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3. Enabling CO2 neutral metallurgy for ferrochromium production using bio-based reducing agents.

Author

Sommerfeld, Marcus, Botinha, Roberta, and Friedrich, Bernd

Abstract

The metallurgical industry is a major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. This study explores the replacement of fossil-reducing agents with potentially CO2-neutral bio-based reducing agents. Since reducing agents remove oxygen bonded with metal oxides present in the ore, they are a necessity for the production of metallic elements. The investigated metal is chromium, a major part of stainless steel, and therefore a highly relevant element for the transition from a fossil-based energy system to a renewable one. The state-of-the-art smelting reduction and pre-reduction process followed by subsequent smelting using various reducing agents are investigated in this article. The obtained products, metallurgical efficiencies, energy consumption and off-gas generation were compared. While the products produced with bio-based reducing agents are comparable with the reference trials using metallurgical coke regarding the major components in the metal, the concentration of detrimental phosphorus is significantly higher using bio-based reducing agents. The metallurgical efficiency of the process is comparable to the usage of bio-based reducing agents and coke. However, the energy consumption and the generation of off-gas is higher, when coke is replaced by bio-based reducing agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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4. Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies

Author

Harper, Gavin, primary, Anderson, Paul A, additional, Kendrick, Emma, additional, Mrozik, Wojciech, additional, Christensen, Paul, additional, Lambert, Simon, additional, Greenwood, David, additional, Das, Prodip K., additional, Ahmeid, Mohamed, additional, Milojevic, Zoran, additional, Du, Wenjia, additional, Brett, Dan J.L., additional, Shearing, Paul R., additional, Rastegarpanah, Alireza, additional, Solkin, Rustam, additional, Sommerville, Roberto, additional, Zorin, Anton, additional, Durham, Jessica L., additional, Abbott, Andy, additional, Thompson, Dana, additional, Browning, Nigel, additional, Mehdi, Layla, additional, Bahri, Mounib, additional, Schnaider-Tontini, Felipe, additional, Nicholls, D., additional, Stallmeister, Christin, additional, Friedrich, Bernd, additional, Sommerfeld, Marcus, additional, Driscoll, Laura L., additional, Jarvis, Abbey, additional, Giles, Emily C., additional, Slater, Peter R, additional, Echavarri-Bravo, Virginia, additional, Maddalena, Giovanni, additional, Horsfall, Louise, additional, Gaines, Linda, additional, Dai, Qiang, additional, Jethwa, Shiva J., additional, Lipson, Albert L., additional, Leeke, Gary A., additional, Cowell, Thomas D., additional, Farthing, Joseph Gresle, additional, Mariani, Greta, additional, Smith, Amy, additional, Iqbal, Zubera, additional, Golmohammadzadeh, Rabeeh, additional, Sweeney, Luke, additional, Goodship, Vanessa, additional, Li, Zheng, additional, Edge, Jacqueline Sophie, additional, Lander, Laura, additional, Nguyen-Tien, Viet, additional, Elliott, Robert J. R., additional, Heidrich, Oliver, additional, Slattery, Margaret, additional, Reed, Daniel, additional, Ahuja, Jyoti, additional, Cavoski, Aleksandra, additional, Lee, Robert, additional, Driscoll, Elizabeth, additional, Baker, Jenny, additional, Littlewood, Peter B., additional, Styles, Iain, additional, Mahanty, Sampriti, additional, and Boons, Frank, additional

Published
2022
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5. Lithium Production and Recovery Methods: Overview of Lithium Losses.

Author

Marcinov, Vladimír, Klimko, Jakub, Takáčová, Zita, Pirošková, Jana, Miškufová, Andrea, Sommerfeld, Marcus, Dertmann, Christian, Friedrich, Bernd, and Oráč, Dušan

Subjects
PRODUCTION methods, LITHIUM, SOLVENT extraction, ALUMINUM-lithium alloys, LITHIUM-ion batteries, LEACHING
Abstract

The objective of this study is to describe primary lithium production and to summarize the methods for combined mechanical and hydrometallurgical recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This study also aims to draw attention to the problem of lithium losses, which occur in individual recycling steps. The first step of hydrometallurgical treatment is leaching, which is an effective method capable of transferring over 99% of the present metals to the leach solutions. Extraction of metals after leaching can be conducted using various methods, with precipitation being the most commonly used. The precipitation of other metals can result in the co-precipitation of lithium, causing total lithium losses up to 30%. To prevent such losses, solvent extraction methods are used to selectively remove elements, such as Co, Ni, Al, and Mn. Solvent extraction (SX) is highly effective, reducing the losses to 3% per extraction stage and reducing overall lithium losses to 15%. After the refining, lithium is precipitated as lithium carbonate. High lithium carbonate solubility (1.5 g/L) and high liquid to solid leaching ratios require costly and avoidable operations to be implemented in order to enhance lithium concentration. Therefore, it is suggested that more studies should focus on multistage leaching with lower L/S ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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8. Assessment of Metallurgical Slags as Solar Heat Absorber Particles

Author

Alkan, Gözde, Mechnich, Peter, Lucas, Hugo, Knoblauch, Nicole, Sommerfeld, Marcus, Flucht, Ferdinand, Pernpeintner, Johannes, Sergeev, Dmitry, Müller, Michael, and Friedrich, Bernd

Subjects
Metallurgical Slags, Heat Absorber Particles, ddc:550
Abstract

Minerals 12(2), 121 (2022). doi:10.3390/min12020121, Published by MDPI, Basel

Published
2022

9. Assessment of Metallurgical Slags as Solar Heat Absorber Particles

Author

Alkan, Gözde, primary, Mechnich, Peter, additional, Lucas, Hugo, additional, Knoblauch, Nicole, additional, Sommerfeld, Marcus, additional, Flucht, Ferdinand, additional, Pernpeintner, Johannes, additional, Sergeev, Dmitry, additional, Müller, Michael, additional, and Friedrich, Bernd, additional

Published
2022
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15. A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 2: Lithium Recovery from Li Enriched Slag—Thermodynamic Study, Kinetic Study, and Dry Digestion

Author

Klimko, Jakub, primary, Oráč, Dušan, additional, Miškufová, Andrea, additional, Vonderstein, Claudia, additional, Dertmann, Christian, additional, Sommerfeld, Marcus, additional, Friedrich, Bernd, additional, and Havlík, Tomáš, additional

Published
2020
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19. Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies

Author

Harper, Gavin D.J., Kendrick, Emma, Anderson, Paul A., Mrozik, Wojciech, Christensen, Paul, Lambert, Simon, Greenwood, David, Das, Prodip K., Ahmeid, Mohamed, Milojevic, Zoran, Du, Wenjia, Brett, Dan J.L., Shearing, Paul R., Rastegarpanah, Alireza, Stolkin, Rustam, Sommerville, Roberto, Zorin, Anton, Durham, Jessica L., Abbott, Andrew P., Thompson, Dana, Browning, Nigel D., Mehdi, B. Layla, Bahri, Mounib, Schanider-Tontini, Felipe, Nicholls, D., Stallmeister, Christin, Friedrich, Bernd, Sommerfeld, Marcus, Driscoll, Laura L., Jarvis, Abbey, Giles, Emily C., Slater, Peter R., Echavarri-Bravo, Virginia, Maddalena, Giovanni, Horsfall, Louise E., Gaines, Linda, Dai, Qiang, Jethwa, Shiva J., Lipson, Albert L., Leeke, Gary A., Cowell, Thomas, Farthing, Joseph Gresle, Mariani, Greta, Smith, Amy, Iqbal, Zubera, Golmohammadzadeh, Rabeeh, Sweeney, Luke, Goodship, Vannessa, Li, Zheng, Edge, Jacqueline, Lander, Laura, Nguyen, Viet Tien, Elliot, Robert J.R., Heidrich, Oliver, Slattery, Margaret, Reed, Daniel, Ahuja, Jyoti, Cavoski, Aleksandra, Lee, Robert, Driscoll, Elizabeth, Baker, Jen, Littlewood, Peter, Styles, Iain, Mahanty, Sampriti, Boons, Frank, Harper, Gavin D.J., Kendrick, Emma, Anderson, Paul A., Mrozik, Wojciech, Christensen, Paul, Lambert, Simon, Greenwood, David, Das, Prodip K., Ahmeid, Mohamed, Milojevic, Zoran, Du, Wenjia, Brett, Dan J.L., Shearing, Paul R., Rastegarpanah, Alireza, Stolkin, Rustam, Sommerville, Roberto, Zorin, Anton, Durham, Jessica L., Abbott, Andrew P., Thompson, Dana, Browning, Nigel D., Mehdi, B. Layla, Bahri, Mounib, Schanider-Tontini, Felipe, Nicholls, D., Stallmeister, Christin, Friedrich, Bernd, Sommerfeld, Marcus, Driscoll, Laura L., Jarvis, Abbey, Giles, Emily C., Slater, Peter R., Echavarri-Bravo, Virginia, Maddalena, Giovanni, Horsfall, Louise E., Gaines, Linda, Dai, Qiang, Jethwa, Shiva J., Lipson, Albert L., Leeke, Gary A., Cowell, Thomas, Farthing, Joseph Gresle, Mariani, Greta, Smith, Amy, Iqbal, Zubera, Golmohammadzadeh, Rabeeh, Sweeney, Luke, Goodship, Vannessa, Li, Zheng, Edge, Jacqueline, Lander, Laura, Nguyen, Viet Tien, Elliot, Robert J.R., Heidrich, Oliver, Slattery, Margaret, Reed, Daniel, Ahuja, Jyoti, Cavoski, Aleksandra, Lee, Robert, Driscoll, Elizabeth, Baker, Jen, Littlewood, Peter, Styles, Iain, Mahanty, Sampriti, and Boons, Frank

Abstract

The market dynamics, and their impact on a future circular economy for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), are presented in this roadmap, with safety as an integral consideration throughout the life cycle. At the point of end-of-life, there is a range of potential options – remanufacturing, reuse and recycling. Diagnostics play a significant role in evaluating the state of health and condition of batteries, and improvements to diagnostic techniques are evaluated. At present, manual disassembly dominates end-of-life disposal, however, given the volumes of future batteries that are to be anticipated, automated approaches to the dismantling of end-of-life battery packs will be key. The first stage in recycling after the removal of the cells is the initial cell-breaking or opening step. Approaches to this are reviewed, contrasting shredding and cell disassembly as two alternative approaches. Design for recycling is one approach that could assist in easier disassembly of cells, and new approaches to cell design that could enable the circular economy of LIBs are reviewed. After disassembly, subsequent separation of the black mass is performed before further concentration of components. There are a plethora of alternative approaches for recovering materials; this roadmap sets out the future directions for a range of approaches including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, short-loop, direct, and the biological recovery of LIB materials. Furthermore, anode, lithium, electrolyte, binder and plastics recovery are considered in the range of approaches in order to maximise the proportion of materials recovered, minimise waste and point the way towards zero-waste recycling. The life-cycle implications of a circular economy are discussed considering the overall system of LIB recycling, and also directly investigating the different recycling methods. The legal and regulatory perspectives are also considered. Finally, with a view to the future, approaches for next-generation battery chemistr

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