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The electrophysiological function of the tongue involves complicated activities in taste sense, producing the perceptions of salty, sweet, bitter, and sour. However, therapies and prevention of taste loss arising from dysfunction in electrophysiological activity require further fundamental research. Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience and brought the study of sensory system to a higher level in taste. The year 2022 marks a decade of developments of optogenetics in taste since this technology was adopted from neuroscience and applied to the taste research. This review summarizes a decade of advances that define near‐term translation with optogenetic tools, and newly‐discovered mechanisms with the applications of these tools. The main limitations and opportunities for optogenetics in taste research are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the accuracy of autonomous robotic and fully guided static computer‐assisted implant surgery (sCAIS) performed on models and patients. Materials and Methods: This study was divided into in vitro and in vivo sections. In vitro, 80 operators were assigned to two groups randomly. Forty operators performed forty autonomous robotic implant (ARI group) surgeries and the remaining forty operators carried out forty fully guided sCAIS (FGI group) surgeries on maxillary models, respectively. Each operator placed an implant in one maxillary model. In vivo, 60 patients with 113 implants from 2019 to 2023 (ARI group: 32 patients, 58 implants; FGI group: 28 patients, 55 implants) receiving implant surgeries were incorporated in this retrospective research. The preoperative and postoperative cone beam computer tomographs (CBCTs) were utilized to estimate the linear deviations and angular deviations in two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) space. The Pearson's chi‐square test, Shapiro–Wilk test, Student's t test, Mann–Whitney U test and mixed models were applied, and p <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In vitro, a total of 80 implants were enrolled and significant differences were found between the two groups (p < 0.001): The 3D deviation at the platform of ARI and FGI group was 0.58 ± 0.60 mm and 1.50 ± 1.46 mm, respectively, at the apex was 0.58 ± 0.60 mm and 1.78 ± 1.35 mm, respectively, and angle was 1.01 ± 0.87° and 2.93 ± 1.59°, respectively. Also, except for mesiodistal deviation at the implant platform, the rest linear and angular deviations in the ARI group were significantly lower than those in the FGI group in 2D space (p < 0.001). In vivo, a significantly lower mean of angular deviation (0.95 ± 0.50°, p < 0.001) and the linear deviation at both platform (0.45 ± 0.28 mm, p < 0.001) and apex (0.47 ± 0.28 mm, p < 0.001) were observed in ARI group when compared to the FGI group (4.31 ± 2.60°; 1.45 ± 1.27 mm; 1.77 ± 1.14 mm). Conclusions: The use of autonomous robotic technology showed significantly higher accuracy than the fully guided sCAIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic stress triggers activation of the sympathetic nervous system and drives malignancy. Using an immunodeficient murine system, we showed that chronic stress-induced epinephrine promoted breast cancer stem-like properties via lactate dehydrogenase A-dependent (LDHA-dependent) metabolic rewiring. Chronic stress- induced epinephrine activated LDHA to generate lactate, and the adjusted pH directed USP28-mediated deubiquitination and stabilization of MYC. The SLUG promoter was then activated by MYC, which promoted development of breast cancer stem-like traits. Using a drug screen that targeted LDHA, we found that a chronic stress-induced cancer stem-like phenotype could be reversed by vitamin C. These findings demonstrated the critical importance of psychological factors in promoting stem-like properties in breast cancer cells. Thus, the LDHA-lowering agent vitamin C can be a potential approach for combating stress-associated breast cancer., Introduction Patients suffering from cancer often experience a variety of chronic emotional stressors (1), including depression, anxiety, and fear (2, 3). These serve as risk factors by facilitating tumor growth [...]

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Natural products are some of the most important sources of lead compounds for drug discovery. It is an effective way to isolate some lead compounds from complex multiconstituent extracts by combining some advanced isolation techniques with therapeutically relevant bioassays. Smilax china L. exhibits important pharmacological property of anti-chronic pelvic inflammation disease (CPID). With the bioassay guiding in induced CPID rats, high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was applied to separate and purify some bioactive compounds from the effective solvent extract of the Smilax china L. with the optimized solvent system of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water(1:10:1:10, v/v/v/v). 4 mg epicatechin and 10 mg catechin-[8,7-e]-4 β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-dihydro-2(3H)-pyranone were successfully obtained from 300 mg of crude sample with purity of 98.5 and 95.6 %, respectively. The anti-inflammation of the separated compounds was also studied by MTT assay. The results showed that HSCCC method was successful for the separation of the flavanols from Smilax china L. and suggested catechin-[8,7-e]-4β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-dihydro-2(3H)-pyranone be one potential compound for the anti-inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids are the main chemical constituents ofSmilax chinaL. and thought to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity ofSmilax chinaL. In this study, a suitable HSCCC method was developed to separate the three main flavonoids in a one-separation from the anti-chronic pelvic inflammation disease (CPID) effective fraction ofSmilax chinaL. with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:10:1:10, v/v/v/v). 42 milligrams of astilbin, 10 mg neoisoastilbin, and 6 mg quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside were separated from 200 mg of the anti-CPID effective fraction ofSmilax chinaL. with purity of 98.3%, 98.7%, 98.5%, respectively, by HPLC analysis. Orthogonal test L9(34) was also applied to investigate the optimum extracting conditions of the three flavonoids. HSCCC was successfully used for the isolation and purification of the three flavonoids from the anti-CPID effective fraction ofSmilax chinaL. and the neoisoastilbin was first separated fromSmilax chinaL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]