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The article is devoted to the characteristic features of legal corporation in Russia in the late 19th – early 20th century. The complex structure of the community, the mechanisms of its reproduction, and a special style of thinking characteristic of it are particularly empathized by the author. Despite the fact that the legal community included representatives of various legal professions, they were united by a common university experience and a common understanding of law. Active stage in the formation of the corporation began after the 1864 Judicial Reform, which gave any university graduate the opportunity to choose the trajectory of their further career. From then on, a graduate was not obliged to serve exclusively in the authorities. Therefore, he could choose to provide legal assistance to society, which did not negate the fact that the representatives of the legal corporation periodically changed roles and were closely related to each other. It is stressed that the graduates of legal faculties undoubtedly played a leading role in the administrative system of the Russian Empire, since lawyers were the only ones who had the necessary professional skills to ensure proper functioning of the legislative mechanism. Moreover, they undoubtedly “soloed” in public circles, primarily for the reason that the university was a kind of “factory” for the production of lawyers and at the same time a kind of “forge” of the Russian general public. Legal corporation was the core of the political class of the Russian Empire in all its diversity. Representatives of this community simultaneously served in bureaucratic institutions and participated in the creation of opposition parties. Even those who did not take an immediate part in political life, in their daily activities formed the attitude of the public to the law and the ways of its implementation. To a large extent, this is explained not only by the institutional but also by the legal prerequisites for the formation of the legal corporation in Russia. At the end of the 19th century, law faculties of the metropolitan universities were doing a lot to eliminate the legist attitude to law, one way or another interpreting the phenomenon of the Rechtsstaat as an obvious example. The law was understood not as a set of material norms but as something more, something that arose from the legal consciousness of the population, from political ideals characteristic of the public. Within this framework, law was seen as a kind of action program for the future, and a lawyer was seen as a full participant in legal creativity rather than a keeper and instructor.

Introduction. Quantitative assessment of the structural reliability and safety level for structural solutions is an actual scientific and technical problem. The measure of reliability in this case can be the failure probability of a structural element. In practical problems of assessment and analysis of structural reliability, data on random variables can be obtained in the interval form (qualitative uncertainty), while the classic methods of reliability analysis do not allow to estimate reliability in the presence of such data. Lack of statistical data (quantitative uncertainty) is also present in practical tasks of reliability analysis.Materials and methods. The paper considers the use of the theory of evidence as an effective tool for reliability analysis of steel span structures in problems with interval uncertainty of statistical data.Results. The graphical interpretation of the reliability analysis algorithm is given. It allows to obtain clearly and operatively an estimate of the failure probability of the structural element, as well as to reduce the permissible load on the element to the required reliability level. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional models are considered for analyzing the reliability of a steel truss bar according to the buckling criterion.Conclusions. The theory of evidence allows effective modelling of various sources of uncertainties in practical engineering problems. Thus, with limited data, it is possible to get an idea of the quantitative expression of the reliability level by its lower bound, which can be increased by strengthening the element, more detailed probabilistic analysis or limiting the operational load on the structural element. By considering more non-deterministic quantities in the design, the engineer obtains a more cautious decision. When considering the cross-sectional area as a random variable, the reliability of the truss bar on the buckling was 23 % lower (lower reliability bound) than in a similar calculation with a deterministic value.

Background. The purpose of the work is the numerical modeling of unsteady convective heat exchange of an electrically conductive fluid between two concentric spheres, taking into account the dissipation of Joule heat, viscous, inertial, lifting and magnetic forces at low values of the magnetic Reynolds number. Materials and methods. Foe solving the problem, the finite element method is used. In a dimensionless form, the problem in the variables vortex, stream function, temperature and magnetic induction is solved in a spherical coordinate system, taking into account symmetry in longitude. Results. Nonstationary temperature fields, a stream function field, a vortex field, fields of the radial and azimuthal components of magnetic induction and the distribution of local Nusselt numbers in a spherical layer of an electrically conductive liquid for small values of the magnetic Reynolds number were obtained. Conclusions. The results obtained in the work can be applied in the study of magnetohydrodynamic and thermal processes and their application for the development of new installations and instruments, the creation of new methods and models, and expanding the understanding of the nature of the occurrence of magnetohydrodynamic phenomena taking into account heat and mass transfer processes.

The aim of the work was to determine the effective ultraviolet (UV) doses required for the disinfection of surfaces contaminated with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus using a low-pressure mercury lamp. Materials and methods. To carry out prompt disinfection of surfaces, a specially designed source of UV radiation with a power of 7.5 W at a wavelength of 254 nm in the form of a portable flashlight was employed, which has a high efficiency of UV radiation output and the possibility of long-term autonomous operation from a compact battery. In the studies, a suspension culture of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus with biological activity of 5.3∙106 PFU/ml was used. The objects of testing were plastic Petri dishes (disposable) and office paper (grade C, density 80 g/m2 ). Results and discussion. Doses of UV radiation that provide disinfection of surfaces contaminated with the COVID-19 pathogen with an efficiency of 99.0 % (paper) to 99.95 % (plastic) have been determined. The results obtained make it possible to recommend a portable UV irradiator for use in the practice of preventive measures to combat the spread of the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.

For the problem of eigenvibrations of the shallow shell with an attached oscillator, a new symmetric variational statement in the Hilbert space was proposed. It was established that there exist a sequence of positive eigenvalues of finite multiplicity with a limit point at infinity and the corresponding complete orthonormal system of eigenvectors. The problem was approximated by the mesh scheme of the finite element method with Hermite finite elements. Theoretical error estimates for the approximate solutions were proved. The theoretical findings were verified by the results of numerical experiments.

Melanoma is an aggressive malignancy of the skin and mucosa of neuroepithelial nature, heterogeneous both in phenotype and molecular genetic characteristics, with a high risk of progression and a steadily increasing incidence of about 5% a year. The development of melanoma is due to both external (UV exposure) and internal factors, the main ones being mutations in oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. Hyperactivation of RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signalling pathway is observed in 75% of skin melanoma cases, and one of its key factors is serine threonine kinase encoded by BRAF gene. Oncogenic mutations of BRAF mimic the phosphorylation of the activation loop of the protein, which results in BRAF being in a permanently activated state. Subsequent operation of the MAPK signalling pathway in a non-stop mode and loss of BRAF negative feedback leads to uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. The most common mutations in the BRAF gene are p.V600E (valine replacement for glutamic acid), which accounts for up to 95% of all BRAF-mutant melanomas, and p.V600K (valine replacement for lysine), which can account for up to 20% of cases or more. Development of non-selective and selective inhibitors of mutant BRAF protein make mutation in this gene a predictive marker of response and efficacy of targeted therapy.