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Guidelines recommend percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for larger renal stones, but advances in flexible ureteroscopy (f-URS) with a tip-bendable suction ureteral access sheath (S-UAS) have prompted further investigation. Our multicenter, international, randomized controlled trial is investigating whether f-URS with S-UAS is noninferior to mini-PCNL (mPCNL) for renal stones of 2–3 cm. The primary objective is the immediate stone-free rate (SFR). Secondary outcomes include the 3-mo SFR, complication rates, surgical time, hospital stay, auxiliary procedures, and improvements in quality of life. A total of 720 patients from 12 urological centers will be randomized to either f-URS with S-UAS or PCNL. Statistical analyses will include intention-to-treat and per-protocol approaches, with specific methods for normally and non-normally distributed data. Subgroup analyses will focus on stone location and lithotripter types. The significance threshold will be set at p

Abstract Background Bioterrorism is an important topic in the field of biosecurity. Nurses, the largest group of healthcare workers, play a critical role in addressing the threat of bioterrorism. This study aimed to examine the present level of bioterrorism knowledge, attitudes, and practices among nurses. It also explored the relationships among bioterrorism knowledge, attitudes, and practices, as well as demographic variables that influence the scores of each dimension. Methods A descriptive correlational research design was conducted using a convenience sample of 429 nurses in five tertiary general hospitals in Tianjin. Registered nurses with six months or more of work experience, currently still working in hospitals, and volunteering to participate in the study are included; otherwise, they are excluded. A structured questionnaire with four components was used: sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of bioterrorism, attitudes toward bioterrorism, and practices related to bioterrorism. The acquired data were analyzed using the Mann‒Whitney test, Kruskal‒Wallis test, Spearman correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression. This study followed the STROBE guidelines. Results The study ultimately included 429 valid surveys. The mean score for bioterrorism knowledge was satisfactory (33.06 ± 4.87), the mean score for bioterrorism attitudes was good (23.83 ± 5.23), and the mean score for bioterrorism practices was poor (10.94 ± 6.51). There was a significant negative correlation between bioterrorism knowledge and attitudes (r=-0.38, p

Abstract Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most common tumors that afflicts the urinary system, accounting for 90–95% of kidney cancer cases. Although its incidence has increased over the past decades, its pathogenesis is still unclear. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most prominent immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), comprising more than 50% of the tumor volume. By interacting with cancer cells, TAMs can be polarized into two distinct phenotypes, M1-type and M2-type TAMs. In the TME, M2-type TAMs, which are known to promote tumorigenesis, are more abundant than M1-type TAMs, which are known to suppress tumor growth. This ratio of M1 to M2 TAMs can create an immunosuppressive environment that contributes to tumor cell progression and survival. This review focused on the role of TAMs in RCC, including their polarization, impacts on tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, migration, drug resistance, and immunosuppression. In addition, we discussed the potential of targeting TAMs for clinical therapy in RCC. A deeper understanding of the molecular biology of TAMs is essential for exploring innovative therapeutic strategies for the treatment of RCC.

The influence of ultrasonic treatment (UT) on the microstructure morphology and hardness of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloy is systematically investigated by a combination of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. Our results show that the hardness of as-cast and T6-tempered alloys becomes higher by UT. TEM analysis indicates that UT greatly accelerates the precipitation of θ precipitates and prohibits its rapid coarsening during exposing at 225 °C. This positive effect is ascribed to the combined results of the increasing Cu content in matrix, reduced dendritic segregation and more uniform distribution of Cu solutes by UT. Besides, UT is found to affect the precipitation kinetics of Ω phase because the higher number density of Ω plates is detected in UT alloys. This feature ensures a greater precipitation strengthening contribution to hardening in T6-termperd alloy with UT. Although the grain sizes of as-cast and T6-tempered alloys are reduced by UT, the grain boundary strengthening effect is very limited in UT alloys. This work also reveals that the solute content within the matrix increases by UT and therefore favors a stronger solid solution strengthening effect, leading to the higher hardness of as-cast UT alloys. After exposing at 225 °C for 100 h, all the T6-tempered alloys with and without UT exhibit a similar hardness despite the exposed microstructures exhibit clear differences. The absence of the enhanced hardening by UT in exposed alloys is arising from the fact that Ω and θ precipitates significantly coarsen during exposing.

Abstract Purpose Breast density has consistently been shown to be an independent risk factor for breast cancer in Western populations; however, few studies have evaluated this topic in Chinese women and there is not yet a unified view. This study investigated the association between mammographic density (MD) and breast cancer risk in Chinese women. Methods The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Wanfang databases were systematically searched in June 2023 to include all studies on the association between MD and breast cancer risk in Chinese women. A total of 13,977 breast cancer cases from 14 studies were chosen, including 10 case-control/cross-sectional studies, and 4 case-only studies. For case-control/cross-sectional studies, the odds ratios (ORs) of MD were combined using random effects models, and for case-only studies, relative odds ratios (RORs) were combinations of premenopausal versus postmenopausal breast cancer cases. Results Women with BI-RADS density category II-IV in case-control/cross-sectional studies had a 0.93-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55, 1.57), 1.08-fold (95% CI 0.40, 2.94), and 1.24-fold (95% CI 0.42, 3.69) higher risk compared to women with the lowest density category. Combined RORs for premenopausal versus postmenopausal women in case-only studies were 3.84 (95% CI 2.92, 5.05), 22.65 (95% CI 7.21, 71.13), and 42.06 (95% CI 4.22, 419.52), respectively, for BI-RADS density category II-IV versus I. Conclusions For Chinese women, breast cancer risk is weakly associated with MD; however, breast cancer risk is more strongly correlated with mammographic density in premenopausal women than postmenopausal women. Further research on the factors influencing MD in premenopausal women may provide meaningful insights into breast cancer prevention in China.

To improve the accuracy and efficiency of the aging life prediction and assessment of transformer oil-paper insulation, and to make up for the deficiencies of traditional characterizers, such as 2-furfural, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, a method for the simultaneous determination of methanol, ethanol, $n-\mathbf{propanol}$, and $n$-butanol in oil with a single injection is established by headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The measured results show that the determination limits of the four alcohol characterizers can be controlled to $\mathbf{10}\ \mu \mathbf{g}/\mathbf{kg}$ level. Based on this method, the change patterns of the above four alcohols with thermal aging time and degree of polymerization are obtained through thermal aging experimental research. Ethanol, $n$-propanol, and $n$-butanol in oil indicate nearly linear correlations with thermal aging time and degree of polymerization, similar to that of methanol. By analyzing 52 sets of measured data of 500 kV EHV transformers in operation, $n$-butanol is found to have excellent performance, and a new method to evaluate the aging state of oil-paper insulation employing $n$-butanol and methanol is proposed along with the aging attention value model. The measured data of 500 kV EHV transformers in operation indicate that the combination of $n$-butanol and methanol as the preferred characterizers can effectively compensate for the shortcoming of traditional characterizers in the early stages of aging, and the feasibility of the method is verified. Two possible pathways for the generation of $n$-butanol by cellulose cleavage during the aging of oil-paper are proposed from the chemical structure of cellulose.

A series of β-carboline derivatives containing nitrogen heterocycles were designed and synthesized. All compounds were screened for their antitumor activity against four human tumor cell lines (A549, K562, PC-3, T47D). Notably, compound N-(4-(morpholinomethyl)phenyl)-2-((5-(1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio)acetamide (8q) exhibited significant inhibitory activity against PC-3 cells with an IC50 value of 9.86 µM. Importantly, compound 8q effectively suppressed both the proliferation and migration of PC-3 cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that compound 8q induced cell apoptosis and caused the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase in PC-3 cells.

Background: The thyroid gland exhibits a subtle interconnection with the lungs. We further investigated the correlation between thyroid hormone sensitivity and lung function in euthyroid individuals. Methods: Data on spirometry and mortality for participants aged 19–79 years were extracted from the NHANES database. Obstructive lung function was defined as a forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC)

Abstract Homeobox A5 (HOXA5), a homeodomain transcription factor, is considered a tumor suppressor in cancer progression; however, its function in prostate cancer (PCa) remains unclear. This study focused on the relevance of HOXA5 in PCa progression. We identified the downregulation of HOXA5 in PCa tissues based on the TCGA database and further verified in 30-paired PCa and adjacent normal tissues. Functional studies revealed that HOXA5 upregulation impaired the stem-like characteristics and malignant behaviors of PCa cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, HOXA5 was found to be regulated by tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 7 (TRAF7), a putative E3-ubiquitin ligase. We observed that TRAF7 was overexpressed in PCa and subsequently enhanced the degradation of HOXA5 protein via its ubiquitin ligase activity, contributing to the acquisition of an aggressive PCa phenotype. For its downstream mechanism, we demonstrated that sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 2 (SPRY2) served as a downstream target of HOXA5. HOXA5 could directly bind to the SPRY2 promoter, thereby regulating the SPRY2-mediated MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Silencing SPRY2 largely compromised the tumor-suppressive effect of HOXA5 in PCa progression and cancer stemness. Our findings highlight the previously-underappreciated signaling axis of TRAF7–HOXA5–SPRY2, which provides a novel prognostic and therapeutic target for PCa treatment.

Pre-stretching prior to aging is known to degrade the performance of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloys at elevated temperatures. In this work, small pre-stretching by 0.5% and 1.8% is selected to explore its potential influences on the microstructure and strengthening capacity of an Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloy. The strength and microstructure of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloy are found to be sensitive to the pre-stretching. Even 0.5% pre-stretching can reduce the alloy strength by more than 10 MPa. Quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT) analysis indicate that this detrimental effect of pre-stretching on strength is directly associated with the suppressed Mg–Ag co-clustering, which greatly delays the Ω precipitation and induces a weaker strengthening effect. Quantitative calculation reveals that Mg–Ag co-clusters exhibit the greatest strengthening contribution to the yield strength of the underaged material because of its strongest cluster hardening, which is mainly originated from its order hardening capacity. As the pre-stretching increases from 0.5% to 1.8%, the θ coarsening is progressively intensified during exposing at 200 °C, accompanied by a gradual drop in the number density of Ω phase. Besides, the formation of a cubic σ phase is found to be considerably enhanced after exposing at 200 °C for 500h as the pre-stretching increases.

Ductility deterioration induced by L21-Ni2AlTi precipitates in the aged ferritic alloys was examined systematically by using a combination of scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), mechanical tests and first-principles thermodynamic calculations. The experimental studies revealed that the strength and hardness of the aged Fe–10Cr–5Ni–1Al–1Ti ferritic alloy containing B2–NiAl and L21-Ni2AlTi precipitates were higher than that of the aged Fe–10Cr–5Ni–1Al ferritic alloy containing NiAl precipitates, whereas the elongation-to-failure decreased dramatically from 9.3% to 0.3% indicating an obvious ductility deterioration due to the formation of L21-Ni2AlTi precipitates. This was also confirmed by the observation of fracture transition mode from dimpled failure to cleavage failure. The first-principles calculations, concerning the precipitate/matrix interface, were carried out to provide a theoretical analysis for the ductile–brittle transition by means of empirical ductility criteria ratios G/B and (C12–C44)/B as well as cleavage energy. The cleavage energy results indicated an intrinsic brittleness of the L21-Ni2AlTi phase and the L21-Ni2AlTi/BCC-Fe interface. Our analysis revealed that the intrinsic brittleness of L21-Ni2AlTi phase and L21-Ni2AlTi/BCC-Fe interface plays a vital role in determining the deformation behavior of the aged Fe–10Cr–5Ni–1Al–1Ti alloy.

Background. Cellular senescence is thought to play a significant role in the onset and development of diabetic nephropathy. The goal of this study was to explore potential biomarkers associated with diabetic glomerulopathy from the perspective of senescence. Methods. Datasets about human glomerular biopsy samples related to diabetic nephropathy were systematically obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Hub senescence-associated genes were investigated by differential gene analysis and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator analysis. Cluster analysis was employed to identify senescence molecular subtypes. A single-cell dataset was used to validate the above findings and further evaluate the senescence environment. The relationship between these genes and the glomerular filtration rate was explored based on the Nephroseq database. These gene expressions have also been explored in various kidney diseases. Results. Twelve representative senescence-associated genes (VEGFA, IQGAP2, JUN, PLAT, ETS2, ANG, MMP14, VEGFC, SERPINE2, CXCR2, PTGES, and EGF) were finally identified. Biological changes in immune inflammatory response, cell cycle regulation, metabolic regulation, and immune microenvironment have been observed across different molecular subtypes. The above results were also validated based on single-cell analysis. Additionally, we also identified several significantly altered cell communication pathways, including COLLAGEN, PTN, LAMININ, SPP1, and VEGF. Finally, almost all these genes could well predict the occurrence of diabetic glomerulopathy based on receiver operating characteristic analysis and are associated with the glomerular filtration rate. These genes are differently expressed in various kidney diseases. Conclusion. The present study identified potential senescence-associated biomarkers and further explored the heterogeneity of diabetic glomerulopathy that might provide new insights into the diagnosis, assessment, management, and personalized treatment of DN.

Abstract Background The auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a vital phytohormone that influences plant growth and development. Our previous work showed that IAA content decreased during flower development in the medicinally important orchid Dendrobium officinale, while Aux/IAA genes were downregulated. However, little information about auxin-responsive genes and their roles in D. officinale flower development exists. Results This study validated 14 DoIAA and 26 DoARF early auxin-responsive genes in the D. officinale genome. A phylogenetic analysis classified the DoIAA genes into two subgroups. An analysis of cis-regulatory elements indicated that they were related by phytohormones and abiotic stresses. Gene expression profiles were tissue-specific. Most DoIAA genes (except for DoIAA7) were sensitive to IAA (10 μmol/L) and were downregulated during flower development. Four DoIAA proteins (DoIAA1, DoIAA6, DoIAA10 and DoIAA13) were mainly localized in the nucleus. A yeast two-hybrid assay showed that these four DoIAA proteins interacted with three DoARF proteins (DoARF2, DoARF17, DoARF23). Conclusions The structure and molecular functions of early auxin-responsive genes in D. officinale were investigated. The DoIAA-DoARF interaction may play an important role in flower development via the auxin signaling pathway.

Based on the complex aging background, more and more older people have to live in an institution in later life in China. The prevalence of cognitive frailty (CF) is more higher in institutions than in communities. Rarely studies were conducted on the relationship between institutional residence and CF. Hence, this study were performed to determine the relationship between institutional residence (living in a nursing home) and CF in older adults. A total of 1004 older community residents and 111 older nursing home residents over 50 years of age from Hefei, Anhui Province, China were recruited. CF included physical frailty (PF) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). PF was assessed using the Chinese version of the Fried frailty scale, MCI was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the common associated factors including sedentary behavior, exercise, intellectual activity, comorbidity, medication, chronic pain, sleep disorders, nutritional status and loneliness were analyzed using regression logistic models. Multivariate regression logistic analysis showed that exercise ( P = .019, odds ratio [OR] = 0.494, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.274-0.891), intellectual activity ( P = .019, OR = 0.595, 95% CI: 0.380-0.932), medication use ( P = .003, OR = 2.388, 95% CI: 1.339-4.258), chronic pain ( P = .003, OR = 1.580, 95% CI: 1.013-2.465) and loneliness ( P = .000, OR = 2.991, 95% CI: 1.728-5.175) were significantly associated with CF in community residents; however, only sedentary behavior ( P = .013, OR = 3.851, 95% CI: 1.328-11.170) was significantly associated with CF in nursing home residents. Our findings suggest that nursing homes can effectively address many common risk factors for CF, including lack of exercise and intellectual activity, medication use, chronic pain, and loneliness, better than the community setting. Thus, residing in a nursing home is conducive to the intervention of CF.

IntroductionBioterrorism is an important issue in the field of biosecurity, and effectively dealing with bioterrorism has become an urgent task worldwide. Healthcare workers are considered bioterrorism first responders, who shoulder essential responsibilities and must be equipped to deal with bioterrorism. This study aims to extract and summarize the main research components of the bioterrorism knowledge, attitude, and practice dimensions among healthcare workers.MethodThis study utilized a systematic review research design based on the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for peer-reviewed literature, and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 was used to assess the quality of the literature.ResultA total of 16 studies were included in the final selection. Through the analysis and summary of the included studies, three main aspects and 14 subaspects of the knowledge dimension, three main aspects and 10 subaspects of the attitude dimension, and two main aspects and six subaspects of the practice dimension were extracted.ConclusionThis study conducted a literature review on bioterrorism knowledge, attitudes, and practices for healthcare workers based on the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The findings can guide improvements in health literacy and provide beneficial information to professional organizations that need to respond effectively to bioterrorism.

Abstract The indica rice variety XYXZ carries elite traits including appearance and eating quality. Here, we report the de novo assembly of XYXZ using Illumine paired-end whole-genome shotgun sequencing and Nanopore sequencing. We annotated 39,722 protein-coding genes in the 395.04 Mb assembly. In comparison to other cultivars, XYXZ showed a larger gene size including the transcripts and introns, and more exons per gene. And hundreds of ultra-long genes were also detected. A total of 4362 complete LTRs were annotated, and among them, many were located next to or in protein-coding genes including several genes related to rice quality. We observed the different distributions of LTRs in these genes among XYXZ, Nipponbare, and R498, implying these LTRs might potentially affect expressions of the proximal genes and rice quality. Overall, This chromosome-length genome assembly of XYXZ provides a valuable resource for gene discovery, genetic variation and evolution, and the breeding of high-quality rice.

Salt cavern gas storage has become the key project of current and future underground gas storage (UGS) facilities construction due to their efficient peak-shaving and supply assurance capacities. The Sanshui Basin in Guangdong Province, China, is rich in salt resources and has high-purity salt rock, which is a potential area for the construction of salt cavern underground gas storage. To speed up the large-scale construction of underground gas storage in China and promote the sustainable development of the natural gas market, it is very necessary to analyze the geomechanics of the target salt layer and study the feasibility of gas storage construction. Based on comprehensive experiments of rock mechanics and thermodynamics, the strength, creep and temperature-sensitive mechanical properties of the target rock in Sanshui Basin were studied. Then, according to the geological conditions of Sanshui salt formation, a three-dimensional geological model was established to analyze the stability of salt cavern gas storage under the injection-production operation. The results show that the average tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength of salt rock are 1.51 MPa and 26.04 MPa, respectively, showing lower strength. However, under triaxial compression, the compressive strength of salt rock increases significantly, and there is no obvious shear failure phenomenon observed. Moreover, after the peak strength, the salt rock still has a large bearing capacity. In addition, under the confining pressure of 30 MPa, the strength of salt rock decreases by 8.3% at a temperature of 60 °C compared with that at room temperature, indicating that the temperature has a low, modest effect on the mechanical properties of salt rock. The stability analysis shows that, under an injection-production operating pressure of 10–23 MPa, the displacement, plastic zone range and volume convergence rate of single cavity and cavity group are small, and the cavity shows good stability. Overall, the target salt formation in Sanshui Basin, Guangdong Province, presents a good geomechanical condition suitable for the construction of underground salt cavern gas storage. This study can provide a reference for the development and design of salt cavern UGS.

Abstract Introduction The current challenge for the treatment of varicocele is identifying patients who could benefit the most from surgery. We aimed to develop and validate a nomogram for predicting spontaneous pregnancy following microscopic varicocelectomy in infertile men, based on a large cohort. Methods Two hundred eighty-two consecutive patients who underwent microscopic varicocelectomy from January 2018 to December 2020 were enrolled as participants in the study. Xiang Hua center (206 patients) as a development cohort. Hu Nan center (76 patients) as a validation cohort. Patient clinicopathologic data were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression was used to build a predictive model with regression coefficients. Then, backward stepwise selection was applied, and the likelihood ratio test with Akaike’s information criterion was used as the stopping rule. The performance of this predictive model was assessed for discrimination, calibration, and clinical usefulness. Results Predictors of this model included the age of female partners, diameter of veins, initial and increased total progressively motile sperm count. The model demonstrated good discrimination with an AUROC of 0.925 (p

Benzimidazole fungicides are a class of highly effective, low-toxicity, systemic broad-spectrum fungicides developed in the 1960s and 1970s, based on the fungicidal activity of the benzimidazole ring structure. They exhibit biological activities including anticancer, antibacterial, and antiparasitic effects. Due to their particularly outstanding antibacterial properties, they are widely used in agriculture to prevent and control various plant diseases caused by fungi. The main products of benzimidazole fungicides include benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, albendazole, thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl, fuberidazole, methyl (1-{[(5-cyanopentyl)amino]carbonyl}-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl) carbamate, and carbendazim salicylate. This article mainly reviews the physicochemical properties, toxicological properties, disease control efficacy, and pesticide residue and detection technologies of the aforementioned nine benzimidazole fungicides and their main metabolite (2-aminobenzimidazole). On this basis, a brief outlook on the future research directions of benzimidazole fungicides is presented.

Since the new century, based on the development strategies of rice in the new era, Guangdong Province has taken many measures to promote the quality development of rice in China. As the main force of rice industry in Guangdong Province, the Rice Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (hereinafter called"GDRRI") has cultivated a large number of rice varieties and materials, which is promoting the transformation and upgrading of the rice industry in Guangdong and even the whole country, with a view to improving the quality and efficiency of rice production in China. Based on the data of rice sown area in Guangdong Province from 2003 to 2020, the changes in rice sown area in Guangdong Province and the sown area of rice varieties cultivated by GDRRI in Guangdong Province and the relationship between them were analyzed and studied by combining the variety promotion of GDRRI in this time period. The results provided references for objectively understanding the variation trend of rice planting structure and the healthy development of rice industry in Guangdong Province. The results showed that the high quality and high yield rice varieties ensured the stability of the total rice output in Guangdong Province. Among them, the new rice varieties with high yield, high quality, multi-resistance and wide adaptability developed by GDRRI kept emerging, and the sown area of the varieties accounted for about 50% of the sown area of rice in Guangdong Province every year. For example, Jifengyou 1002, Guang8youjinzhan, Guang8you165, Meixiangzhan 2, Yuehesimiao and Wushansimiao had a larger sown area. Driven by many high-quality rice varieties, Guangdong has improved the quality rate of rice in the whole province. These results indicate that the innovation and development of rice breeding can promote the transformation and upgrading of the rice industry in Guangdong and even the whole country, and ensure the grain security of China. In terms of breeding objectives in the future, centering on the strategic needs of ensuring national food security and promoting high-quality agricultural development, it is necessary to further improve the quality and efficiency of rice production by further promoting market-oriented and forward-looking independent innovation of seed industry science and technology and rice production capacity.

Background: Acute superior mesenteric artery embolism (ASMAE), a subtype of acute mesenteric ischemia, presents a diagnostic challenge owing to its nonspecific clinical presentation and laboratory data, which makes early detection of this condition difficult. Delays in diagnosis lead to intestinal mucosal necrosis, a serious and potentially life-threatening condition. Therefore, the predictors of early intestinal necrosis in patients with ASMAE must be explored. This study aimed to determine predictors for early intestinal necrosis in patients with ASMAE using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Materials and methods: This was retrospective study involving 71 ASMAE patients who were treated at Dalian Central Hospital in China from January 2010 to January 2022. Patients were categorized into two groups; those with intestinal necrosis and those without intestinal necrosis. Comparisons of patient demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and computed tomography angiography (CTA) features were performed between ASMAE patients with and without intestinal necrosis. Results: A total of 71 patients with a male to female ratio of 1.4: 1 were studied. Their mean age at diagnosis was 70.2 ± 12.3 years (43 to 86 years). Out of 71 patients, 40(56.3%) presented with intestinal necrosis, and 31(43.7%) patients had no intestinal necrosis. According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, decreased bowel sound (OR: 1.7. 95%CI (1.0-25.1); p =0.033), prolonged time of onset (OR: 4.2. 95%CI (2.0-88.8) p= 0.041); elevated WBC count (OR: 3.9; 95%CI [3.5-47.7]; p=0.002), decreased bowel wall enhancement (p < 0.001) and bowel thickening (OR; 2.1; 95% CI [1.5-9.8]; p= 0.011) were found to be independent predictors of intestinal necrosis in ASMAE patients. In this study, sixteen patients died, giving a mortality rate of 22.5%. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that decreased bowel sounds, prolonged time of onset, elevated WBC count, decreased bowel wall enhancement, and bowel thickening were found to be strong predictors of early intestinal necrosis in ASMAE patients. A multi-center prospective study with a larger sample size needs to be performed to investigate these findings further.

Objectives Most kidney stones contain calcium, which is closely associated with human bone health. Therefore, we aimed to determine the relationship between the history of kidney stones and human bone health. This study examined the associations between lumbar bone mineral density (BMD), serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) and a history of kidney stones in individuals aged between 30 years and 69 years.Design and data analysis A multivariate logistic regression model was used to estimate the relationship between lumbar BMD, serum 25-OHD levels and kidney stones in this cross-sectional study. All models incorporated survey sample weights and were adjusted for covariates.Setting National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2018. The exposure and outcomes of this study included the lumbar BMD and presence of kidney stones.Participants All the 7500 participants for this cross-sectional survey were selected from the NHANES between 2011 and 2018.Main outcome measures The main outcome of this study was the presence of kidney stones. The interviewers asked the questions on kidney stones while the respondents were at home, using a computer-assisted personal interview system.Results Lumbar BMD was negatively correlated with a history of kidney stones in all three multivariate linear regression models; the negative association existed in all genders after adjusting for all confounding factors. In the multiple regression analysis, there was an interaction between serum 25-OHD and lumbar BMD (p

Magnesium is an essential macronutrient for plant photosynthesis, and in response to Mg deficiency, dicots appear more sensitive than monocots. Under Mg deficiency, we investigated the causes of differing photosynthetic sensitivities in a dicot and a monocot species. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were grown in hydroponic culture to explore their physiological responses to Mg deficiency stress. Both Mg-deficient rice and cucumber plants exhibited lower biomass, leaf area, Mg concentration, and chlorophyll content (Chl) compared with Mg-sufficient plants. However, a more marked decline in Chl and carotenoid content (Car) occurred in cucumber. A lower CO2 concentration in chloroplasts (Cc) was accompanied by a decrease in the maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax) and the maximum rate of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylation (Vcmax), restricting CO2 utilization in Mg-deficient plants. Rice and cucumber photorespiration rate (Pr) increased under Mg deficiency. Additionally, for cucumber, Car and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were reduced under lower Mg supply. Meanwhile, cucumber Mg deficiency significantly increased the fraction of absorbed light energy dissipated by an additional quenching mechanism (Φf,D). Under Mg deficiency, suppressed photosynthesis was attributed to comprehensive restrictions of mesophyll conductance (gm), Jmax, and Vcmax. Cucumber was more sensitive to Mg deficiency than rice due to lower NPQ, higher rates of electron transport to alternative pathways, and subsequently, photooxidation damage.

Affected by high switching speed and parasitic parameters, crosstalk problem of eGaN HEMT in a phase-leg configuration cannot be ignored. By decreasing gate driver turn-off voltage, the false turn-on phenomenon of device caused by crosstalk can be avoided, but it is hard to realize the minimization of total power loss. Thus, we analyze the influence of gate driver turn-off voltage on eGaN HEMT reverse conduction loss, switching loss and crosstalk voltage, and propose an optimized design rules for determining turn-off voltage value in a phase-leg configuration. By reasonably choosing gate driver turn-off voltage, a balance between optimal loss and reliable operation is achieved, thereby effectively alleviating the conflict between efficiency and reliability in the power electronic system.

In the field of synthetic biology, rapid advancements in DNA assembly and editing have made it possible to manipulate large DNA, even entire genomes. These advancements have facilitated the introduction of long metabolic pathways, the creation of large-scale disease models, and the design and assembly of synthetic mega-chromosomes. Generally, the introduction of large DNA in host cells encompasses three critical steps: design-cloning-transfer. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the three key steps involved in large DNA transfer to advance the field of synthetic genomics and large DNA engineering.

The use of cloud computing, big data, IoT, and mobile applications in the public transportation industry has resulted in the generation of vast and complex data, of which the large data volume and data variety have posed several obstacles to effective data sensing and processing with high efficiency in a real-time data-driven public transportation management system. To overcome the above-mentioned challenges and to guarantee optimal data availability for data sensing and processing in public transportation perception, a public transportation sensing platform is proposed to collect, integrate, and organize diverse data from different data sources. The proposed data perception platform connects multiple data systems and some edge intelligent perception devices to enable the collection of various types of data, including traveling information of passengers and transaction data of smart cards. To enable the efficient extraction of precise and detailed traveling behavior, an efficient field-level data lineage exploration method is proposed during logical plan generation and is integrated into the FlinkSQL system seamlessly. Furthermore, a row-level fine-grained permission control mechanism is adopted to support flexible data management. With these two techniques, the proposed data management system can support efficient data processing on large amounts of data and conducts comprehensive analysis and application of business data from numerous different sources to realize the value of the data with high data safety. Through operational testing in real environments, the proposed platform has proven highly efficient and effective in managing organizational operations, data assets, data life cycle, offline development, and backend administration over a large amount of various types of public transportation traffic data.

Considering the switching frequency limit and electromagnetic interference, the selection of high voltage SiC IGBT and SiC MOSFET is confusing due to punch-through effect and bipolar characteristics of SiC IGBT. The thermal resistance, static characteristics and dynamic characteristics of SiC IGBT and SiC MOSFET module with Press-Pack packaging are measured to evaluate the switching frequency limit and electromagnetic interfere of them. The tradeoffs of SiC IGBT between switching frequency limit and electromagnetic interfere are less attractive due to the intrinsic characteristics, such as high power loss and punch-through effect. The possible solutions for SiC IGBT are proposed based on the improvement of driving resistor and driving voltage.

Introduction and aimNephrolithiasis is one of the most common urological disorders worldwide. Tea is one of the most popular drinks worldwide. This study aimed to explore the association between tea intake and hospitalized nephrolithiasis in Chinese adults.MethodsThe patients and healthy participants were from the Shenyang sub-cohort of Tianjin Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation and Health Cohort Study. After selecting and matching by age (±1 year) and sex using the 1:2 ratio, 834 participants were included in this study. Of these, 278 patients had hospitalized nephrolithiasis and 556 were healthy controls. The tea intake was assessed using a validated self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between tea intake and hospitalized nephrolithiasis.ResultsAfter adjustment, a higher frequency of tea intake was found to be negatively associated with the risk of hospitalized nephrolithiasis. Compared with participants who never drank tea, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) [OR (95% CI)] for participants who drank ≥1 cup (180 mL) of tea per day was 0.418 (0.192–0.911) (P for trend = 0.013). Moreover, the adjusted OR (95% CI) for participants who drank ≥1 cup of green tea and black tea per day was 0.189 (0.069–0.520) (P for trend

Waxy corn kernels with different colors have high phenolic content and good application potential in medicine and food healthcare. In our work, the content changes of phenolic and anthocyanins profiles were related to genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, and the antioxidant activities of three different colors of waxy corn kernels (black, white, and yellow) were determined during kernel development. Results showed that growing temperature and light intensity could affect the accumulation of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities in waxy corns during maturation. Phenolic and antioxidant activities decreased over kernel maturation, and spring had higher nutrition levels during the best harvest time (20 and 25 days after pollination in the spring and autumn, respectively) for waxy corns. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside were the main anthocyanins detected in the black waxy corns. The contents of cyanidin are higher than pelargonidin followed by peonidin in the autumn, while on the other hand, pelargonidin had a slightly higher content compared to cyanidin in the spring. DFR, CF1, and ANS were the key genes affecting anthocyanin accumulation. This work provided information on the best harvest time for the pigment of waxy corn in order to achieve relatively high phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities. It also illustrated the possible relationship between weather conditions, gene expression levels, and phenolic content during kernel development.

BackgroundAggressive pituitary adenoma encircling the internal carotid artery has a poor clinical prognosis because of a high surgical risk and a high recurrence rate. This seriously affects patients’ quality of life and yet there is no effective medical treatment. The European Diagnostic Guidelines have recommended the use of temozolomide (TMZ) for these aggressive pituitary adenomas, but the treatment remission rate has been less than 50%.MethodsIn this study, transcriptome sequencing of pituitary tumour tissues and TMZ-treated pituitary tumour cell lines were employed to explore the significance gene expressions affecting the efficacy of TMZ treatment for pituitary tumours. To clarify the roles of these gene expressions, six adult patients with pituitary adenomas treated in Tiantan Hospital from 2015 to 2020 and a pituitary adenoma cell line (Att20 sensitive to TMZ treatment) were analyzed by mRNA transcriptome sequencing. The differentially expressed genes were assayed by analyzing the sequencing results, and the expression level of these genes was further verified by immunohistochemistry. In addition, Ki67, VEGF, and p53 of the tumour tissues were also verified by immunohistochemistry.ResultsIn tumour tissues, mRNA sequencing showed that PTBP1 and EIF5A were significantly overexpressed in primary pituitary adenomas and SLC27A1 was significantly overexpressed in aggressive pituitary adenomas. Also in the pituitary adenoma cell line (AtT20), SLC27A1 expression levels were suppressed by TMZ treatment. Subsequent immunohistochemistry confirmed the sequencing results.ConclusionHigh expression of SLC27A1 and low expression of EIF5A and PTBP1 may be potential indicators to predict the progression of aggressive pituitary adenomas, and patients with high SLC27A1 subtype may be sensitive to TMZ in clinical treatments.

Hearing loss, a common chronic condition, severely affects the quality of human life. However, the longitudinal relationships between household solid fuel use and hearing loss are unclear. To explore the associations between household solid fuel use and hearing loss in a Chinese population. There were 8835 participants enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Hearing function was assessed by asking the following self-reported question. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the relationships between baseline household solid fuel use and hearing loss incidence. After 6 (range, 2–7) years of follow-up, 1654 (18.72%) of 8835 participants developed hearing loss. This study demonstrated that increasing baseline solid fuel exposure was associated with a higher rate of poor hearing function (P for trend

Background: TP53 mutations are the most frequent mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and affect the occurrence and development of this cancer type. Therefore, it is essential to clarify the function and mechanism of TP53 mutations in HCC.Methods: We performed a sequence of bioinformatic analyses to elucidate the characteristics of TP53 mutations in HCC. We downloaded the data of hepatocellular carcinoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and used different R packages for serial analyses, including gene mutation analysis, copy number variation analysis, analysis of the tumor mutational burden and microsatellite instability, differential gene expression analysis, and functional enrichment analysis of TP53 mutations, and performed gene set enrichment analysis. We established a protein-protein interaction network using the STRING online database and used the Cytoscape software for network visualization, and hub gene screening. In addition, we performed anticancer drug sensitivity analysis using data from the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer. Immune infiltration and prognosis analyses were also performed.Results: Missense mutations accounted for a great proportion of HCC mutations, the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms was high, and C > T was the most common form of single nucleotide variations. TP53 had a mutation rate of 30% and was the most commonly mutated gene in HCC. In the TP53 mutant group, the tumor mutational burden (p < 0.001), drug sensitivity (p < 0.05), ESTIMATE score (p = 0.038), and stromal score (p < 0.001) dramatically decreased. The Cytoscape software screened ten hub genes, including CT45A1, XAGE1B, CT55, GAGE2A, PASD1, MAGEA4, CTAG2, MAGEA10, MAGEC1, and SAGE1. The prognostic model showed a poor prognosis in the TP53 mutation group compared with that in the wild-type group (overall survival, p = 0.023). Univariate and multivariate cox regression analyses revealed that TP53 mutation was an independent risk factor for the prognosis of HCC patients (p

Abstract Background Direct seeding is an efficient cultivation technique in rice. However, poor low temperature germinability (LTG) of modern rice cultivars limits its application. Identifying the genes associated with LTG and performing molecular breeding is the fundamental way to address this issue. However, few LTG QTLs have been fine mapped and cloned so far. Results In the present study, the LTG evaluation of 375 rice accessions selected from the Rice Diversity Panel 2 showed that there were large LTG variations within the population, and the LTG of Indica group was significantly higher than that of Japonica and Aus groups (p

Abstract Background Surgical resection of pheochromocytoma may lead to high risk factors for intraoperative hemodynamic instability (IHD), which can be life-threatening. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors that could predict IHD during pheochromocytoma surgery by data mining. Method Relief-F was used to select the most important features. The accuracies of seven data mining models (CART, C4.5, C5.0, and C5.0 boosted), random forest algorithm, Naive Bayes and logistic regression were compared, the cross-validation, hold-out, and bootstrap methods were used in the validation phase. The accuracy of these models was calculated independently by dividing the training and the test sets. Receiver-Operating Characteristic curves were used to obtain the area under curve (AUC). Result Random forest had the highest AUC and accuracy values of 0.8636 and 0.8509, respectively. Then, we improved the random forest algorithm according to the classification of imbalanced data. Improved random forest model had the highest specificity and precision among all algorithms, including relatively higher sensitivity (recall) and the highest f1-score integrating recall and precision. The important attributes were body mass index, mean age, 24 h urine vanillylmandelic acid/upper normal limit value, tumor size and enhanced computed tomography difference. Conclusions The improved random forest algorithm may be useful in predicting IHD risk factors in pheochromocytoma surgery. Data mining technologies are being increasingly applied in clinical and medical decision-making, and provide continually expanding support for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of various diseases.

Abstract Background The aim of this study is to describe a modified technique in ileal orthotopic bladder substitution with a new ureteroileal anastomosis. Case presentation After a classic open radical cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed extraperitoneally, a 56-cm ileal segment was used to construct the spheroidal shape bladder substitution. The 8-cm long proximal and distal ends of the ileal segment were used as afferent limbs. Two-centimeter ileal segments of afferent limbs were detubularized and transversally tubularized. The elongated ileal tube was anastomosed with the ureter in an end-to-end fashion. The pathway of the ureteroileal anastomosis was placed between the abdominal cutaneous fat and the anterior rectus muscular sheath. Perioperative data and long-term functional outcomes were assessed. Between December 2011 and December 2015, seven male patients underwent this procedure with a median 46 (30–77) months follow-up in our hospital. There was no difference between preoperative and postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rates (Z = − 1.693, P = 0.09). One of 14 sides had ureteroileal anastomotic stenosis; two of 14 sides in one patient had ureteroileal anastomotic stenosis caused by invasion of pelvic recurrence 15 months postoperatively. Reflux was completely prevented by placing pressure on the corresponding point on the abdominal surface when voiding urine in all patients. Conclusions We describe a feasible technique modification in detail, which provides some advantages for effective anti-reflux by mechanical finger pressing and abdominal contraction, a low incidence of stricture, and ease for a secondary operation in the long-term follow-up period.

Purpose: Although resection is the primary treatment strategy for pheochromocytoma, surgery is associated with a high risk of morbidity. At present, there is no nomogram for prediction of severe morbidity after pheochromocytoma surgery, thus the aim of the present study was to develop and validate a nomogram for prediction of severe morbidity after pheochromocytoma surgery. Methods: The development cohort consisted of 262 patients who underwent unilateral laparoscopic or open pheochromocytoma surgery at our center between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2016. The patients’ clinicopathological characters were recorded. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) binary logistic regression model was used for data dimension reduction and feature selection, then multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to develop the predictive model. An independent validation cohort consisted of 128 consecutive patients from 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2018. The performance of the predictive model was assessed in regards to discrimination, calibration, and clinical usefulness. Results: Predictors of this model included sex, BMI, coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, tumor size, intraoperative hemodynamic instability, and surgical duration. For the validation cohort, the model showed good discrimination with an AUROC of 0.818 (95% CI, 0.745, 0.891) and good calibration (Unreliability test, P = 0.440). Decision curve analysis demonstrated that the model was also clinically useful. Conclusions: A nomogram was developed to facilitate the individualized prediction of severe morbidity after pheochromocytoma surgery and may help to improve the perioperative strategy and treatment outcome.

The present study investigated the dynamic changes in vitamin E and gene expression within its biosynthetic pathway during three germination periods of four brown rice cultivars with different seed coat colors. The results reveal that the vitamin E content increased during the germination process of all brown rice cultivars. Moreover, the content of α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, and β-tocopherol significantly increased at the later stage of germination. The expression levels of DXS1 and γ-TMT genes in all cultivars were significantly increased, whilst the HGGT gene expression levels of G6 and XY cultivars increased significantly at the later stage of brown rice germination. In addition, the expression levels of MPBQ/MT2 in G1 and G6 cultivars, and TC expression levels in G2 and G6 cultivars were substantially increased at the later stage of germination. Overall, the up-regulation of MPBQ/MT2, γ-TMT, and TC genes doubled the content of α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, and β-tocopherol, and the total vitamin E content of brown rice was at its highest at 96HAT. The utilization of the germination period can effectively improve the nutritional value of brown rice, which can be used for the development and utilization of brown rice for healthy rice products.

Purpose: To determine the incidence and risk factors of bleeding events as well as assess the performance of the PRECISE-DAPT score in elderly patients (≥75 years) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and one-year dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT).Methods: A total of 940 patients (≥75 years) who received PCI and one-year DAPT were retrospectively enrolled into the study. The multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors of antiplatelet-related bleeding complications. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and the Delong test were performed to obtain the optimized PRECISE-DAPT score.Results: It was observed that 89 (9.47%) patients suffered bleeding complications, while 37 (3.94%) of them had the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC, type ≥2) bleeding events. We stratified the PRECISE-DAPT score in tertiles (T1: ≤23; T2:24 to 32; T3: ≥33) and found that BARC ≥ 2 type bleeding occurred more frequently in T3 than in T1 and T2 (8.25 vs. 1.46% vs. 2.40%, p

Abstract Background Effective doctor-patient communication (DPC) is important to improve the quality of care and treatment outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a modified DPC training programme designed for surgical residents in China. Methods A total of 210 surgical residents from 7 specialties were recruited to participate in a communication skills training programme. The extended SEGUE scale was administered to supervisors, and a visual analogue scale (VAS) was administered to standardized patients (SPs) and trainees. Evaluations were conducted by comparing the pre-post scale scores (before, immediately after and 1 month after the programme). Training effects were assessed using the Friedman test and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Compared to the extended SEGUE scale total scores before the programme, the scores both immediately after and 1 month after the program increased significantly (15.88 ± 1.93 vs. 26.40 ± 1.47 and 26.15 ± 1.36, respectively, p

In the present work, different aging treatments were performed to investigate the pre-aging effect on the formation of Ω phase and mechanical properties in Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy. The results showed that pre-strain could inhibit the formation of Ω phases, which was detrimental to the alloy strength. Due to the introduction of pre-aging treatment before pre-strain, the adverse effect of pre-strain on the precipitation of the Ω phase was reduced, and the alloy strength was increased by at least 15 MPa. Besides this, increasing the pre-aging temperature promoted the precipitation of Ω phases, inhibited the formation of θ′ phases, and improved the alloy strength. This was because the higher pre-aging temperature promoted more pre-precipitated Ω phases in the pre-aging process, and most of the pre-precipitated Ω phases could be retained and grew in the subsequent aging process. As a result, the tensile strength of the alloy increased from 523 MPa to 540 MPa. In addition, pre-aging with a higher temperature consumed more solute atoms, leading to less residual solute atoms in the matrix. Thus, the adverse effects of pre-strain, which inhibit the formation of clusters by the segregation of solute atoms, were reduced.

Background: Previous studies have suggested that sleep quality is associated with depressive symptoms. However, associations between overall sleep quality and depressive symptoms in Chinese resident physicians remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether overall sleep quality is associated with depressive symptoms in Chinese resident physicians.Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1,230 resident physicians. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate the associations between the PSQI and PHQ-9.Results: Among all participants, the prevalence of mild (PHQ-9 ≥ 5) and moderate or severe (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) depressive symptoms were 48.28 and 12.93%, respectively. PSQI score was positively associated with PHQ-9 score before and after adjustments of socio-demographic, behavioral, and psychologic confounding factors (all P < 0.0001). After adjustments, the regression coefficients (standard error) between PSQI scores and PHQ-9 scores were 0.95 (0.04), 0.88 (0.09), and 0.96 (0.05) in all participants, men, and women, respectively. Compared to physicians with good sleep quality (PSQI scores ≤ 5), the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for mild (PHQ-9 ≥ 5) and moderate or severe (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) depressive symptoms in physicians with poor sleep quality were 7.15 (5.44, 9.46) and 6.17 (4.03, 9.71) in all participants, respectively.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that poor sleep quality was associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms in Chinese resident physicians.

The momentum wheel is a key component of the satellite attitude control system and has a direct impact on the reliability and overall life of the satellite. The momentum wheel has the characteristics of a high reliability, long life, and complex failure mechanics, which leads to expensive maintenance and a low reliability of the test sample. Therefore, it is challenge to implement an accelerated life test. The traditional life data statistical method has great difficulty in solving the reliability analysis of the momentum wheel. A reliability calculation method based on copula function for multi-degradation is proposed. Firstly, the key factors affecting the reliability of the momentum wheel are analyzed, and the lubricant residual quantity and current are selected as the degradation quantity. Secondly, the wiener process is used to model the degradation of a single degradation quantity, and the edge distribution function of the momentum wheel reliability is obtained. Considering that the correlation between multiple degradation quantities has a non-negligible influence on the reliability analysis result, the copula function is introduced to describe the correlation, and the edge distributions are fused to obtain the joint distribution function of the momentum wheel reliability.

The neuroimmune system plays a crucial role in the regulation of mood disorders. Moreover, recent studies show that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophin family, is a key regulator in the neuroimmune axis. However, the potential mechanism of BDNF action in the neuroimmune axis' regulation of mood disorders remains unclear. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the recent progress of BDNF in influencing mood disorders, by participating in alterations of the neuroimmune axis. This may provide evidence for future studies in this field.