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BackgroundThe obsessive-compulsive disorder （OCD） features complexity in etiological factors and high heterogeneity in clinical manifestations. OCD patients with different ages of onset vary in clinical symptoms and etiology. However， current studies on inpatients with early- and late-onset OCD are limited.ObjectiveTo explore the differences in clinical characteristics between early- and late-onset OCD inpatients as well as the factors affecting the onset age of OCD， so as to provide references for early screening and treatment of OCD patients.MethodsThis study was based on collected medical records of 540 patients with OCD who received inpatient treatments at the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between March 2012 and March 2023. Patients with onset age above 18 were placed into early-onset group （n=310） and the others into late-onset group （n=230）. Then differences in demographic data and clinical symptoms between two groups of patients were compared. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the factors that affect the onset age of OCD.ResultsObserving the demographic data， there were significant differences between the two groups in the results in gender， marital status， family history of mental illness， ratio of comorbidities with other mental illnesses， occupational composition， education level and types of obsessive-compulsive symptoms （χ2=22.302、170.556， 9.224， 13.624， 242.277， 59.791， 7.231， P

Maillard reaction intermediate (MRI) was prepared by the enzymatic hydrolysate (EH) of Oudemansiella raphanipes and fructose. The optimal preparation condition of MRIs was obtained when the Maillard reaction parameters were as follows: fructose addition of 5%, reaction time of 60 min, and temperature of 60 °C. E-Tongue results indicated that the umami and saltiness of MRIs were greater than those of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) and EH, and the taste-enhancing ability of MRIs was even more prominent than that of MRPs. E-Nose could obviously distinguish EH, MRIs, and MRPs, and there was an obvious difference between MRPs and MRIs regarding volatile aroma compounds. A total of 35 volatile flavor substances were identified among the three samples, including 6 alcohols, 13 aldehydes, 9 ketones, 2 esters, and 5 other compounds. Overall, MRIs could avoid the production of complete reaction products with an inferior flavor, and further enhance the umami taste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a significant source of nutrients and other components into the coastal ocean, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a combination of multiple spatial‐temporal scale processes, including fresh terrestrial groundwater (FSGD), recirculating seawater (RSGD), and porewater exchange (PEX). Quantifying the different types of SGD is extremely important for understanding the coastal biogeochemical cycles of various materials. The green tide bloom in the southern Yellow Sea (China) has attracted increasing attention during the past decade. Haizhou Bay is thought to be an important green tide proliferating area, but the source of an apparent high supply of nutrients has not been identified yet. We report here on our investigations of the distribution patterns of Ra and Rn isotopes in groundwater and seawater in Haizhou Bay. By solving a combined mass balance for 224Ra, 223Ra, 226Ra, and 222Rn, we estimated that the bay's water residence time is 28.8 days, FSGD is highest at 3.6 cm d−1, RSGD is 2.7 cm d−1, and PEX is lowest at 0.6 cm d−1. The total SGD into Haizhou Bay is estimated at 9.40 × 107 m3 d−1 (6.9 cm d−1), about 12 times that of the local river discharge into the bay. SGD‐derived nutrients are shown to play an important role when considered among all known nutrient sources. Our results suggest that dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and silicate (DSi) are transported by SGD mainly via FSGD. We also note that the phosphorus (DIP) budget is heavily influenced by RSGD. Plain Language Summary: Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has been drawing attention as an important benthic boundary exchange pathway in the global marginal seas. As any water flow entering the sea, SGD may happen on small scales (centimeters, minutes to hours) as porewater exchange (PEX), and/or large scales (>meters, days to seasons) as fresh groundwater discharge (FSGD) and seawater recirculation (RSGD) in the subterranean estuary. To better understand its significance, it is necessary to interpret multi‐scale SGD processes and quantify associated nutrients fluxes accordingly. In this study, different types of SGD and associated nutrient fluxes were quantified based on multiple radium and radon isotopes in Haizhou Bay, China, which is one of the world's largest green tide proliferating areas. The FSGD and RSGD were found to be the main processes, accounting for more than 90% of the total SGD fluxes. SGD was recognized as a key nutrient source in Haizhou Bay, which is more than one order of magnitude higher than that of the local river discharge. This study highlights the crucial role of benthic boundary exchange for the health of marine ecosystem and sustainability of the future ocean. Key Points: Multi‐scale submarine groundwater discharge processes were differentiated and quantified via a multi‐isotope mass balance approachThe flux of fresh groundwater was about 30% higher than recirculated saline groundwater, and about 6 times higher than porewater exchangeFresh groundwater is a main nutrient source to Haizhou Bay, but recirculated saline groundwater makes a larger contribution to DIP inputs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFPs) were extracted by ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAE) at different extraction parameters in order to explore the potential of ultrasound in intensifying the extraction yield. The effects of experimental conditions on the extraction yields were optimized using response surface methodology, with the optimal ultrasonic power of 700 W, temperature of 45 °C and time of 50 min. The kinetic analysis revealed that UAE significantly promoted the dissolution, diffusion and migration with the maximum yield of 26.39%, which was enhanced by 40.45% and 156.96% compared with individual ultrasonic extraction (UE) and enzymatic extraction (EE). According to the modified Fick's second law of diffusion, the extraction process of TFPs illustrated a good linear correlation (R2 ≥ 0.9), and the rate constant gradually elevated as the temperature increased from 25 to 45 °C, while the presence of ultrasound exerted a vital role in extracting TFPs. Regarding to the thermodynamic results, the positive values of ΔH and ΔG demonstrated that UAE, UE and EE were endothermic and unspontaneous processes. This study provides a theoretical basis for polysaccharide extraction processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]