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Silicon-based material is one of the most promising substitutes for commercial graphite anodes for the next generation lithium-ion batteries due to its extremely high theoretical capacity. However, the huge volume changes during the charging and discharging processes will cause rapid capacity decay and a short cycle life. Developing novel silicon-based materials requires a fundamental understanding of their properties. However, in many cases, the present experiments are incapable of completely mimicking real battery-operation conditions, and detailed information about the electrochemical mechanisms and ion and electron kinetic transport at the electrode/electrolyte interface is still ambiguous due to their complexity. First-principles calculations have become an effective method for predicting and interpreting the characteristics of electrode materials, understanding the electrochemical mechanisms at the atomic scale and delivering rational design strategies for electrode materials. In this review, the first-principles calculations of silicon-based anode materials in recent years, based on different modification strategies, are summarized. First, we introduce the diffusion kinetics of lithium ions in silicon and the mechanism of structure changes during the lithiation process. Then, typical examples of novel Si-based anodes, including 2D nanomaterials, silicide materials and coating materials based on theoretical predictions, are presented. Finally, we provide perspectives and future directions of first-principles calculations on Si-based anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water retention behavior—a critical factor of unsaturated flow in porous media—can be strongly affected by deformation in the solid matrix. However, it remains challenging to model the water retention behavior with explicit consideration of its dependence on deformation. Here, we propose a data-driven approach that can automatically discover an interpretable model describing the water retention behavior of a deformable porous material, which can be as accurate as non-interpretable models obtained by other data-driven approaches. Specifically, we present a divide-and-conquer approach for discovering a mathematical expression that best fits a neural network trained with the data collected from a series of image-based drainage simulations at the pore-scale. We validate the predictive capability of the symbolically regressed counterpart of the trained neural network against unseen pore-scale simulations. Further, through incorporating the discovered symbolic function into a continuum-scale simulation, we showcase the inherent portability of the proposed approach: The discovered water retention model can provide results comparable to those from a hierarchical multi-scale model, while bypassing the need for sub-scale simulations at individual material points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a comparative micromorphological study on the leaves of all nine genera of the Rosaceae tribe Spiraeeae, including the monotypic Korean genus Pentactina. Spiraeeae possess amphistomatic and hypostomatic leaves. Leaf epidermal characteristics varied with the morphology of stomatal complexes, epidermal cells, trichomes, and epicuticular waxes. Specific leaf epidermal features may be systematically relevant for identifying lower taxonomic levels, genera, and/or species. For example, papillate epidermal cell types were consistently observed in Spiraea sect. Calospira. Hirtellous trichomes are diagnostic characteristics of the genera Holodiscus and Kelseya among this tribe. Short-stalked capitate glandular and crispate villous trichomes were only observed in Holodiscus microphyllus and Spiraea douglasii , respectively. We also confirmed that leaf epidermal characteristics strongly support the independent taxonomic position of the Korean endemic Pentactina and the transfer from Physocarpus to Spiraea of Physocarpus insularis. Moreover, we identified xeromorphic features in the studied taxa and inferred their ecological functions, such as water repellence and anti-transpirant activities. This study presents new perspectives for future research on character evolution and xeromorphic adaptation on the basis of leaf epidermal characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria‐initiated cancer therapy has been demonstrated high therapeutic efficacy against cancer. However, the undesired therapeutic efficacy and induced systematic inflammation storm compromise the therapeutic effect and outcome. Herein, a thermally‐activated living nanomedicine composed of reactive biohybrid (designated as Sa@FeS) is rationally designed and engineered for enhancing hydrogen sulfide (H2S)‐combined chemodynamic oncotherapy by biomineralizing ferrous sulfide nanoparticles (FeS NPs) onto the surface of a Salmonella typhimurium strain (Sa) without reducing bacterial activity. Ascribed to the deep penetration capability of Sa, FeS NPs facilitate photothermally‐enhanced catalytic Fenton reaction of decomposing endogenous H2O2 into cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals deep in tumor tissues upon near infrared irradiation. Meanwhile, Sa bacteria maintain sustained H2S release within tumor for achieving H2S‐induced intracellular acidosis that favors the generation of reactive oxygen species synergistically. Of note, the thermally‐triggered all‐in‐one strategy effectively inhibits bacterial viability, thus reducing the risk of systematic inflammation storm and ensuring biosafety. Therefore, the engineered nano‐bacteria living system exerts the thermally‐enhanced nanocatalytic and gas therapies to effectively eradicate tumors, providing a distinct paradigm for the combination of synthetic biology and nanomedicine in tumor therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: To investigate the effect of combining Endostar with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (ECCRT) compared to concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) on the regression rate of retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RLNs) and the relationship between regression rate of RLNs and prognosis of patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LANPC). Methods: A total of 122 LANPC patients with RLNs metastasis were included. Metastatic RLNs were delineated both before and after treatment slice by slice on the magnetic resonance images cross-section. The regression rate of RLNs, adverse effects (AE) were evaluated. The median regression rate of RLNs was taken as the cut-off value, and the patients were furtherly divided into high regression rate (HRR) group and low regression rate (LRR) group, then survival times were evaluated. Results: The median regression rates of RLNs in the ECCRT and CCRT groups were 81% and 50%, respectively (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of grade 3/4 AEs between the two groups, except for oral mucositis (ECCRT 26.23% vs. CCRT 44.26%, P = 0.037). The 3-year overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and locoregional failure-free survival (LRFFS) rates in the HRR and LRR groups were 85.48% and 86.67% (P = 0.983), 80.65% and 68.33% (P = 0.037), 83.87% and 85% (P = 0.704), 93.55% and 81.67% (P = 0.033), respectively. Conclusions: Patients in the ECCRT group had higher regression rates of RLNs and lower incidence of severe oral mucositis. Furthermore, patients in the HRR group had a better 3-year PFS and LRFFS rate than those in the LRR group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a developmental disorder characterized by acetabular dysplasia leading to early osteoarthritis. This study examines the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage degeneration within a DDH model. In the rat model of DDH, created using a swaddling technique, significant deformities in the femoral head and acetabulum were observed, alongside an upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase‐13 in acetabular cartilage. We also noted increased levels of apoptosis and ERS‐related factors in the acetabular cartilage of DDH models. Additionally, rat chondrocytes exposed to high‐magnitude cyclic tensile strain (CTS, 1 Hz, 10% equibiaxial strain) in vitro exhibited elevated ERS and increased apoptosis. Importantly, treatment with the ERS inhibitor 4‐phenylbutyric acid effectively suppressed apoptosis induced by CTS in chondrocytes. Our findings suggest that ERS contributes to the upregulation of apoptosis‐related factors in chondrocytes within the DDH model, indicating the potential of ERS modulation as a therapeutic approach for DDH‐related cartilage degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a comprehensive first-principles density functional theory (DFT) study of solute segregation at { 10 1 ¯ 1 } and { 10 1 ¯ 2 } twin boundaries (TBs) in Mg. A total of 56 solute elements were investigated. For each solute element, the preferential segregation sites at two TBs were identified and the associated segregation energies were computed. A two-factor model that considers both lattice strain and electronegativity, representing the mechanical and chemical effects respectively, has been proposed to predict the solute segregation energy. The model prediction shows good agreement with the DFT calculation. It was found that the mechanical effect dominates the solute segregation energy. However, depending on the site of segregation, the chemical effect can become sizable to warrant consideration. The degree of solute segregation at TBs at different temperatures was then quantified by calculating the solute concentration at TBs at different temperatures. The effect of solutes in either strengthening or weakening the TB was also evaluated. The results provide a basis for selecting promising solutes in the development of new high-performance Mg alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review examines factors associated with quality of life (QoL) in persons with young‐onset dementia (YOD). Studies investigating and analysing factors related to QoL in persons with YOD were included. Databases searched included PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, EMBASE, and SCOPUS. Due to inconsistent outcome variables across studies, synthesis without meta‐analysis was used for data integration. Methodological quality was assessed, and results were synthesised. Eleven studies were included in this review, identifying different factors influencing QoL in persons with YOD, which could be categorised into six groups. Behavioural and psychiatric factors showed the highest significant findings ratio (SFR), as determined by the ratio of ‘studies finding significance’ to the ‘total number of studies addressing the factor’. Following in terms of SFR were care‐related and physical factors. Demographic and dementia‐characteristic factors had the lowest SFR. Among single factors, depressive symptoms, and neuropsychiatric symptoms, both included in behavioural and psychiatric factors, had the highest SFR. This systematic review highlights the importance of behavioural and psychiatric elements in QoL in persons with young onset and points to depressive symptoms and neuropsychiatric symptoms as potential therapeutic targets. However, as research on QoL in persons with YOD continues to expand, the inclusion of methods such as meta‐analysis may be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focus structures, a complex aspect of information structure in language, have garnered significant attention in psycholinguistics. The question of whether Chinese preschoolers aged 4–6 years possess the ability to process focus structures in oral communication, and how cognitive factors influence this ability, remains a research focal point. To address this, we recruited 100 Chinese preschoolers aged 4–6 years as participants in our study. This study manipulated the positions of focus particles in sentences to investigate the impact of phonological awareness on young children's comprehension of focus structures. Additionally, we examined the mediating roles of cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control. Our findings indicate the following: (1) phonological awareness positively predicted the accuracy of focus structural processing; (2) inhibitory control did not significantly predict the accuracy of focus structural processing; and (3) cognitive flexibility partially mediated the relationship between phonological awareness and focus structural comprehension. These results confirmed the predictive effect of cognitive flexibility on children's comprehension of focus structures. Moreover, they demonstrate that young children's phonological awareness can predict their focus structure comprehension ability through the mediating role of cognitive flexibility. This suggests that children's cognitive flexibility can aid in understanding sentences with focus structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scrophularia have traditionally been used as herbal medicines to treat neuritis, sore throats, and laryngitis. In particular, S. takesimensis, a Korean endemic species with restricted distribution on Ulleung Island, holds significant resource and genetic value. However, its pharmacological properties have not been thoroughly evaluated. Thus, we provide detailed morphological characteristics and genomic information for S. takesimensis in this study. Moreover, its pharmacological activity was evaluated in an ovalbumin-induced asthma rat model, using extracts of S. takesimensis roots (100 or 200 mg/kg). The distinguishing features of S. takesimensis from related species include the presence or absence of stem wings, leaf shape, and habitat. The chloroplast (cp) genome of this species is 152,420 bp long and exhibits a conserved quadripartite structure. A total of 114 genes were identified, which included 80 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The gene order, content, and orientation of the S. takesimensis cp genome was highly conserved and consistent with the general structure observed in S. buergeriana and S. ningpoensis cp genomes. Confirming the anti-inflammatory effects of S. takesimensis extract (STE) using an established mouse model of ovalbumin-induced asthma, we observed reduced asthmatic phenotypes, including inflammatory cell infiltration, mucus production, and suppression of T helper 2 (Th2) cell. Furthermore, STE treatment reduced Th2 cell activation and differentiation. This study underscores the medicinal value of S. takesimensis. The importance of preserving S. takesimensis was revealed and crucial insights were provided for further research on its utilization as a medicinal resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we present a Distributionally Robust Markov Decision Process (DRMDP) approach for addressing the dynamic epidemic control problem. The Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model is widely used to represent the stochastic spread of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. Although the Markov Decision Process (MDP) offers a mathematical framework for identifying optimal actions, such as vaccination and transmission-reducing intervention, to combat disease spread calculated using the SEIR model. However, uncertainties in these scenarios demand a more robust approach that is less reliant on error-prone assumptions. The primary objective of our study is to introduce a new DRMDP framework that allows for an ambiguous distribution of transition dynamics. Specifically, we consider the worst-case distribution of these transition probabilities within a decision-dependent ambiguity set. To overcome the computational complexities associated with policy determination, we propose an efficient Real-Time Dynamic Programming (RTDP) algorithm that is capable of computing optimal policies based on the reformulated DRMDP model in an accurate, timely, and scalable manner. Comparative analysis against the classic MDP model demonstrates that the DRMDP achieves a lower proportion of infections and susceptibilities at a reduced cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many natural faults are believed to consist of velocity weakening (VW) patches surrounded by velocity strengthening (VS) sections. Numerical studies routinely employ this framework to study earthquake sequences including repeating earthquakes. In this laboratory study, we made a VW asperity, of length L, from a bare Poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA frictional interface and coated the surrounding interface with Teflon to make VS fault sections. Behavior of this isolated asperity was studied as a function of L (ranging from 100 to 400 mm) and the critical nucleation length, h∗ ${h}^{\ast }$, which is inversely proportional to the applied normal stress (2–16 MPa). Consistent with recent numerical simulations, we observed aseismic slip for L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$ < 2, periodic slip for 2 < L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$ < 6, and non‐periodic slip for 10 < L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$. Furthermore, we compared the experiments where L was contained by VS material to standard stick‐slip events where L was bounded by free surfaces (i.e., L = the total sample length). The free surface case produced ∼10 times larger slip during stick‐slip events compared to the contained fault ruptures, even with identical L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$. This disparity highlights how standard, complete‐rupture stick‐slip events differ from contained events expected in nature, due to both the free surface conditions and the heterogeneous normal stress along the fault near the free ends, as confirmed by Digital Image Correlation analysis. This study not only introduces the Teflon coating experimental technique for containing laboratory earthquake ruptures, but also highlights the utility of L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$ as a predictive parameter for earthquake behavior. Plain Language Summary: Earthquakes are often modeled as a central fault section that slips seismically surrounded by a region that creeps slowly and generally stops earthquake ruptures. The central fault section weakens with increasing slip velocity, and is thus velocity weakening (VW). Surrounding regions strengthen and are velocity strengthening (VS). In this laboratory study, we used the glassy polymer PMMA for the VW section and coated the PMMA with Teflon to create the VS sections. We changed the size (L) of the VW area and the applied normal stress to the fault, which is proportional to L/h∗ ${h}^{\ast }$, where h∗ ${h}^{\ast }$ is an earthquake nucleation length scale. With either an increase of applied normal stress or an increase in the size of the VW region (larger L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$), the slip behavior changed from stable slip to periodic slow events to faster and more irregular stick‐slip events. Fault ruptures not contained by the VS material, where the VW section extended all the way to the sample ends, made larger slip events that did not radiate seismic waves as efficiently with fault slip as expected for natural earthquakes. This shows that contained events are more similar to natural earthquakes than standard uncontained stick‐slip events. Key Points: We developed a laboratory technique to generate heterogeneous friction properties and contained fault ruptures without using gougeThree different slip modes were found as a function of L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$: (a) aseismic slip, (b) periodic slip, and (c) non‐periodic slipRuptures stopped or slowed by velocity‐strengthening fault sections are closer to natural earthquakes than standard, complete‐rupture events [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In the study, we investigated the effects of an Eriocheir sinensis water extract on a reflux esophagitis-induced rat model. Background: The crab has been used as a traditional medicine and food source in many countries worldwide for a long time, and the crab contains various useful substances such as chitin, protein, calcium carbonate, etc. Materials and Methods: All rats were fasted for 24 h and then orally pretreated with saline, Eriocheir sinensis (100 mg/kg), or ranitidine (40 mg/kg). Reflux esophagitis was induced by pylorus and forestomach ligation. Morphological changes in the mucosal damage in the esophagus were analyzed by the ImageJ program. Also, the expression of the inflammatory proteins and cytokine in the esophagus was measured by western blot assay to demonstrate the protective effects of Eriocheir sinensis in reflux esophagitis model. Histological analysis of esophagus was performed by hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining. Results: In the reflux esophagitis induction group, the esophageal tissue damage caused by the induction of reflux was 60% of the whole. Eriocheir sinensis administration significantly ameliorated esophageal mucosal damage by 40%, also determined by histological evaluation of reflux esophagitis in rats. Eriocheir sinensis was also found to downregulate the expression levels of proteins such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and tight junction protein (claudin-5) compared to the reflux esophagitis induction group. In addition, Eriocheir sinensis markedly attenuated the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and the phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα). Conclusion: These results indicated that Eriocheir sinensis suppressed the development of esophagitis and modulated inflammation by regulating NF-κB activation. Based on these findings, we concluded that Eriocheir sinensis can protect the esophageal mucosa from reflux esophagitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission plays important roles in the activation, proliferation, and migration of T cells. Methods: We investigated the synergistic effect of Drp1-mediated T cell antitumor activities and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade for treating lung cancer through in vitro co-culture experiments and an in vivo nude mouse xenograft model. Results: High expression levels of Drp1 positively regulated T cell activation, enhanced T cell-induced suppression of lung cancer cells, promoted CD8+ T cell infiltration in the tumor and spleen, and significantly enhanced the antitumor immune response of the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab. The mechanism of this synergistic antitumor effect involved the secretion of immune killing-related cytokines and the regulation of the PD-1-ERK/Drp1 pathway in T cells. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that modifying Drp1 expression in T cells could serve as a potential therapeutic target for enhancing the antitumor immune response in future immunotherapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although both preclinical and clinical studies have shown the great application potential of MSCs (mesenchymal stem/stromal cells) in treating many kinds of diseases, therapeutic inconsistency resulting from cell heterogeneity is the major stumbling block to their clinical applications. Cell population diversity and batch variation in the cell expansion medium are two major inducers of MSC heterogeneity. Methods: Cell population diversity was investigated through single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of human MSCs derived from the umbilical cord and expanded with fully chemically defined medium in the current study. Then, the MSC subpopulation with enhanced anti-inflammatory effects was studied in vitro and in vivo. Results: Our data showed that MSCs contain different populations with different functions, including subpopulations with enhanced functions of exosome secretion, extracellular matrix modification and responses to stimuli (regeneration and immune response). Among them, CD317+ MSCs have improved differentiation capabilities and enhanced immune suppression activities. Underlying mechanism studies showed that higher levels of TSG6 confer enhanced anti-inflammatory functions of CD317+ MSCs. Conclusions: Thus, CD317+ MSCs might be a promising candidate for treating immunological disorder-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We sought to determine the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) on exercise-induced hypoalgesia, specifically using low-load (LL) resistance exercise (30% 1RM) protocols that accounted for each individual's local muscular endurance capabilities. Forty-four participants completed four conditions: (1) 70% of maximal BFR repetitions with blood flow restriction (LL+BFR exercise); (2) 70% maximal BFR repetitions without LL+BFR (LL exercise); (3) 70% maximal free flow repetitions (LL+EFFORT exercise); (4) time-matched, non-exercise control (CON). Pressure pain threshold (PPT) was measured before and after exercise. Ischaemic pain threshold and tolerance was assessed only at post. The change in upper body PPT was greater for LL+BFR exercise compared to LL exercise [difference of 0.15 (0.35) kg/cm2], LL+EFFORT exercise [difference of 0.23 (0.45) kg/cm2], and the CON condition. The change in lower body PPT was greater for LL+BFR exercise compared to LL exercise [difference of 0.40 (0.55) kg/cm2], LL+EFFORT exercise [difference of 0.36 (0.62) kg/cm2], and the CON condition. Ischaemic pain thresholds and tolerances did not change. Submaximal exercise with BFR resulted in systemic increases in PPT but had no influence on ischaemic pain sensitivity. This effect is likely unique to BFR as we did not see changes in the effort matched free flow condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant harm globally, prompting us to prioritize prevention measures. Effective hand-washing is one of the most critical and straightforward measures that can help prevent the spread of this virus. Medical staff's hands are considered a major source of hospital infection. Effective hand-washing can prevent up to 30% of diarrhea-related illnesses, which is crucial in preventing nosocomial infections (Tartari et al. in Clin Microbiol Infect 23(9):596–598, 2017). This paper proposes an electronic-based real-time hand-washing identification framework called Alpha Hand Washing (ALPHA HW). The system uses camera-based identification, edge computing, and deep learning to automatically identify correct hand-washing behaviors, thereby facilitating effective hand-washing (Bertasius et al. in: Computer vision and pattern recognition, 2015). We achieved an accuracy of 78.0% mAP and a speed of 52 FPS in detecting scenes using specific monitoring datasets in hospitals by constructing the complex recognition system into a grid computing problem. Leveraging edge computing, our system achieves real-time identification with low memory consumption and high-efficiency computation. Alpha HW presents scientific and financial values in epidemic prevention and control that can facilitate popularization to reduce virus spread (Bewley et al. in 2016 IEEE international conference on image processing, 2016). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study differentiates myocardial infarction (MI) and strangulation death (STR) from the perspective of amino acid metabolism. In this study, MI mice model via subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol and STR mice model by neck strangulation were constructed, and were randomly divided into control (CON), STR, mild MI (MMI), and severe MI (SMI) groups. The metabolomics profiles were obtained by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS)-based untargeted metabolomics. Principal component analysis, partial least squares-discriminant analysis, volcano plots, and heatmap were used for discrepancy metabolomics analysis. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed and the expression of proteins related to metabolomics was detected using immunohistochemical and western blot methods. Differential metabolites and metabolite pathways were screened. In addition, we found the expression of PPM1K was significantly reduced in the MI group, but the expression of p-mTOR and p-S6K1 were significantly increased (all P < 0.05), especially in the SMI group (P < 0.01). The expression of Cyt-C was significantly increased in each group compared with the CON group, especially in the STR group (all P < 0.01), and the expression of AMPKα1 was significantly increased in the STR group (all P < 0.01). Our study for the first time revealed significant differences in amino acid metabolism between STR and MI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study differentiates myocardial infarction (MI) and strangulation death (STR) from the perspective of amino acid metabolism. In this study, MI mice model via subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol and STR mice model by neck strangulation were constructed, and were randomly divided into control (CON), STR, mild MI (MMI), and severe MI (SMI) groups. The metabolomics profiles were obtained by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS)-based untargeted metabolomics. Principal component analysis, partial least squares-discriminant analysis, volcano plots, and heatmap were used for discrepancy metabolomics analysis. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed and the expression of proteins related to metabolomics was detected using immunohistochemical and western blot methods. Differential metabolites and metabolite pathways were screened. In addition, we found the expression of PPM1K was significantly reduced in the MI group, but the expression of p-mTOR and p-S6K1 were significantly increased (all P < 0.05), especially in the SMI group (P < 0.01). The expression of Cyt-C was significantly increased in each group compared with the CON group, especially in the STR group (all P < 0.01), and the expression of AMPKα1 was significantly increased in the STR group (all P < 0.01). Our study for the first time revealed significant differences in amino acid metabolism between STR and MI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing occurrence of detrimental algal blooms resulting from industrial and agricultural activities emphasizes the urgency of implementing efficient removal strategies. In this study, we have successfully synthesized stable and biocompatible carbon dots (R-CDs) capable of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon exposure to natural light irradiation. Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel (PGS) was selected as a representative model for conducting anti-algal experiments. Remarkably, in the presence of R-CDs, the complete eradication of harmful algae within a simulated light exposure period of 27 h was achieved. Furthermore, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) was first employed to study the physiological processes involved in the oxidative stress induced by PGS when subjected to ROS attack. The findings of this study demonstrate the potential of R-CDs as a highly promising anti-algal agent. This elucidation of the mechanism contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the efficacy and effectiveness of such agents in combating algal growth, further inspiring the development of other anti-algal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We apply an equal-velocity quark combination model to study the Λ c + / D 0 ratio in the range p T ≲ 10 GeV/c in pp collisions at s = 13 TeV. We decompose the ratio into four parts which are related to quark numbers, light-flavor quark p T spectrum, charm quark p T spectrum, momentum correlation between light and charm quarks, respectively. Their influence on Λ c + / D 0 ratio is individually studied. The curvature property of light-flavor quark p T spectrum is the main reason of the non-monotonic p T dependence of Λ c + / D 0 ratio exhibited in high multiplicity events. Moreover, the multiplicity dependence of Λ c + / D 0 ratio as the function of p T is mainly because of the multiplicity dependence of light-flavor quark p T spectrum. Using the light-flavor quark p T spectrum obtained from experimental data of light-flavor hadrons and charm quark p T spectrum obtained from FONLL and/or PYTHIA calculations, the p T dependence of experimental data of Λ c + / D 0 ratio in high multiplicity events and that in low multiplicity events in pp collisions at s = 13 TeV are reasonably understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a global concern because they harm aquatic ecosystems and pose a risk to human health. Various physical, chemical, and biological approaches have been explored to control HABs. However, these methods have limitations in terms of cost, environmental impact, and effectiveness, particularly for large water bodies. Recently, the use of nanoparticles has emerged as a promising strategy for controlling HABs. Briefly, nanoparticles can act as anti-algae agents via several mechanisms, including photocatalysis, flocculation, oxidation, adsorption, and nutrient recovery. Compared with traditional methods, nanoparticle-based approaches offer advantages in terms of environmental friendliness, effectiveness, and specificity. However, the challenges and risks associated with nanoparticles, such as their toxicity and ecological impact, must be considered. In this review, we summarize recent research progress concerning the use of nanoparticles to control HABs, compare the advantages and disadvantages of different types of nanoparticles, discuss the factors influencing their effectiveness and environmental impact, and suggest future directions for research and development in this field. Additionally, we explore the causes of algal blooms, their harmful effects, and various treatment methods, including restricting eutrophication, biological control, and disrupting living conditions. The potential of photocatalysis for generating reactive oxygen species and nutrient control methods using nanomaterials are also discussed in detail. Moreover, the application of flocculants/coagulants for algal removal is highlighted, along with the challenges and potential solutions associated with their use. This comprehensive overview aims to contribute to the development of efficient and sustainable strategies for controlling HAB control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop new inorganic multifunctional materials, a series of Yb3+/Er3+ doped precursor glasses (PGs) were fabricated through melt quenching technique, and a novel niobate transparent photoelectric glass ceramic (GC) was gained via controlled crystallization of PG. Compared with PG, the up-conversion (UC) luminescence performance is significantly increased in GC. Utilizing the temperature dependence of the emission intensity of Er3+ ions, the dual-mode optical temperature measurement is realized through fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) methods. The ultimate absolute sensitivity (S a-max) and relative sensitivity (S r-max) based on the thermal/non-thermal coupling energy levels (TCELs/NTCELs) are 0.68 %K−1 and 0.85% K−1, respectively. Moreover, the single-layer capacitor made of GC can release energy density of 0.83 J/cm3 (@600 kV/cm) and power density of 210 MW/cm3. This work indicates that niobate transparent glass ceramics are expected to be applied in the optical thermometry and pulse energy storage field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon-based materials have become one of the most likely materials to replace graphite anodes of Li-ion batteries due to their ultra-high theoretical specific capacity, safe lithium intercalation potential, and abundant reserves. However, the large volume effect of silicon-based materials during cycling has become a serious obstacle to their commercial application. Silicon-metal composite is one of the potential solutions to alleviate the volume effect of silicon-based anode. Traditional electrodes are prepared by slurry coating method, and the electrodes crack and fall off after many cycles, resulting in capacity loss. In this paper, a cold spraying method combined with ball milling was proposed to prepare silicon-copper composite electrodes to improve the bonding between electrode materials and the cycling stability of the electrodes. Composite powders with different component ratios were first prepared. Then, the micromorphology, bond strength, thermal conductivity, and electrochemical performance of the electrodes prepared by the slurry coating method and the cold spray method were analyzed, respectively. The results show that the Cu100-xSix cold sprayed electrodes have higher bond strength and porosity, while the higher porosity of the cold-sprayed electrodes does not promote heat transfer. After the addition of conductive carbon black, the electrodes exhibit better structural stability, cycling performance, capacity retention, and reaction kinetics, with the Cu80Si20 + SP cold prayed electrode exhibiting 600 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles. This work not only successfully prepared a silicon-copper composite anode with excellent performance but also provided a reference for the preparation of other composite electrodes by cold spray combined with ball milling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical CO production from CO2 electrolysis has been considered the most economically viable approach among various candidate products. AuCu bimetallic alloys are currently receiving attention for their potential to tailor catalytic activity. Here, we synthesized a dilute AuCu alloy nanostructure with an AuCu atomic composition ratio of 3% by using a simple electrochemical treatment method on a 200 nm-thick Au thin film. The dilute AuCu alloy catalyst shows an exceptional CO2 reduction activity in terms of selectivity and overpotential for CO production. In addition, the stability property is more significantly enhanced as compared to pure Au nanostructures. In addition, we describe an in situ tailoring method of catalytic activity for Au nanostructures by repeating an electrochemical treatment process that is performed for forming the Au nanostructure. This approach will be a promising and facile strategy not only for reactive Au catalysts but also to increase the stability activity simultaneously by utilizing Cu impurities existing in an aqueous electrolyte for CO2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have conducted this experiment to evaluate a new exogenous protease in finishing pigs' growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gas emission, blood profiles, and meat quality. A total of 200 pigs of 52.15 ± 2.31 kg average body weight (BW) were divided into four dietary treatments named as: CON, basal diet; TRT1, basal diet + 0.05% protease; TRT2, basal diet + 0.1% protease; TRT3, basal diet + 1.5% protease. Each treatment consisted of 10 pens, where five pigs were allotted to each pen according to their body weight and sex. The dietary treatments were allotted to the pens in a randomized block design. During this 10‐week‐long experiment, BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were calculated for Week 0–5, Week 6–10, and the overall period. During Week 6–10, ADG was higher in TRT2 and TRT3 than in the CON and TRT1 groups. At the same time, a linear increase was observed in ADG and G:F of the pigs. In addition, the final BW of pigs' was linearly increased by protease supplementation. On Week 10, there was a linear trend of increase (p = 0.0575) in crude protein digestibility and a trend of linear reduction (p = 0.0651) in NH3 gas emission. In blood profile, cortisol presented a linear decrease in both Week 5 (p = 0.251) and Week 10 (p = 0.0585). In addition, increasing doses of protease showed a trend of linear increase (p = 0.0592) in creatinine, whereas linear reduction was observed in the concentration of epinephrine (p = 0.0636) and norepinephrine (p = 0.0167) during Week 10. In conclusion, protease supplementation helped in improving daily gain in finishing pigs through protein digestibility with associated reduction of ammonia emission and blood stress hormones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the two-dimensional (2D) Roesser model, this paper focuses on the asynchronous controller design for directional 2D Markov jump systems (MJSs). Considering the more practical situation that the modes of the 2D MJSs in the horizontal and vertical directions are independent, and the system modes are asynchronous with that of the controller, the directional 2D MJSs are proposed and the asynchronous controller is designed, respectively. Based on the Lyapunov theory, a sufficient condition for the mean square exponential stability of the controlled directional 2D MJSs is given. Moreover, the partially unknown transition probabilities in systems and controllers are considered. Finally, an example is given to illustrate that the proposed method is effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two‐dimensional metal–organic frameworks (2D MOFs) can be used as the cathodes for high‐performance zinc‐ion battery due to their large one‐dimensional channels. However, the conventionally poor electrical conductivity and low structural stability hinder their advances. Herein, we report an alternately stacked MOF/MX heterostructure, exhibiting the 2D sandwich‐like structure with abundant active sites, improved electrical conductivity and exceptional structural stability. Ex situ characterizations and theoretical calculations reveal a reversible intercalation mechanism of zinc ions and high electrical conductivity in the 2D heterostructure. Electrochemical tests confirm excellent Zn2+ migration kinetics and ideal pseudocapacitive behaviors. As a consequence, Cu‐HHTP/MX shows a superior rate performance (260.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 173.1 mAh g−1 at 4 A g−1) and long‐term cycling stability of 92.5 % capacity retention over 1000 cycles at 4 A g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two‐dimensional metal–organic frameworks (2D MOFs) can be used as the cathodes for high‐performance zinc‐ion battery due to their large one‐dimensional channels. However, the conventionally poor electrical conductivity and low structural stability hinder their advances. Herein, we report an alternately stacked MOF/MX heterostructure, exhibiting the 2D sandwich‐like structure with abundant active sites, improved electrical conductivity and exceptional structural stability. Ex situ characterizations and theoretical calculations reveal a reversible intercalation mechanism of zinc ions and high electrical conductivity in the 2D heterostructure. Electrochemical tests confirm excellent Zn2+ migration kinetics and ideal pseudocapacitive behaviors. As a consequence, Cu‐HHTP/MX shows a superior rate performance (260.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 173.1 mAh g−1 at 4 A g−1) and long‐term cycling stability of 92.5 % capacity retention over 1000 cycles at 4 A g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is caused by pathogens in the oral cavity. It is a chronic infectious disease that causes symptoms including gingival bleeding and tooth loss resulting from the destruction of periodontal tissues coupled with inflammation. Dendropanax morbiferus H.Lév (DM) is a natural product that exhibits various biological activities with few side effects. In this study, the potential of DM leaf hot-water extracts (DMWE) as a treatment for periodontitis was determined and its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated. Compounds in DMWE were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was measured in RAW 264.7 cells. We measured the gingival index and gingival sulcus depth, and micro-CT was performed in vivo using a ligature-induced periodontitis rat model, which is similar to human periodontitis. The DMWE-treated group exhibited a decrease in cytokine concentration and relieved the gingival index and gingival sulcus depth compared with the periodontitis-induced control group. In addition, micro-CT and histological analysis revealed that DMWE exhibited anti-inflammatory effects and improved alveolar bone loss in periodontitis-induced rats. These findings suggest that DMWE has excellent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that protect and prevent periodontal tissue damage and tooth loss caused by the inflammatory response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban agglomerations, such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, are the key regions for energy conservation, carbon emission reduction and low-carbon development in China. However, spatiotemporal patterns of CO2 emissions at fine scale in these major urban agglomerations are not well documented. In this study, a back propagation neural network based on genetic algorithm optimization (GABP) coupled with NPP/VIIRS nighttime light datasets was established to estimate the CO2 emissions of China's three major urban agglomerations at 500 m resolution from 2014 to 2019. The results showed that spatial patterns of CO2 emissions presented three-core distribution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, multiple-core distribution in the Yangtze River Delta, and null-core distribution in the Pearl River Delta. Temporal patterns of CO2 emissions showed upward trends in 28.74–43.99% of the total areas while downward trends were shown in 13.47–15.43% of the total areas in three urban agglomerations. The total amount of CO2 emissions in urban areas was largest among urban circles, followed by first-level urban circles and second-level urban circles. The profiles of CO2 emissions along urbanization gradients featured high peaks and wide ranges in large cities, and low peaks and narrow ranges in small cities. Population density primarily impacted the spatial pattern of CO2 emissions among urban agglomerations, followed by terrain slope. These findings suggested that differences in urban agglomerations should be taken into consideration in formulating emission reduction policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures with non-seismic reinforcement details are vulnerable to earthquakes. This experimental study evaluates the efficiency of three techniques to alleviate the dynamic responses of existing structures: glass fiber-reinforced polyurea (GFRPU) reinforcement, a lever-typed tuned mass damper (LTMD) system, and a hybrid system of GFRPU and LTMD reinforcements. The lateral-resisting capacity and ductility of the GFRPU reinforcement specimen were enhanced by the material characteristics, and the dynamic responses were alleviated. The LTMD control specimen controlled the dynamic responses by the passive control system of the tuned mass damper (TMD), and the control forces to sustain its geometric motion were exerted on the specimen. The hybrid system was designed to control the dynamic responses by the GFRPU reinforcement and the LTMD control system. Four specimens, including an unreinforced specimen, were tested under external excitations, including the El Centro earthquake. The vibrations were more controlled in the order of the GFRPU reinforcement specimen, the LTMD control specimen, and the hybrid control specimen. The hybrid system was evaluated as excellent for seismic reinforcement, such as preventing abrupt failure with the lateral-resisting capacity and ductility of GFRPU and improving the dynamic control capacity by LTMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C80H38Er2F16N8O18, triclinic, P 1 ‾ (no. 2), a = 11.4228(4) Å, b = 12.6712(3) Å, c = 13.2663(4) Å, α = 102.660(2)°, β = 98.047(3)°, γ = 105.509(3)°, V = 1764.54(10) Å3, Z = 1, Rgt(F) = 0.0311, wRref(F2) = 0.0668, T = 293(2) K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intramedullary splint insertion fixation system is the mainstream clinical solution to severe rib fractures. However, the titanium alloy scaffolds have limitations in biocompatibility, flexibility and complexity of surgeries. Here we present a revisable wheel-spun alginate (Alg)/graphene oxide (GO)-based fibrous rod as a potential alternative for a rib internal fixation system. The reversible fusion and fission capability was obtained by optimized Alg/GO blended spinning and GO coating post-treatment. The mechanical performance of the demonstrated rod samples matches the properties of the human rib. A self-designed cubic matrix was used to conduct in situ cell culture. In vitro evaluation not only confirms the cell viability and migration on the fibers' surface, but also investigated the degradation and fission performance of fibrous rods. With a simple, minimally invasive implantation and controlled swelling, Alg/GO fibrous rods are able to tightly fix the rib fracture wound while maintaining sufficient flexibility. [Display omitted] • Fabrication of alginate/graphene oxide (GO)-based fibrous rods by optimized wheel spinning and GO coating treatment. • High strength and modulus mechanical property of dry state alginate/GO composite rods. • Reversible fusion and fission capability of swollen wet state fibrous rods. • Good cell viability and radial oriented migration on the surface of alginate/GO fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent neighborhood studies have focused on longitudinal aspects of neighborhood change and data‐mining methodologies that identify neighborhood trajectory patterns using time‐series multivariate census data. Existing neighborhood trajectory models capture neighborhood change by stacking cross‐sectional neighborhood clustering results across years and analyzing the discrete stepwise switching patterns between the clusters. Taking a different approach, we employ the functional data analysis (FDA) method to analyze longitudinal patterns of neighborhood change from mathematically represented multivariate time‐dependent curves to identify neighborhood trajectory clusters. This FDA‐based neighborhood trajectory model incorporates a multivariate functional principal component analysis and k‐means clustering. We have applied our model to neighborhoods in the Charlotte and Detroit metropolitan areas to identify ongoing racial and socioeconomic segregation patterns and the time dynamics of neighborhood change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is concerned with the hybrid design of transition rates and asynchronous sliding mode control (SMC) law for continuous‐time Markovian jump systems with matched disturbances. First, a sufficient condition is established to ensure the stochastic ultimate boundedness (SUB) of the unforced systems, which are driven only by using the designed stabilizing transition rates. Furthermore, by considering the system modes are unavailable for the controller, a hidden Markov mode detector is introduced to emit the detection modes. Based on the mode detection probabilities, a hybrid design approach is proposed by co‐designing of transition rates and asynchronous SMC law, which ensures the SUB and disturbance attenuation performance of the resulted closed‐loop systems. The obtained sufficient conditions are solved via two iterative optimization algorithms, which combine cone complementarity linearization and genetic algorithm. Finally, a numerical example with three comparison cases is provided to illustrate the proposed results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convenient and rapid detection method for methanol in ethanol remains a major challenge due to their indistinguishable physical properties. Herein, a novel fluorescence probe based on perovskite was successfully designed to overcome this bottleneck. We report a new zero‐dimensional (0D) hybrid perovskite of [MP]2InxSb1−xCl7 ⋅ 6 H2O (MP=2‐methylpiperazine) displaying an unusual green light emission with near‐unity photoluminescence quantum yield. Remarkably, this 0D perovskite exhibits reversible methanol‐response luminescence switching between green and yellow color but fail in any other organic vapors. Even for blended alcohol solutions, the luminescent probe exhibits excellent sensing performance with multiple superiorities of rapid response time (30 s) and ultra‐low detection limit (40 ppm), etc. Therefore, this 0D perovskite can be utilized as a perfect fluorescence probe to detect traces of methanol from ethanol with ultrahigh sensitivity, selectivity and repeatability. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first perovskite as fluorescence probe for methanol with wide potential in environmental monitoring and methanol detection, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convenient and rapid detection method for methanol in ethanol remains a major challenge due to their indistinguishable physical properties. Herein, a novel fluorescence probe based on perovskite was successfully designed to overcome this bottleneck. We report a new zero‐dimensional (0D) hybrid perovskite of [MP]2InxSb1−xCl7 ⋅ 6 H2O (MP=2‐methylpiperazine) displaying an unusual green light emission with near‐unity photoluminescence quantum yield. Remarkably, this 0D perovskite exhibits reversible methanol‐response luminescence switching between green and yellow color but fail in any other organic vapors. Even for blended alcohol solutions, the luminescent probe exhibits excellent sensing performance with multiple superiorities of rapid response time (30 s) and ultra‐low detection limit (40 ppm), etc. Therefore, this 0D perovskite can be utilized as a perfect fluorescence probe to detect traces of methanol from ethanol with ultrahigh sensitivity, selectivity and repeatability. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first perovskite as fluorescence probe for methanol with wide potential in environmental monitoring and methanol detection, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This study was designed to analyse the clinical efficacy of interventional therapy on lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans (LEASO) and prognostic factors. Methods. A total of 122 patients with LEASO diagnosed in our hospital from March 2017 to March 2019 were retrospectively analysed. Among them, 72 patients who received conservative therapy were assigned to a conservative group, and 50 patients who received interventional therapy additionally based on conservative therapy were assigned to an intervention group. The short-term (12 weeks after therapy) and long-term (3 years after therapy) clinical efficacies on the two groups were compared. Death, amputation, and vascular restenosis (vascular stenosis > 50 % in computed tomography reexamination) were defined as unfavourable outcomes, and Cox regression was conducted to analyze the factors influencing the prognosis of patients. The incidence of adverse events in the two groups within 3 years was compared and statistically analyzed. Additionally, the hospital stay, therapy cost, claudication distance, and ankle brachial index were compared between the two groups. Results. After therapy, the conservative group showed a notably lower total effective rate than the intervention group (P < 0.05), but the clinical efficacy after 3 years was similar between the two groups (P > 0.05). Additionally, the conservative group experienced notably longer hospital stay than the intervention group (P < 0.05), and cost less in treatment than the intervention group (P < 0.05). However, the conservative group experienced a notably shorter claudication distance and showed a notably lower ankle brachial index than the intervention group (P < 0.05). The two groups were not significantly different in mortality, amputation rate, and vascular restenosis rate (P > 0.05). Moreover, Cox regression analysis revealed that age and conservative therapy were independent risk factors for the prognosis of patients (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Interventional therapy can substantially improve the short-term efficacy and prognosis of patients with LEASO, but the cost is high, so the therapeutic regimen should be selected according to the patient's economic condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold spray has recently emerged as a promising new technology for various coating, additive manufacturing, and on-site repair needs. One key challenge underlying cold spray is the proper simulation of the deposition process, for which numerous numerical studies have been carried out, but often fail to consider the interfacial adhesion. In this study, a new numerical approach on the base of peridynamics (PD) was developed to incorporate interfacial interactions as a part of the constitutive model to capture deformation, bonding, and rebound of impacting particles in one unified framework. Two models were proposed to characterize the adhesive contacts, i.e., a long-range Lenard-Johns type potential and a force-stretch relation of the interface directly derived from fracture properties of the bulk material. Using copper as the sample material, the deformation behaviors simulated by the PD-based approach were found to compare well with those from benchmark finite element method simulations. It was further demonstrated that this PD-based approach allows flexibility to realize different deposition scenarios, such as particle-substrate bonding and separation, by modulating adhesion energies. The approach provides a new numerical framework for more realistic cold spray impact simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is well established that performing unilateral resistance training can increase muscle strength not only in the trained limb but also in the contralateral untrained limb, which is widely known as the cross-education of strength. However, less attention has been paid to the question of whether performing unilateral resistance training can induce cross-education of muscular endurance, despite its significant role in both athletic performance and activities of daily living.The objectives of this scoping review were to provide an overview of the existing literature on cross-education of muscular endurance, as well as discuss its potential underlying mechanisms and offer considerations for future research.A scoping review was conducted on the effects of unilateral resistance training on changes in muscular endurance in the contralateral untrained limb. This scoping review was conducted in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus.A total of 2000 articles were screened and 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. Among the 21 included studies, eight studies examined the cross-education of endurance via absolute (n = 6) or relative (n = 2) muscular endurance test, while five studies did not clearly indicate whether they examined absolute or relative muscular endurance. The remaining eight studies examined different types of muscular endurance measurements (e.g., time to task failure, total work, and fatigue index).The current body of the literature does not provide sufficient evidence to draw clear conclusions on whether the cross-education of muscular endurance is present. The cross-education of muscular endurance (if it exists) may be potentially driven by neural adaptations (via bilateral access and/or cross-activation models that lead to cross-education of strength) and increased tolerance to exercise-induced discomfort. However, the limited number of available randomized controlled trials and the lack of understanding of underlying mechanisms provide a rationale for future research.Objectives: It is well established that performing unilateral resistance training can increase muscle strength not only in the trained limb but also in the contralateral untrained limb, which is widely known as the cross-education of strength. However, less attention has been paid to the question of whether performing unilateral resistance training can induce cross-education of muscular endurance, despite its significant role in both athletic performance and activities of daily living.The objectives of this scoping review were to provide an overview of the existing literature on cross-education of muscular endurance, as well as discuss its potential underlying mechanisms and offer considerations for future research.A scoping review was conducted on the effects of unilateral resistance training on changes in muscular endurance in the contralateral untrained limb. This scoping review was conducted in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus.A total of 2000 articles were screened and 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. Among the 21 included studies, eight studies examined the cross-education of endurance via absolute (n = 6) or relative (n = 2) muscular endurance test, while five studies did not clearly indicate whether they examined absolute or relative muscular endurance. The remaining eight studies examined different types of muscular endurance measurements (e.g., time to task failure, total work, and fatigue index).The current body of the literature does not provide sufficient evidence to draw clear conclusions on whether the cross-education of muscular endurance is present. The cross-education of muscular endurance (if it exists) may be potentially driven by neural adaptations (via bilateral access and/or cross-activation models that lead to cross-education of strength) and increased tolerance to exercise-induced discomfort. However, the limited number of available randomized controlled trials and the lack of understanding of underlying mechanisms provide a rationale for future research.Methods: It is well established that performing unilateral resistance training can increase muscle strength not only in the trained limb but also in the contralateral untrained limb, which is widely known as the cross-education of strength. However, less attention has been paid to the question of whether performing unilateral resistance training can induce cross-education of muscular endurance, despite its significant role in both athletic performance and activities of daily living.The objectives of this scoping review were to provide an overview of the existing literature on cross-education of muscular endurance, as well as discuss its potential underlying mechanisms and offer considerations for future research.A scoping review was conducted on the effects of unilateral resistance training on changes in muscular endurance in the contralateral untrained limb. This scoping review was conducted in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus.A total of 2000 articles were screened and 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. Among the 21 included studies, eight studies examined the cross-education of endurance via absolute (n = 6) or relative (n = 2) muscular endurance test, while five studies did not clearly indicate whether they examined absolute or relative muscular endurance. The remaining eight studies examined different types of muscular endurance measurements (e.g., time to task failure, total work, and fatigue index).The current body of the literature does not provide sufficient evidence to draw clear conclusions on whether the cross-education of muscular endurance is present. The cross-education of muscular endurance (if it exists) may be potentially driven by neural adaptations (via bilateral access and/or cross-activation models that lead to cross-education of strength) and increased tolerance to exercise-induced discomfort. However, the limited number of available randomized controlled trials and the lack of understanding of underlying mechanisms provide a rationale for future research.Results: It is well established that performing unilateral resistance training can increase muscle strength not only in the trained limb but also in the contralateral untrained limb, which is widely known as the cross-education of strength. However, less attention has been paid to the question of whether performing unilateral resistance training can induce cross-education of muscular endurance, despite its significant role in both athletic performance and activities of daily living.The objectives of this scoping review were to provide an overview of the existing literature on cross-education of muscular endurance, as well as discuss its potential underlying mechanisms and offer considerations for future research.A scoping review was conducted on the effects of unilateral resistance training on changes in muscular endurance in the contralateral untrained limb. This scoping review was conducted in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus.A total of 2000 articles were screened and 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. Among the 21 included studies, eight studies examined the cross-education of endurance via absolute (n = 6) or relative (n = 2) muscular endurance test, while five studies did not clearly indicate whether they examined absolute or relative muscular endurance. The remaining eight studies examined different types of muscular endurance measurements (e.g., time to task failure, total work, and fatigue index).The current body of the literature does not provide sufficient evidence to draw clear conclusions on whether the cross-education of muscular endurance is present. The cross-education of muscular endurance (if it exists) may be potentially driven by neural adaptations (via bilateral access and/or cross-activation models that lead to cross-education of strength) and increased tolerance to exercise-induced discomfort. However, the limited number of available randomized controlled trials and the lack of understanding of underlying mechanisms provide a rationale for future research.Conclusion: It is well established that performing unilateral resistance training can increase muscle strength not only in the trained limb but also in the contralateral untrained limb, which is widely known as the cross-education of strength. However, less attention has been paid to the question of whether performing unilateral resistance training can induce cross-education of muscular endurance, despite its significant role in both athletic performance and activities of daily living.The objectives of this scoping review were to provide an overview of the existing literature on cross-education of muscular endurance, as well as discuss its potential underlying mechanisms and offer considerations for future research.A scoping review was conducted on the effects of unilateral resistance training on changes in muscular endurance in the contralateral untrained limb. This scoping review was conducted in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus.A total of 2000 articles were screened and 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. Among the 21 included studies, eight studies examined the cross-education of endurance via absolute (n = 6) or relative (n = 2) muscular endurance test, while five studies did not clearly indicate whether they examined absolute or relative muscular endurance. The remaining eight studies examined different types of muscular endurance measurements (e.g., time to task failure, total work, and fatigue index).The current body of the literature does not provide sufficient evidence to draw clear conclusions on whether the cross-education of muscular endurance is present. The cross-education of muscular endurance (if it exists) may be potentially driven by neural adaptations (via bilateral access and/or cross-activation models that lead to cross-education of strength) and increased tolerance to exercise-induced discomfort. However, the limited number of available randomized controlled trials and the lack of understanding of underlying mechanisms provide a rationale for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Drp1-overexpressing T cells exhibit a synergistic killing effect together with PARPi and PD-1 inhibitors. • This synergistic mechanism involves Drp1-regulated promotion of effector T cell function, inhibition of negative immunomodulatory cells, and suppression of PARPi-induced upregulation of PD-L1 expression in tumor cells. • Drp1 could serve as a novel target to improve the tumor microenvironment and enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy. This study aimed to investigate the influence of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-regulated T cells on the antitumor effects of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) combined with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors to identify potential targets for enhancing immunotherapy efficacy. We found that T cells with high expression of Drp1 promoted the inhibitory and killing effects of the PARPi and PD-1 inhibitor combination on lung cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. This synergistic mechanism involves Drp1-regulated promotion of activation, migration, and intratumor infiltration of effector T cells; inhibition of negative immunomodulatory cells in the tumor microenvironment; and suppression of PARPi-induced upregulation of PD-L1 expression in tumor cells. These findings suggest that Drp1 could serve as a new target for comprehensively improving the tumor microenvironment, enhancing immunotherapy efficacy, and reversing immunotherapy resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To probe the utility of cluster nursing for the care of acute oncology clients. Methods. One hundred fourteen cases of acute oncology pioneers undergoing therapy in our clinic from April 2019 to February 2021 were randomly assigned into two consecutive arms, conventional care and cluster care, in accordance with the nursing modality. Complications, satisfaction, quality of survival, and negative emotions were compared across the two parties. Results. The comorbidity incidence rate of the subject matter in the research cohort was 7.02%, which was below the comorbidity rate of 17.54% in the reaction cohort (P < 0.05); the percentage of satisfaction in the research cohort was 96.49%, which was higher than the satisfaction rate of 78.95% in the reaction cohort (P < 0.05); aftercare, the quality of survival was significantly higher in both groups, and the SAS and SDS scores were significantly lower, with a more pronounced trend of change in the research cohort than in the reaction cohort (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Bundled care for casualty oncology is of major value, with a marked reduction in the incidence of postoperative complications, high quality of survival, an excellent prognosis and negative mood, high patient morale and satisfaction and compliance with curative treatment, and good support for subsequent care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) is an alternative strategy for mitigating global warming. The CO2 storage capacity is often characterized by the capillary pressure curve, which in turn depends on the pressure and temperature of the injected CO2 and the internal structure of the reservoir rocks. The key structural feature that influences the storage capacity in porous rocks is their inherent anisotropy. An experimental study was performed to investigate the optimal conditions for CO2 injection into an anisotropic sandstone. The capillary pressure curve and the residual CO2 saturation were determined by injecting three CO2 phases into the directionally cored sandstone specimens with different flow rates. The CO2 saturation in sandstone increased with increasing flow rate, resulting in asymptotic values. The storage capacity of CO2 was the highest in the order of liquid CO2 (LCO2), supercritical CO2 (scCO2), and gaseous CO2 (gCO2). It was also the highest when the direction of CO2 injection was normal in relation to the embedded sandstone layers. The in situ cored sandstone from the Janggi Basin in Korea was further tested to examine the effect of its pore size on the capillary pressure of CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starches from normal maize (NM), normal potato (NP), waxy maize (WM), and waxy potato (WP) were cross-linked with seven different concentrations (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10%) of sodium trimetaphosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate. The use of low-amylose WM and WP as well as A-crystalline maize and B-crystalline potato starches can determine the influence of the amylose content and crystallinity pattern on the cross-linking of starches. The results showed that the viscosity of the cross-linked starch (CLs) first increased and then deceased, and finally no viscosity was detected; WM showed no viscosity at 5% and NP at 1%. In addition, the viscosity of NM first increased and then became undetectable at 0.5%. Strikingly, the WP developed viscosity even at a 10% reagent level (RL), and it developed the highest viscosity of all samples at 1%. The starch-iodine method was a facile and high-performance method for the characterization of the cross-linking degree (CL%), having been applied to normal starches, because the increase in the CL% resulted in a decrease of iodine-complexed amylose and blue intensity. In this study, the starch-iodine method was extended to waxy starches, which stained brown with iodine, and the brown intensity decreased with the increase of the CL%. Moreover, the CL% and RL showed a linear-log relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The serious pollution of PM2.5 caused by rapid urbanization in recent years has become an urgent problem to be solved in China. Annual and daily satellite-derived PM2.5 datasets from 2001 to 2020 were used to analyze the temporal and spatial patterns of PM2.5 in China. The regional and population exposure risks of the nation and of urban agglomerations were evaluated by exceedance frequency and population weight. The results indicated that the PM2.5 concentrations of urban agglomerations decreased sharply from 2014 to 2020. The region with PM2.5 concentrations less than 35 μg·m−3 accounted for 80.27% in China, and the average PM2.5 concentrations in 8 urban agglomerations were less than 35 μg·m−3 in 2020. The spatial distribution pattern of PM2.5 concentrations in China revealed higher concentrations to the east of the Hu Line and lower concentrations to the west. The annual regional exposure risk (RER) in China was at a high level, with a national average of 0.75, while the average of 14 urban agglomerations was as high as 0.86. Among the 14 urban agglomerations, the average annual RER was the highest in the Shandong Peninsula (0.99) and lowest in the Northern Tianshan Mountains (0.76). The RER in China has obvious seasonality; the most serious was in winter, and the least serious was in summer. The population exposure risk (PER) east of the Hu Line was significantly higher than that west of the Hu Line. The average PER was the highest in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (4.09) and lowest in the Northern Tianshan Mountains (0.71). The analysis of air pollution patterns and exposure risks in China and urban agglomerations in this study could provide scientific guidance for cities seeking to alleviate air pollution and prevent residents' exposure risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an excellent host material, rare earth-doped glasses have gotten extensive attention. Herein, a novel Eu3+-doped P2O5-Gd2O3-Ga2O3-NaF-ZnO glasses with excellent optical properties have been prepared. The structure and spectroscopic features of title glasses showed that the densities of glasses increased monotonically with an increase in Eu2O3 contents, and these glasses were made up of metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, and orthophosphate units. From the resultant spectra, five emission peaks were clearly found in the emission spectra of Eu3+-doped glasses excited at 392 nm light, and the intensity of the emission spectra exhibited a trend of growing initially and then declining. The glass doped with 2 mol.% Eu2O3 had the highest emission intensity, the luminescence intensity at 150 °C remained at 80.57% of the initial intensity at 27 °C, and the CIE and lifetime were (0.6480, 0.3412) and 2.16 ms, respectively. The excellent optical properties suggest that this phosphate glass has potential application in display devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data of food quality tracing information have a few features, such as wide coverage range, many circulation links, complex data sources, low authenticity, and difficult information sharing. The continuous development of big data technology provides infinite possibilities for the construction of food quality source tracing systems. Currently, there are many studies on the application of food quality source tracing systems; however, most of them are in the field of food quality databases, and few have concerned about its application in the field of big data. Therefore, to fill in this research gap, this paper aimed to study a dynamic source tracing method for food supply chain quality and safety based on big data. At first, this paper summarized the variables of food supply chain quality and safety, constructed a Petri net model and a Bayesian network model for food quality prediction and source tracing, and realized the prediction of food quality features. Then, this paper applied two data analysis and processing methods—the density-based clustering algorithm and the cosine similarity algorithm—to preliminarily process the collected quality tracing information of each link in the food supply chain and analyzed the influencing factors of food quality. Finally, experimental results proved the effectiveness of the constructed model. Relying on the real-timeliness and authenticity of big data, this paper guarantees the credibility of the traceable information in the tracking process and improves the accuracy through real-time stream processing of the updated data, providing unlimited possibilities for the comprehensive tracking of food sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NCM‐based lithium layered oxides (LiNi1–x–yCoxMnyO2) have become prevalent cathode materials in state‐of‐the‐art lithium‐ion batteries. Higher energy densities can be achieved in these materials by systematically increasing the nickel content; however, this approach commonly results in inferior cycle stability. The poor cycle retention of high‐nickel NCM cathodes is generally attributed to chemo‐mechanical degradation (e.g., intergranular microcracks), vulnerability to oxygen‐gas evolution, and the accompanying rocksalt phase formation via cation mixing. Herein, the feasibility of doping strategies is examined to mitigate these issues and effective dopants for high‐nickel NCM cathodes are theoretically identified through a stepwise pruning process based on density functional theory calculations. Specifically, a sequential three‐step screening process is conducted for 38 potential dopants to scrutinize their effectiveness in mitigating chemo‐mechanical lattice stress, oxygen evolution, and cation mixing at charged states. Using this process, promising dopant species are selected rationally and a silicon‐doped LiNi0.92Co0.04Mn0.04O2 cathode is synthesized, which exhibits suppressed lattice expansion/contraction, fewer intergranular microcracks, and reduced rocksalt formation on the surface compared with its undoped counterpart, leading to superior electrochemical performance. Moreover, a comprehensive map of dopants regarding their potential applicability is presented, providing rational guidance for an effective doping strategy for high‐nickel NCM cathodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]