease activity (%) of 122.5, 115.4, 107.6, and 103.5, respectively. The ability of the organism to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of tannery wastewater was also studied. The crude enzyme reduced > 70% of COD content after 24 h of enzyme treatment at 4% salinity. The present study suggested the application of salt-tolerant bacterium for the potential degradation of tannery effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) system involves solid, liquid, and gas phases, characterized by complex mass and heat transfer mechanisms and microbial complex interactions. The SSF processes for traditional Chinese fermented foods, such as vinegar, soy sauce, and baijiu primarily rely on experience, and most of the operations are replaced by auto machine now. However, there is still a lack of engineering in-depth study of the microbial process of SSF for complete process control. To meet the demands of smart manufacturing and green production, this paper emphasizes the engineering analysis of the mechanisms behind SSF. It reviews the progress in the engineering aspects of Chinese traditional SSF, including raw material pretreatment, process parameter detection, mathematical model construction, and equipment innovation. Additionally, it summarizes the challenges faced during intelligent upgrades and the opportunities brought by scientific and technological advancements, proposing future development directions. This review provides an overview of the SSF engineering aspects, offering a reference for the intelligent transformation and sustainable development of the Chinese traditional SSF food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fava bean (Vicia faba L.) is a protein-rich pulse with high nutritional value, but its functional and sensory characteristics limit its application in foods. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) can modify the composition of plant proteins, modulate its functionality, and enhance the sensory aspects. In this study, fava bean flour (FB) was fermented with Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oligosporus to produce FBA and FBR, respectively, ingredients with distinct nutritional, functional, and aroma characteristics. The protein content increased by 20% in FBA and 8% in FBR, while fat levels rose more significantly in FBR (+40%). The overall content of fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) decreased by 47% (FBA) and 57% (FBR), although polyol production by A. oryzae was observed. SSF improved the nutritional profile of FBA and FBR, with a notable increase in the concentration of essential amino acids observed, and a reduction in most antinutrients, with the exception of trypsin inhibitors. SSF resulted in the formation of aggregates, which increased the particle size and reduced protein solubility. Emulsions prepared with the fermented ingredients separated faster, and the foaming capacity of both FBA and FBR was decreased, but an increase in water-holding capacity was observed. SSF resulted in the production of predominantly savoury-associated aroma compounds, with compounds characteristic of metallic and mouldy aromas reduced. These results indicate the potential of SSF to transform FB with enhanced nutritional value and improved sensory and functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn husk, a by-product of corn starch production and processing, contains high-quality dietary fiber (DF). Our study compares and analyzes the impact of Hericium erinaceus solid-state fermentation (SSF) on the structure and physicochemical characteristics of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) of corn husks. The study also investigates the kinetics of SSF of H. erinaceus in this process. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results revealed significant structural changes in corn husk SDF before and after fermentation, with a significant elevation in the functional group numbers. The data indicate that the fermented corn husk SDF's water-holding, swelling, and oil-holding capacities increased to 1.57, 1.95, and 1.80 times those of the pre-fermentation SDF, respectively. Additionally, the results suggest that changes in extracellular enzyme activity and nutrient composition during SSF of H. erinaceus are closely associated with the mycelium growth stage, with a mutual promotion or inhibition relationship between the two. Our study offers a foundation for corn husk SDF fermentation and is relevant to the bioconversion of maize processing by-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The widespread adoption of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) encounters challenges due to its higher production costs compared to conventional plastics. To overcome this obstacle, this study investigates the use of low-cost raw materials and optimized production methods. Specifically, food processing byproducts such as corn germ and corn bran were utilized as solid substrates through solid-state fermentation, enriched with molasses and cheese whey. Employing the One Factor at a Time technique, we examined the effects of substrate composition, temperature, initial substrate moisture, molasses, and cheese whey on PHB production at the flask scale. Subsequently, experiments were conducted at the bioreactor scale to evaluate the influence of aeration. In flask-scale experiments, the highest PHB yield, reaching 4.1 (g/kg Initial Dry Weight Substrate) (IDWS) after 72 hours, was achieved using a substrate comprising a 1:1 mass ratio of corn germ to corn bran supplemented with 20 % (v/w) cheese whey. Furthermore, PHB production in a 0.5-L packed-bed bioreactor yielded a maximum of 8.4 (g/kg IDWS), indicating a more than 100 % increase in yield after 72 hours, with optimal results achieved at an aeration rate of 0.5 l/(kg IDWS. h). • PHB was synthesized using a mixture of agricultural and food waste substrates. • The impact of operational variables on PHA production in SSF was determined. • Temperature, moisture, substrate composition and cheese whey affected on process. • SSF was scaled up to a packed-bed bioreactor to investigate aeration rate effect. • Maximum PHB production reached 8.4 (g/kg IDWS) using Cupriavidus necator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of fungal biocontrol agents depends on replacing cereal grains with low-cost agro-industrial byproducts for their economical mass production and development of stable formulations. We propose an innovative approach to develop a rice flour-based formulation of the beneficial biocontrol agent Trichoderma asperelloides CMAA1584 designed to simulate a micro-bioreactor within the concept of full biorefinery process, affording in situ conidiation, extended shelf-life, and effective control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a devastating pathogen of several dicot agricultural crops worldwide. Rice flour is an inexpensive and underexplored byproduct derived from broken rice after milling, capable of sustaining high yields of conidial production through our optimized fermentation-formulation route. Conidial yield was mainly influenced by nitrogen content (0.1% w/w) added to the rice meal coupled with the fermentor type. Hydrolyzed yeast was the best nitrogen source yielding 2.6 × 109 colony-forming units (CFU)/g within 14 days. Subsequently, GControl, GLecithin, GBreak-Thru, GBentonite, and GOrganic compost+Break-Thru formulations were obtained by extrusion followed by air-drying and further assessed for their potential to induce secondary sporulation in situ, storage stability, and efficacy against Sclerotinia. GControl, GBreak-Thru, GBentonite, and GOrganic compost+Break-Thru stood out with the highest number of CFU after sporulation upon re-hydration on water-agar medium. Shelf-life of formulations GControl and GBentonite remained consistent for > 3 months at ambient temperature, while in GBentonite and GOrganic compost+Break-Thru formulations remained viable for 24 months during refrigerated storage. Formulations exhibited similar efficacy in suppressing the myceliogenic germination of Sclerotinia irrespective of their concentration tested (5 × 104 to 5 × 106 CFU/g of soil), resulting in 79.2 to 93.7% relative inhibition. Noteworthily, all 24-month-old formulations kept under cold storage successfully suppressed sclerotia. This work provides an environmentally friendly bioprocess method using rice flour as the main feedstock to develop waste-free granular formulations of Trichoderma conidia that are effective in suppressing Sclerotinia while also improving biopesticide shelf-life. Key points: • Innovative "bioreactor-in-a-granule" system for T. asperelloides is devised. • Dry granules of aerial conidia remain highly viable for 24 months at 4 °C. • Effective control of white-mold sclerotia via soil application of Trichoderma-based granules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to optimize the extraction process of total saponins from the fungal matrix resulting from the dual solid-state fermentation of Hericium erinaceus-Astragalus membranaceus residue (HAMTS) and to determine its antioxidant activity. The content of total saponins before and after fermentation was measured using the vanillin method. A response surface method combined with ultrasonication was employed to optimize the extraction of HAMTS, and the reducing power as well as the scavenging ability against DPPH and ABTS+ free radical of HAMTS were analyzed. The results showed that the content of HAMTS after fermentation was 10.34 mg/g, with an increase of 63.35%. Under the optimal extraction conditions: Liquid-to-solid ratio of 19 mL/g, ultrasonication time of 16 min, ethanol volume fraction of 74%, ultrasonic power of 62 W, the extraction amount of HAMTS was 11.48 mg/g. At a concentration of 10 g/L, the reducing power of HAMTS, as well as the DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging rates, were 0.80, 96.48%, and 56.12%, respectively. The study indicates that the regression model established in the experiment can be used to predict the extraction amount of HAMTS, and HAMTS exhibits good antioxidant activity, demonstrating the potential for development as a feed additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored the feasibility of producing protein feed by microbial enzyme synergy fermentation of feather meal and to determine the process parameters for this production. The keratin-degrading bacterial strains selected from the laboratory were combined with commercially available keratinase enzyme preparations to utilize microbial enzyme synergy in solid-state fermentation of feather meal. The in vitro pepsin digestibility was used as the index to analyze the fermentation time, inoculation amount, microbial enzyme ratio, and water addition through single-factor and orthogonal test analysis. The results showed that the optimal fermentation process was obtained: The water addition to feather meal was 45%, the microbial enzyme ratio was 1:1, the inoculation amount was 6%, and the fermentation time was 7 days. After fermentation, the in vitro pepsin digestibility of feather meal was 63.97%, which was significantly improved by 15.22% compared to before fermentation (P<0.01), and the soluble protein content was 3.51 g/L, which was significantly increased by 80% compared to before fermentation (P<0.05). The study indicates that under the optimal process parameters, using microbial enzyme synergy in solid-state fermentation of feather meal can efficiently produce protein feed and enhance the feed value of feather meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production of high-quality inoculum in sufficient quantities is crucial for biocontrol programs. Entomopathogenic Fungi (EPF) are highly suitable biocontrol agents due to their adaptability, mode of action, persistence, and wide host range. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of agro-wastes, including sugarcane bagasse, paddy husk, Post Mushroom Substrate (PMS), and sorghum grains with and without 10% molasses fortification, for mass production of four EPF isolates (Cordyceps fumosorosea: MT997932, Beauveria bassiana: MT997933, Akanthomyces lecanii: MT997935, and Hirsutella thompsonii: MT997936) isolated from two agro-climatic zones in Karnataka, India. The study employed solid-state fermentation. Results showed that sorghum grains fortified with 10% molasses had the highest mycelial growth and spore production of all isolates, followed by PMS with 10% molasses (T 7 ). Fortification with molasses positively influenced the growth and spore production of EPF. The results indicated that while sorghum grains were the best choice for mass production, PMS fortified with molasses also had great potential as an alternative substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes research focused on the recovery of ellagic acid (EA) using solid-state fermentation-assisted extraction (SSF) with Aspergillus niger GH1 and Mexican rambutan peel as support. Several culture conditions (temperature, initial moisture, levels of inoculum, and concentration of salts) were evaluated using a Placket–Burman design (PBD) for screening culture factors followed by a central composite design (CCD) for enhancing the EA. Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content were evaluated in SSF. Temperature (28.2 °C), inoculum (2 × 107 spores/g), and NaNO3 (3.83 g/L) concentration were identified as a significant parameter for EA in SSF. This enhancing procedure resulted in an increase in EA recovery [201.53 ± 0.58–392.23 ± 17.53 mg/g] and, with two steps of purification, [396.9 ± 65.2 mg/g] of EA compound was recovered per gram of recovered powder. Fermentation extracts reflect inhibition of radicals and the presence of polyphenol content. This work proposes to identify the ideal conditions of fermentation in order to obtain a higher yield high-quality compound from agro-industrial wastes through SSF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, solid-state fermentation (SSF) was applied to babassu mesocarp (BM) for the low-cost bioproduction of natural aroma compounds having Trichoderma harzianum (IOC 4042) and Geotrichum candidum (CCT 1205) as microbial agents. Fermentation was carried out using in natura babassu mesocarp (IN-BM) and defatted babassu mesocarp through soxhlet extraction (DEF-BM) as support, impregnated with hydration solutions of three and seven salts. The compounds produced were analyzed using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Among several aroma compounds detected, 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP)—GRAS 3696, coconut aroma; 2-phenylethanol (2-PE)—GRAS 2858, rose and honey aroma; and hexanal—GRAS 2557, green apple aroma, were the compounds that that were detected with the greatest intensity. The highest concentrations (ppm (w/w)) of 6-PP and 2-PE were obtained in DEF-BM using NS7SG (308.17 ± 3.18 and 414.53 ± 1.96), respectively, while for hexanal, the highest concentration (ppm (w/w)) was obtained in IN-BM using NS7SG (210.83 ± 2.14). The results indicate that producing aroma compounds by G. candidum and T. harzianum through BM SSF is viable, generating value-added compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazelnut oil cake (HOC) has the potential to be bioactive component source. Therefore, HOC was processed with a solid-state fermentation (SSF) by Aspergillus oryzae with two steps optimization: Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken design. The variables were the initial moisture content (X1: 30–50%), incubation temperature (X2: 26–37 °C), and time (X3: 3–5 days), and the response was total peptide content (TPC). The fermented HOC (FHOC) was darker with higher protein, oil, and ash but lower carbohydrate content than HOC. The FHOC had 6.1% more essential amino acid and benzaldehyde comprised 48.8% of determined volatile compounds. Fermentation provided 14 times higher TPC (462.37 mg tryptone/g) and higher phenolic content as 3.5, 48, and 7 times in aqueous, methanolic, and 80% aqueous methanolic extract in FHOC, respectively. FHOC showed higher antioxidant as ABTS+ (75.61 µmol Trolox/g), DPPH (14.09 µmol Trolox/g), and OH (265 mg ascorbic acid/g) radical scavenging, and α-glucosidase inhibition, whereas HOC had more angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. HOC showed better water absorption while FHOC had better oil absorption activity. Both cakes had similar foaming and emulsifying activity; however, FHOC produced more stable foams and emulsions. SSF at lab-scale yielded more bioactive component with better functionality in FHOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the feeding value of Astragalus memeranaceus residue, mixed bacteria solid-state fermentation method was used to ferment Astragalus memeranaceus residue. On the basis of single factor affecting the degradation rate of crude fiber and the increase rate of crude protein, the optimum conditions of substrate ratio, inoculation amount, solid-liquid ratio and fermentation time were optimized by orthogonal test. The results showed that the best strain combination and ratio of Astragalus memeranaceus residue were Aspergillus niger: Candida utilis: Bacillus subtilis = 2: 3: 1, the best matrix ratio was 2:3, the best inoculation amount was 20%, the best solid-liquid ratio was 1:3, and the best fermentation time was 7 days. Under the optimum fermentation conditions, the contents of crude protein, amino acid, total flavonoids, total saponins and calycosin in the residue of Astragalus membranaceus significantly increased (P< 0.05), which increased by 76.69%, 35.23%, 104.09%, 12.21%, 22.01%, while the contents of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total polysaccharide, calycosin-7-O- β -D-glucoside, formononetin and formononetin significantly decreased (P<0.05), which decreased by 33.84%, 49.29%, 12.28%, 57.24%, 38.46%, 69.35%. Under this fermentation process, the feeding value of Astragalus memeranaceus residue can be effectively improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colored rice is abundant in polyphenols, and koji molds have potential for biotransformation. This study aimed to produce Thai-colored rice koji to study its polyphenolic biotransformation. Four industrial koji mold strains: Aspergillus oryzae 6001, A. oryzae 6020, A. sojae 7009, and A. luchuensis 8035, were cultivated on unpolished Thai-colored rice (Riceberry and Sangyod), unpolished Thai white rice (RD43), and polished Japanese white rice (Koshihikari). We discovered that koji molds grew on all the rice varieties. Methanol extracts of all rice kojis exhibited an approximately 2-fold or greater increase in total phenolic content and DPPH antioxidant activity compared to those of steamed rice. Moreover, quercetin, quercetin-3- O -glucoside, isorhamnetin-3- O -glucoside, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, (+)-catechin, and (–)-epicatechin content increased in Riceberry and Sangyod koji samples. Consequently, Aspergillus solid-state cultivation on unpolished Thai-colored rice exhibited higher functionalization than the cultivation of unpolished Thai white rice and polished Japanese white rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study innovatively employed solid-state fermentation (SSF) to evaluate chitinase induction in Trichoderma harzianum. Solid-state fermentation minimizes water usage, a crucial global resource, and was applied using shrimp waste chitin and a mixture of commercial chitin with wheat bran as substrates. Shrimp waste and wheat bran were pretreated and characterized for SSF, and the fungus's utilization of the substrates was assessed using spectrophotometric and microscopic methods. The resulting enzymes' ability to produce chitooligosaccharides (COS) mixtures was studied. Wheat bran/commercial chitin demonstrated superior performance, with a 1.8-fold increase in chitinase activity (76.3 U/mg protein) compared to shrimp waste chitin (41.8 U/mg protein). Additionally, the COS mixture obtained from wheat bran/commercial chitin showed a higher concentration of reducing sugars, reaching 87.85 mM, compared to shrimp waste chitin (14.87 mM). The COS profile from wheat bran/commercial chitin included monomers to heptamers, while the profile from shrimp waste chitin was predominantly composed of monomers. These results highlight the advantages of SSF for chitinase induction and COS production in T. harzianum, offering potential applications as dietary fiber, antioxidants, and antimicrobial agents. The findings contribute to by-product valorization, waste reduction, and the sustainable generation of valuable products through SSF-based enzyme production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This a two-part study was conducted to improve the enzymatic saccharification of apple pomace (AP) by pretreatment and fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis. The impact on the enzymatic hydrolysis and structural characterization in AP of four pretreatment processes, sodium hydroxide (SH), ethanol (ETH), liquid hot water (LHW), and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PC), were evaluated. In addition, the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of AP at high solids content was improved by optimizing the enzyme hydrolysis conditions and using fed-batch strategy. The results demonstrated that both ETH 160 °C and PC pretreatments effectively enhanced the efficiency of enzymatic saccharification in AP while disrupting its compact structure. Notably, PC solid-state fermentation for 7 d proved to be a mild yet effective pretreatment method for AP. By utilizing PC pretreated residue at a substrate content of 20% (w/v) with an addition of 5 mg/g pectinase and 50 mg/g Tween 80, along with employing fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis, the total sugar concentration increased by 30.3% after 72 h. At this point, the highest total sugar concentration reached 77.5 g/L with an enzymatic hydrolysis yield reaching 73% (glucose). This study presents not only the first application of PC as a pretreatment method for AP but also establishes a new enzymatic process with high solids content to provide a new strategy for AP resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural waste and trash are a universal issue which requires extensive working to reduce the impact. Improper management of agricultural waste can lead to serious environmental problems such as soil contamination, water pollution and air pollution. Lipases (protein-based catalyst) were produced with industrial and agriculture by products through solid-state fermentation. Among indigenously isolated strains, procured from Mycology and biotechnology research laboratory, Aspergillus niger (MBL-14) exhibited the highest lipase production, i.e., 7.5 ± 0.63a U/ mL. Various cultural conditions were optimized for maximum production of extracellular lipases. Among various basal substrates, rice bran supported the highest yield of 8.67 ± 0.29a U/mL, ammonium nitrate 6.1 ± 0.95a U/ mL, with the use of sodium chloride 6.1 ± 0.95a U/mL, sucrose 8.0 ± 0.87aU/ mL, the beef extract 9.1 ± 0.84a U/ mL. Maximum extracellular lipases production (9.3 ± 0.55a U/ mL) was achieved through fermentation optimization over a 48-h period, and an increased lipases output (9.6 ± 0.34aU/mL) was obtained at a moistening agent's pH level of 8. Incorporation of oil additives revealed that coconut oil yielded the maximum production (11.0 ± 0.91aU/ mL). Finally, the enzyme was subjected to characterization, at pH 9 after a 1-h incubation period, the enzyme activity was highest, and enzyme was stable. After 40 °C (10.6 ± 0.88aU/mL), the enzyme activity starts decreasing and reaches its lowest at 70 °C. When exposed to the cadmium chloride, the crude enzyme exhibited the highest lipase production (10.1 ± 0.76a U/mL and 10.72 ± 0.85a U/mL) before and after a 1 h of incubation, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the biochemical potential of Rhizopus oligosporus as a starter culture to enhance the nutritional value of palm kernel cake (PKC) for animal feed formulation using appropriate standard methods. Among the experimental groups, the batch of birds fed with solid-state fermented PKC as a 50% maize replacement showed a noteworthy weight gain (p < 0.05) in relation to the control group, while the other experimental groups exhibited a weight loss. Serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, and blood urea did not show a notable difference from the reference group and those on the experimental diets. These findings collectively suggest that the pre-treatment of PKC using R. oligosporus holds the potential to elevate its nutritional quality for utilization in animal feed applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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