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Black pepper (Piper nigrum) has been used as an antidote for cough, cold, dyspnoea, throat illnesses, intermittent fever, dysentery, stomach ache, worms, and piles in traditional medicine. It is also used as an anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and to treat epilepsy and snakebite. Black pepper is a common spice in Asian cuisine, and it has applications in traditional medicine, perfumes, preservatives, and pesticides. Piperine, an alkaloid, increases the therapeutic efficacy of a variety of medications, vaccines, and nutrients by increasing bioavailability by blocking several digestive enzymes. Piperine also promotes digestion by increasing pancreatic and intestinal enzymes, as well as improving cognitive abilities and fertility. Rheumatism, cold, weariness, muscle aches, and infection can all be helped by black pepper essential oil, which makes up about 0.4–7% of the dry weight of berries. It was also utilised to improve blood circulation as a nerve stimulant. Piperine was found in 2–7% of both white and black pepper. Piperamides and nerolidol, two volatile oil constituents, have insecticidal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SAD is a common mental condition with high prevalence rate and early onset resulting in the social avoidance and dysfunctioning. From the outcomes of several research studies it is highlighted that among of the numerous cognitive behavioural model, individual behavioural therapy plays most important role for social anxiety disorder. The research on CBT's effectiveness in treating SAD symptoms and a poor life quality is summarised in this article. In this review, the relative effectiveness of various CBT techniques is also discussed for both short-term and long-term follow-up periods. This review examines the strengths and limitations of the existing evidence base by critically examining empirical studies in this topic. It examines methodological concerns like as sample characteristics, outcome measurements, and treatment regimens, all of which might have an impact on the interpretation of results. Furthermore, the study identifies areas that require additional investigation and makes recommendations for future studies to improve SAD understanding and treatment. The aim of this review is to offer a thorough examination of the existing outcome literature on CBT for SAD. The study investigates the efficacy of CBT in lowering symptoms of social anxiety and enhancing functional results. It also investigates long-term therapy maintenance and discovers potential moderators and mediators of treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]