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As part of the ongoing transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies, advances are particularly expected in terms of safe and cost-effective solutions. Publicising instances of such advances and emphasising global safety considerations constitute the rationale for this communication. Knowing that high-strength steels can prove economically relevant in the foreseeable future for transporting hydrogen in pipelines by limiting the pipe wall thickness required to withstand high pressure, one advance relates to a bench designed to assess the safe transport or renewable-energy-related buffer storage of hydrogen gas. That bench has been implemented at the technology readiness level TRL 6 to test initially intact, damaged, or pre-notched 500 mm-long pipe sections with nominal diameters ranging from 300 to 900 mm in order to appropriately validate or question the use of reputedly satisfactory predictive models in terms of hydrogen embrittlement and potential corollary failure. The other advance discussed herein relates to the reactivation of a previously fruitful applied research into safe mass solid-state hydrogen storage by magnesium hydride through a new public–private partnership. This latest development comes at a time when markets have started driving the hydrogen economy, bearing in mind that phase-change materials make it possible to level out heat transfers during the absorption/melting and solidification/desorption cycles and to attain an overall energy efficiency of up to 80% for MgH2-based compacts doped with expanded natural graphite.

As part of the ongoing transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies, advances are particularly expected in terms of safe and cost-effective solutions. Publicising instances of such advances and emphasising global safety considerations constitute the rationale for this communication. Knowing that high-strength steels can prove economically relevant in the foreseeable future for transporting hydrogen in pipelines by limiting the pipe wall thickness required to withstand high pressure, one advance relates to a bench designed to assess the safe transport or renewable-energy-related buffer storage of hydrogen gas. That bench has been implemented at the technology readiness level TRL 6 to test initially intact, damaged, or pre-notched 500 mm-long pipe sections with nominal diameters ranging from 300 to 900 mm in order to appropriately validate or question the use of reputedly satisfactory predictive models in terms of hydrogen embrittlement and potential corollary failure. The other advance discussed herein relates to the reactivation of a previously fruitful applied research into safe mass solid-state hydrogen storage by magnesium hydride through a new public–private partnership. This latest development comes at a time when markets have started driving the hydrogen economy, bearing in mind that phase-change materials make it possible to level out heat transfers during the absorption/melting and solidification/desorption cycles and to attain an overall energy efficiency of up to 80% for MgH2-based compacts doped with expanded natural graphite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article delves into the intricate mechanical behaviors exhibited by metal hydrides within hydrogen storage tanks during hydrogen absorption and release processes. The metal’s crystal structure undergoes expansion upon hydrogen absorption, leading to the liberation of energy—an exothermic phenomenon. Conversely, during hydrogen release, the metal contracts, necessitating an intake of energy from the surroundings—an endothermic occurrence. These cyclic processes give rise to two significant mechanical implications: firstly, the initiation of a decrepitation mechanism; secondly, the material undergoes rhythmic expansion and contraction, often referred to as "hydride breathing." These dual mechanisms collectively contribute to the escalating strain and stress imposed on the walls of the metal hydride container, thereby impacting its structural integrity. This review delves into the comprehensive landscape of experimental studies, measurement techniques, and modeling approaches employed in analyzing stress and strain within metal hydride hydrogen storage tanks. The report encompasses an exploration of the factors amplifying mechanical stresses within the metal hydride bed, alongside proposed strategies for their mitigation and control. Furthermore, the article concludes by presenting pragmatic and experimental recommendations aimed at the development of secure hydrogen storage tanks grounded in metal hydride technology.

Currently, magnesium hydride (MgH 2) as a solid-state hydrogen storage material has become the subject of major research owing to its good reversibility, large hydrogen storage capacity (7.6 wt%) and affordability. However, MgH 2 has a high decomposition temperature (>400 °C) and slow desorption and absorption kinetics. In this work, BaMnO 3 was synthesized using the solid-state method and was used as an additive to overcome the drawbacks of MgH 2. Interestingly, after adding 10 wt% of BaMnO 3 , the initial desorption temperature of MgH 2 decreased to 282 °C, which was 138 °C lower than that of pure MgH 2 and 61 °C lower than that of milled MgH 2. For absorption kinetics, at 250 °C in 2 min, 10 wt% of BaMnO 3 -doped MgH 2 absorbed 5.22 wt% of H 2 compared to milled MgH 2 (3.48 wt%). Conversely, the desorption kinetics also demonstrated that 10 wt% of BaMnO 3 -doped MgH 2 samples desorbed 5.36 wt% of H 2 at 300 °C within 1 h whereas milled MgH 2 only released less than 0.32 wt% of H 2. The activation energy was lowered by 45 kJ/mol compared to that of MgH 2 after the addition of 10 wt% of BaMnO 3. Further analyzed by using XRD revealed that the formation of Mg 0·9 Mn 0·1 O, Mn 3 O 4 and Ba or Ba-containing enhanced the performance of MgH 2. • BaMnO 3 -doped MgH 2 exhibited an excellent hydrogen sorption kinetics property. • MgH 2 + 10 wt% BaMnO 3 can uptake 5.22 wt% H 2 within 2 min at 250 °C under 33 atm H 2. • The desorption E A of MgH 2 + 10 wt% BaMnO 3 is reduced to 99 kJ/mol. • The improved of BaMnO 3 -doped MgH 2 due to the in-situ formation of Mg 0·9 Mn 0·1 O, Mn 3 O 4 and Ba or Ba-containing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the inherent limitations of flash memory, solid-state storage devices require a host controller and a flash translation layer (FTL) to address two major conflicts: the conflict between the limited erase endurance of flash memory and the expectation of longer usage time and the conflict between the insufficient per-die bandwidth of flash memory and the exponential growth in data throughput.This paper presents a hybrid architecture implemented with FPGA logic and embedded processors. FPGA hardware acceleration is utilized to meet the requirement of high bandwidth, while the Host-FTL flash translation layer architecture is used to address the varying workload demands. By separating the storage device from the flash translation layer, the host manages the flash channel using the command and message units provided by the system.The design of Host-FTL not only implements conventional software algorithms such as address mapping, wear leveling, and bad block management but also uses a “pipeline” strategy for regular writes and a “parallel page group” strategy for large file writes, after analyzing the bandwidth bottleneck of the system. The channel-level RAID array enhances data security, and the localized wear leveling increases the total amount of written data in the solid-state disk array.

In the era of non-volatile memories, the racetrack memory is a promising technology to pack hundreds of bits in a magnetic nanowire. A solid-state read head is grown alongside the nanowire to sense individual bits which are pushed across the head by a shifting force. However, the probabilistic nature of this shifting movement inflicts positional errors. Therefore, robust and low-cost error correcting codes are essential for a reliable alternative in on-chip memories and storage applications. Recent works focus on Varshamov-Tenengolts (VT) codes which can correct all single bit insertions and deletions. However, VT codes are incapable of detecting multiple deletions/insertions. Because a positional error corrupts multiple data words, multi-bit positional error detection is critical for racetrack memories. In this article, we propose a novel positional single error correction and double error detection (P-SECDED) code in the context of racetrack memories with a single read head. In particular, we adopt a postamble-based approach where a VT-encoded codeword appends a carefully selected bit-pattern, stored on the racetrack. We rigorously analyze the limitations of the postamble method, and deduce a criterion for postamble selection. We further provide a methodology to optimize this postamble selection in order to correct all single-bit errors and as much of two-bit errors as possible. Finally, we prove that all incurable two-bit errors are successfully detected. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first attempt to provide P-SECDED fault-tolerance to three-dimensional racetrack memories which cannot afford multiple read heads.

Magnesium hydride (MgH 2) is the most feasible and effective solid-state hydrogen storage material, which has excellent reversibility but initiates decomposing at high temperatures and has slow kinetics performance. Here, zinc titanate (Zn 2 TiO 4) synthesised by the solid-state method was used as an additive to lower the initial temperature for dehydrogenation and enhance the re/dehydrogenation behaviour of MgH 2. With the presence of Zn 2 TiO 4 , the starting temperature for the dehydrogenation of MgH 2 was remarkably lowered to around 290 °C–305 °C. In addition, within 300 s, the MgH 2 –Zn 2 TiO 4 sample absorbed 5.0 wt.% of H 2 and 2.2–3.6 wt.% H 2 was liberated from the composite sample in 30 min, which is faster by 22–36 times than as-milled MgH 2. The activation energy of the MgH 2 for the dehydrogenation process was also downshifted to 105.5 kJ/mol with the addition of Zn 2 TiO 4 indicating a decrease of 22% than as-milled MgH 2. The superior behaviour of MgH 2 was due to the formation of MgZn 2 , MgO and MgTiO 3 , which are responsible for ameliorating the re/dehydrogenation behaviour of MgH 2. These findings provide a new understanding of the hydrogen storage behaviour of the catalysed-MgH 2 system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of providing compact and safe storage solutions for hydrogen in solid-state materials is demanding and challenging. The storage solutions for hydrogen required high-capacity storage technologies, which preferably operate at low pressures and have good performances in the kinetics of absorption/desorption. Metal hydrides such as magnesium hydride (MgH2) are promising candidates for such storage solutions, but several drawbacks including high onset desorption temperature (>400°C) and slow sorption kinetics need to be overcome. In this study, we reviewed the recent developments in the hydrogen storage performance development of MgH2 and found that the destabilization concept has been extensively explored. Lithium alanate or LiAlH4 has been used as a destabilizing agent in MgH2–LiAlH4 (Mg–Li–Al) due to its high capacity of hydrogen, which is 10.5 wt.%, and low onset desorption temperature (∼150°C). In this article, a review of the recent advances in the Mg–Li–Al system for the solid-state hydrogen storage material is studied. We discussed the effect of the ratio of MgH2 and LiAlH4, milling time, and additives in the Mg–Li–Al system. After the destabilization concept was introduced, the onset of the desorption temperature and activation energy of MgH2 were reduced, and the sorption properties improved. Further study showed that the intermetallic alloys of Li0.92Mg4.08 and Mg17Al12 that were formed in situ during the dehydrogenation process provide synergetic thermodynamic and kinetic destabilization in the Mg-Li-Al composite system.De/rehydrogenation measurements indicate that the intermetallic alloys of Li0.92Mg4.08 and Mg17Al12 were fully reversibly absorbed and desorbed hydrogen. Next, the remaining challenges and a possible development strategy of the Mg–Li–Al system are analyzed. This review is the first systematic study that focuses on the recent advances in the Mg–Li–Al system for storage solutions for hydrogen in solid-state materials.

A promising candidate for 3-D solid-state storage is a vertical racetrack memory (VRM) which is capable of storing hundreds of bits within a tiny footprint. The stored bits are able to shift spintronically along the racetrack. However, their probabilistic movement inflicts positional errors, manifested as random bit deletions (or insertions) that necessitate Varshamov-Tenengolts (VT) codes which are able to correct these positional errors. VT syndrome generation (SG) is an iterative process and its latency grows linearly with the length of a VRM cell. In this article, we focus on the parallelization of SG, in order to bring a dramatic reduction in latency. We propose a radix-2 SG that processes a pair of data bits simultaneously in its compute engine, effectively reducing the number of iterations to half. The incident data block is partitioned and the two bits are selected from different partitions which are either stacked or folded. This partition space is explored with mathematical and architectural viewpoints in this work. The careful evaluation shows that a radix-2 folded SG is superior to other choices as it not only achieves the anticipated 50% reduction in delay, but also dramatically reduces the energy consumption when compared with recent state-of-the-art syndrome generators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen storage using the metal hydrides and complex hydrides is the most convenient method because it is safe, enables high hydrogen capacity and requires optimum operating condition. Metal hydrides and complex hydrides offer high gravimetric capacity that allows storage of large amounts of hydrogen. However, the high operating temperature and low reversibility hindered the practical implementation of the metal hydrides and complex hydrides. An approach of combining two or more hydrides, which are called reactive hydride composites (RHCs), was introduced to improve the performance of the metal hydrides and complex hydrides. The RHC system approach has significantly enhanced the hydrogen storage performance of the metal hydrides and complex hydrides by modifying the thermodynamics of the composite system through the metathesis reaction that occurred between the hydrides, hence enhancing the kinetic and reversibility performance of the composite system. In this paper, the overview of the RHC system was presented in detail. The challenges and perspectives of the RHC system are also discussed. This is the first review report on the RHC system for solid-state hydrogen storage. • Current progress in reactive hydride composite (RHC) for hydrogen storage is reviewed. • Roles of intermediate compounds in RHC system is highlighted. • Future perspectives and challenges of RHC as hydrogen storage medium are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiAlH 4 is regarded as a potential material for solid-state hydrogen storage because of its high hydrogen content (10.5 wt%). However, its high decomposition temperature, slow dehydrogenation kinetics and irreversibility under moderate condition hamper its wider applications. Mechanical milling treatment and doping with a catalyst or additive has drawn significant ways to improve hydrogen storage properties of LiAlH 4. Microstructure or nanostructure materials were developed by using a ball milling technique and doping with various types of catalysts or additives which had dramatically improved the efficiency of LiAlH 4. However, the state-of-the-art technologies is still far from meeting the expected goal for the applications. In this paper, the overview of the recent advances in catalyst-enhanced LiAlH 4 for solid-state hydrogen storage is detailed. The remaining challenges and the future prospect of LiAlH 4 –catalyst system is also discussed. This paper is the first systematic review that focuses on catalyst-enhanced LiAlH 4 for solid-state hydrogen storage. Image 1 • Recent advances in catalyst-enhanced LiAlH 4 is reviewed. • Roles of catalyst in catalyst-enhanced LiAlH 4 is highlighted. • The remaining challenges and the future prospect of LiAlH 4 is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is an essential requirement in our daily lives. Currently, most of our energy demands are fulfilled by fossil fuels. After 20 years, non-renewable fossil fuels are estimated to plummet rapidly. The world will face energy shortage and will seek for a new environmental method of energy generation for transportation, economy and application. Hydrogen is a fascinating energy carrier that is considered as 'hydrogen economy' for the future. The key challenge in developing the hydrogen economy is the context of hydrogen storage. Storing hydrogen via the solid-state method has received special attention and consideration because of its safety and larger storage capacity. A light complex hydride, NaAlH 4 , is considered as an attractive material for solid-state hydrogen storage owing to its high hydrogen capacity, bulk in availability and low cost. Sluggish sorption kinetics and poor reversibility have driven research into various catalysts to enhance its hydrogen storage properties. This review article examines the development of different catalysts and their effects on the hydrogen storage properties of NaAlH 4. The addition of catalyst offers synergistic catalytic effect on the dehydrogenation performance of NaAlH 4. Doping NaAlH 4 with catalyst promote promising results such as lower decomposition temperature, improved kinetics and reduced activation energy. Superior performance on the dehydrogenation performance of NaAlH 4 doping with the catalyst may be due to the nanosized catalyst particle and in situ formed active species that may serve as nucleation sites at the surface of the NaAlH 4 matrix and benefiting the kinetics properties of NaAlH 4. • Current progress in NaAlH 4 modified through catalysis is reviewed. • Roles of catalysis in modification of NaAlH 4 properties is highlighted. • Future perspective and challenge of emerging research for NaAlH 4 are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, hydrogen (H2) has emerged as a superior energy carrier that has the potential to replace fossil fuel. However, storing H2 under safe and operable conditions is still a challenging process due to the current commercial method, i.e., H2 storage in a pressurised and liquified state, which requires extremely high pressure and extremely low temperature. To solve this problem, research on solid-state H2 storage materials is being actively conducted. Among the solid-state H2 storage materials, borohydride is a potential candidate for H2 storage owing to its high gravimetric capacity (majority borohydride materials release >10 wt% of H2). Mg(BH4)2, which is included in the borohydride family, shows promise as a good H2 storage material owing to its high gravimetric capacity (14.9 wt%). However, its practical application is hindered by high thermal decomposition temperature (above 300 °C), slow sorption kinetics and poor reversibility. Currently, the general research on the use of additives to enhance the H2 storage performance of Mg(BH4)2 is still under investigation. This article reviews the latest research on additive-enhanced Mg(BH4)2 and its impact on the H2 storage performance. The future prospect and challenges in the development of additive-enhanced Mg(BH4)2 are also discussed in this review paper. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review paper that focuses on the additive-enhanced Mg(BH4)2 for solid-state H2 storage.

Mg 90 Ce 5 Y 5 + x wt % Yb 2 O 3 (x = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20) samples were prepared by high energy ball milling. The kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the composites were investigated by XRD, TEM, SEM, EDS and PCT. And all samples were tested for hydrogen absorption and desorption. The Mg 90 Ce 5 Y 5 + 10 wt % Yb 2 O 3 sample displays the fastest hydrogen uptake rate, namely full hydrogenation takes only 125 min at 473 K. And it can fully dehydrogenate in just 75.6 min at 553 K. In addition, the value of E des is reduced to 95.5 kJ/mol. The improvement of dynamic performance is due to the change of microstructure: Yb 2 O 3 /YbH 2 , YH 2 and CeO 2 provide plenty of active sites, and abundant defects and grain boundaries lead to the emergence of many high-energy regions and diffusion channels. The ∆ H value of Y10 (77.6 kJ/mol H 2) is not significantly lower than Mg 90 Ce 5 Y 5 , indicating that the addition of Yb 2 O 3 do not improve the thermodynamic properties. • The full hydrogen absorption of Y10 sample takes only 125 min at 473 K. • The complete dehydrogenation of Y10 takes only 75.6 min at 455 K. • The activation energy for dehydrogenation reduces to 95.5 ± 0.5 kJ/mol. • The ∆ H of hydrogen desorption is 77.6 ± 2.3 kJ/mol H 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic effect of Na 3 AlF 6 on the dehydrogenation properties of the MgH 2 with X wt% (X = 5, 10, 20 and 50) have been investigated by ball milling technique. Based on the temperature-programme-desorption result, the addition of 10 wt% Na 3 AlF 6 to the MgH 2 has demonstrated the best dehydrogenation properties performance. The dehydrogenation temperature of the un-doped MgH 2 has experienced a reduction for about 60 °C after doped with 10 wt% Na 3 AlF 6. The dehydrogenation kinetics also has been improved with the addition of 10 wt% Na 3 AlF 6. Based on the Kissinger analysis, it was observed that the apparent activation energy of MgH 2 desorption is remarkably decreased from 158 kJ/mol to 129 kJ/mol with the addition of 10 wt% Na 3 AlF 6. Meanwhile, the formations of new species, the NaMgF 3 , the NaF and the AlF 3 in the doped composite after the de/rehydrogenation processes are found in the X-ray diffraction analysis. These new species are expected to act as the active species that probably contributes to enhance the dehydrogenation properties of MgH 2. • The H 2 storage properties of Na 3 AlF 6 -doped MgH 2 have been studied. • Dehydrogenation properties of MgH 2 is improved after adding with Na 3 AlF 6. • E A for hydrogen desorption of MgH 2 /Na 3 AlF 6 composite was lowered to 129.0 kJ/mol. • The in - situ formation of the NaMgF 3 , NaF and AlF 3 species play a synergetic role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium fluoride (TiF 3) is doped into the reactive hydride composite of 2NaAlH 4 + Ca(BH 4) 2 by ball milling to enhance the hydrogen storage properties of the composite system. NaAlH 4 and Ca(BH 4) 2 phases were fully transformed to Ca(AlH 4) 2 and NaBH 4 phases after the ball-milling process (6 h). Four major stages were discovered in the undoped and TiF 3 -doped system, which is corresponding to; (i) Ca(AlH 4) 2 , (ii) CaAlH 5 , (iii) CaH 2 and (iv) NaBH 4 , respectively. The addition of TiF 3 to the studied composite resulted in both reduced decomposition temperature and enhanced sorption kinetics compared with the undoped composite. The onset desorption temperature was reduced from 125 °C to 60 °C for the first stage in the TiF 3 -doped composite, compared with the undoped composite. From differential scanning calorimetry analysis, the decomposition temperature for all stages has shifted to a lower temperature after doping with TiF 3. The activation energy has greatly reduced by 63.6 and 21.9 kJ/mol for CaAlH 5 and NaBH 4 stages, respectively, as compared with the undoped 2NaAlH 4 + Ca(BH 4) 2 composite. During the dehydrogenation process, the formation of new active species of Al 3 Ti together with CaF 2 played a vital role in accelerating the reactions in 5 wt% TiF 3 doped to the studied composite system. • The addition of TiF 3 reduces the onset decomposition temperature. • The ab/desorption kinetic is also improved as compared to the undoped composite. • The formation of new products, Al 3 Ti and CaF 2 play a synergetic catalytic role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The influence of CuFe 2 O 4 addition on the sorption performances of MgH 2 prepared by ball milling was studied for the first time. The MgH 2 + 10 wt% CuFe 2 O 4 sample exhibited an enhancement in hydrogen storage performance compared to that of as-milled MgH 2 , with the onset decomposition temperature decreased from 340 °C to 250 °C. Dehydrogenation kinetic result revealed that CuFe 2 O 4 -added MgH 2 released around 5.3 wt% H 2 within 10 min at 320 °C, while the as-milled MgH 2 released below 1.0 wt% H 2 under the same condition. Furthermore, about 5.0 wt% H 2 was absorbed at 250 °C in 30 min for the 10 wt% CuFe 2 O 4 -doped MgH 2 sample. In contrast, the un-doped MgH 2 only absorbed 4.0 wt% H 2 at 250 °C in 30 min. From the Kissinger analysis, the apparent activation energy of as-milled MgH 2 was 166.0 kJ/mol and this value decreased to 113.0 kJ/mol for 10 wt% CuFe 2 O 4 -added MgH 2. The enhanced sorption performance of MgH 2 in the presence of CuFe 2 O 4 is believed to be due to the role of in situ formed Fe, Mg-Cu alloy, and MgO phases as an active species to catalyse the hydrogen storage properties of MgH 2. Highlights • The hydrogen storage properties of CuFe 2 O 4 -doped MgH 2 have been investigated. • The addition of CuFe 2 O 4 improves the hydrogen storage properties of MgH 2. • The in-situ formation of Fe, Mg-Cu alloy, and MgO may play a synergetic catalytic role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Previous studies have shown that ferrites give a positive effect in improving the hydrogen sorption properties of magnesium hydride (MgH 2). In this study, another ferrite, i.e., BaFe 12 O 19 , has been successfully synthesised via the solid state method, and it was milled with MgH 2 to enhance the sorption kinetics. The result showed that the MgH 2 + 10 wt% BaFe 12 O 19 sample started to release hydrogen at about 270 °C which is about 70 °C lower than the as-milled MgH 2. The doped sample was able to absorb hydrogen for 4.3 wt% in 10 min at 150 °C, while as-milled MgH 2 only absorbed 3.5 wt% of hydrogen under similar conditions. The desorption kinetic results showed that the doped sample released about 3.5 wt% of hydrogen in 15 min at 320 °C, while the as-milled MgH 2 only released about 1.5 wt% of hydrogen. From the Kissinger plot, the apparent activation energy of the BaFe 12 O 19 -doped MgH 2 sample was 115 kJ/mol which was lower than the milled MgH 2 (141 kJ/mol). Further analyses demonstrated that MgO, Fe and Ba or Ba-containing contribute to the improvement by serving as active species, thus enhancing the MgH 2 for hydrogen storage. Highlights • BaFe 12 O 19 is synthesised via a solid state method. • BaFe 12 O 19 showed superior catalytic effects for MgH 2. • The decomposition temperature of BaFe 12 O 19 -doped MgH 2 reduced by 70 °C. • BaFe 12 O 19 -doped MgH 2 absorbs 4.3 wt% H 2 within 10 min at 150 °C. • The new species of MgO, Fe and Ba or Ba-containing play a synergistic role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogen storage properties and reaction mechanism of the combined NaAlH 4 + Ca(BH 4 ) 2 (2:1) composite system was investigated in the present study. Analyses show that after 6 h of milling, the NaAlH 4 + Ca(BH 4 ) 2 combination fully converted to the mixture of Ca(AlH 4 ) 2 + NaBH 4 , and a metathesis reaction occurred between the hydrides. Four major dehydrogenation stages were observed in the system, which corresponds to the decomposition of Ca(AlH 4 ) 2 , CaAlH 5 , CaH 2 and NaBH 4 , respectively. The onset desorption temperature of the composite system is reduced to 125 °C, which is much lower than a unary component of NaAlH 4 and Ca(BH 4 ) 2 . The de/rehydrogenation kinetics of the composite system had improve at a higher temperature. From the Kissinger plot, the apparent activation energies for the decomposition of CaAlH 5 and NaBH 4 in the composite system were reduced to 142.9 and 146.5 kJ/mol, respectively. It is believed that the formation of Al Ca, Al B and Ca B alloys during the dehydrogenation process is responsible for the distinct reduction in the onset desorption temperature and kinetics enhancement of the 2NaAlH 4 + Ca(BH 4 ) 2 composite system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the hydrogen storage properties of different molar ratio (in mole of 1:3 and 1:4) Na 3 AlH 6 LiBH 4 system is investigated for the first time. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared results show that the Na 3 AlH 6 LiBH 4 with molar ratio of 1:3 and 1:4 composite was transformed to Li 3 AlH 6 and NaBH 4 phases via a metathesis reaction during a ball-milling process for 6 h. Temperature-programmed-desorption (TPD) results show three stages of decomposition for the Na 3 AlH 6 LiBH 4 (in mole ratio of 1:3 and 1:4) composite resulting from Li 3 AlH 6 and NaBH 4 phases. From the TPD graph, the Na 3 AlH 6 LiBH 4 composite with molar ratio of 1:4 had showed better performance of hydrogenation properties compared to with molar ratio of 1:3. The composite began to release hydrogen at 180 °C in relation to decomposition of the Li 3 AlH 6 stage into LiH and Al. The NaBH 4 stage then began to decompose at approximately 380 °C, after reacting with Al to form an intermetallic phase, AlB 2 , which occurred at 100 °C lower than as-milled NaBH 4 . At 430 °C, the un-reacted NaBH 4 was decomposed after catalysing with AlB 2 . Kissinger analysis shows the apparent activation energy of NaBH 4 decomposition in the hydrides composite was reduced by about 75 kJ/mol compared to the as-milled NaBH 4 . The rehydrogenation process evidenced the reversibility of NaBH 4 . Based on these results, the intermetallic phase, AlB 2 , is considered to have played an important role by lowering the operating temperature and providing access to the full hydrogen content in the Na 3 AlH 6 LiBH 4 composite system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, flash memory has been in the spotlight across a variety of research communities from circuits to computer systems, and significant progress has been accomplished. This has enabled flash memory to become increasingly pervasive across the entire information technology infrastructure, from consumer electronics to cloud and supercomputing. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive survey on the important advancements and milestones in the domains across flash translation layer (FTL), operating systems, and applications. As the storage device hardware has been quickly commoditized, software becomes increasingly important to tap the potential of flash memory to its full extent. Therefore, a comprehensive survey with a focus on software aspects will be very valuable to the research community and industry. It is our hope that this survey paper will serve as a good reference for system practitioners and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The effects of a SrFe 12 O 19 addition on the hydrogen storage properties of LiAlH 4 were investigated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The addition of the SrFe 12 O 19 show improved dehydrogenation performance compared with that of undoped LiAlH 4 . In fact, the onset desorption temperatures decreased from 140 °C to 80 °C in the first reaction stage and from 180 °C to 135 °C in the second reaction stage. In terms of the dehydrogenation kinetics, the 10 wt% SrFe 12 O 19 -added LiAlH 4 sample released approximately 5.54 wt% hydrogen at 130 °C after 20 min desorption, whereas the as-milled LiAlH 4 sample released less than 0.3 wt% hydrogen in the same period of time and temperature. Kissinger analysis indicates that the apparent activation energies of the first two dehydrogenation reactions of LiAlH 4 are decreased by approximately 27 and 15 kJ/mol, respectively, after the addition of SrFe 12 O 19 . It is reasonable to conclude that the formation of an in situ active species of Fe and LiFeO 2 and amorphous Sr or Sr-containing phases could play a catalytic role in enhancing the dehydrogenation performance of LiAlH 4 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state hydrogen storage is regarded as the key technology to develop commercial application of hydrogen energy, and Mg added with high efficiency catalysts is a promising candidate to break through the barrier of hydrogen storage materials. Herein, Mg−Al and Mg−Al−Zr nanocomposites have been prepared by adding the single-metal (Al) and bimetal (Al, Zr) into Mg nanoparticles by the hydrogen plasma-metal reaction (HPMR) method. The two kinds of nanocomposites have an approximate size of 100 nm. With the expansion of the plasma current, the content of Al and Zr in Mg−Al−Zr nanocomposites increases gradually, and the addition of Al and Zr conspicuously accelerates the kinetics of hydrogen absorption and desorption of Mg. Compared with the nanocomposites with the single-metal (Al), the addition of bimetal (Al, Zr) can further enhance the hydrogen absorption kinetics of Mg, and the content of Zr has a positive effect on the reduction of activation energy (Ea). The Ea of Mg 88.3 Al 7.6 Zr 4.1 for hydrogen absorption is 68.6 kJ/mol, which is significantly lower than that of Mg 92.6 Al 7.4 (80.6 kJ/mol) and other two Mg−Al−Zr nanocomposites with low Al and Zr (70.7 and 69.8 kJ/mol, respectively). Both the nanostructure of Mg and the synergistic catalytic effects of active "catalytic sites" and H "diffusion channels" provided by the multiphase nanocatalysts of MgAl and AlZr 3 contribute to the reduction of Ea. This work provides guidance for the development of Mg-based hydrogen storage materials with high catalytic efficiency. [Display omitted] • Mg–Al and Mg–Al–Zr nanocomposites are prepared by hydrogen plasma-metal reaction. • Mg 92.6 Al 5.1 Zr 2.3 can absorb 5.6 wt% hydrogen in less 5 min at 573 K. • The Ea of Mg 92.6 Al 5.1 Zr 2.3 for hydrogen absorption reduces to 69.8 kJ/mol. • Synergetic effects of MgAl and AlZr 3 catalysts contribute to improved properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fragility of biological systems during storage, transport, and utilization necessitates reliable cold-chain infrastructure and limits the potential of biotechnological applications. In order to unlock the broad applications of existing and emerging biological technologies, we report the development of a novel solid-state storage platform for complex biologics. The resulting solid-state biologics (SSB) platform meets four key requirements: facile rehydration of solid materials, activation of biochemical activity, ability to support complex downstream applications and functionalities, and compatibility for deployment in a variety of reaction formats and environments. As a model system of biochemical complexity, we utilized crude Escherichia coli cell extracts that retain active cellular metabolism and support robust levels of in vitro transcription and translation. We demonstrate broad versatility and utility of SSB through proof-of-concepts for on-demand in vitro biomanufacturing of proteins at a milliliter scale, the activation of downstream CRISPR activity, as well as deployment on paper-based devices. SSBs unlock a breadth of applications in biomanufacturing, discovery, diagnostics, and education in resource-limited environments on Earth and in space.

A multilevel per cell (MLC) technique significantly improves the storage density, but also poses serious data integrity challenge for NAND flash memory. This consequently makes the low-density parity-check (LDPC) code and the soft-decision memory sensing become indispensable in the next-generation flash-based solid-state storage devices. However, the use of LDPC codes inevitably increases memory read latency and, hence, degrades speed performance. Motivated by the observation of intracell unbalanced bit error probability and data dependence in the MLC NAND flash memory, this paper proposes two techniques, i.e., intracell data placement interleaving and intracell data dependence aware LDPC decoding, to efficiently improve the LDPC decoding throughput and energy efficiency for the MLC NAND flash-based storage in a mobile device. Experimental results show that, by exploiting the intracell bit-error characteristics, the proposed techniques together can improve the LDPC decoding throughput by up to 84.6% and reduce the energy consumption by up to 33.2% while only incurring less than 0.2% silicon area overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: This paper presented a high speed storage system for real-time application. The hardware of system mainly consists data distribution, transmission, storage and integration section. By using high-speed FPGA, the original data stream will be distributed into four streams firstly. Then each data stream will be transferred to a computer and stored in a solid-state storage card. Four stored streams are merged during read back process finally. In aspect of software, implementation methods of DDR3-based FIFO, PCI-E DMA controller, Aurora and NAND flash controller were introduced in detail. System evaluation results show that system achieved high transmission bandwidth and storage speed (up to 3.2GB/s). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recently, hydrogen (H2) has emerged as a superior energy carrier that has the potential to replace fossil fuel. However, storing H2 under safe and operable conditions is still a challenging process due to the current commercial method, i.e., H2 storage in a pressurised and liquified state, which requires extremely high pressure and extremely low temperature. To solve this problem, research on solid-state H2 storage materials is being actively conducted. Among the solid-state H2 storage materials, borohydride is a potential candidate for H2 storage owing to its high gravimetric capacity (majority borohydride materials release >10 wt% of H2). Mg(BH4)2, which is included in the borohydride family, shows promise as a good H2 storage material owing to its high gravimetric capacity (14.9 wt%). However, its practical application is hindered by high thermal decomposition temperature (above 300 °C), slow sorption kinetics and poor reversibility. Currently, the general research on the use of additives to enhance the H2 storage performance of Mg(BH4)2 is still under investigation. This article reviews the latest research on additive-enhanced Mg(BH4)2 and its impact on the H2 storage performance. The future prospect and challenges in the development of additive-enhanced Mg(BH4)2 are also discussed in this review paper. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review paper that focuses on the additive-enhanced Mg(BH4)2 for solid-state H2 storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]