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Background: Acute appendicitis is a common surgical emergency with significant morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Accurate diagnosis remains challenging, often leading to unnecessary surgeries. This study aimed to assess the presentation and management of acute appendicitis in a tertiary care hospital in Central India. Method: A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care center, involving adult patients aged 18 years and above who underwent appendectomy for suspected acute appendicitis. Clinical parameters, imaging findings, intraoperative assessments, and postoperative outcomes were recorded and analyzed. Results: A total of 300 patients were evaluated, with acute appendicitis being the most frequent emergency surgical procedure. Males predominated, and the mean age was 27.62 years. Abdominal pain was the predominant symptom, and right lower quadrant tenderness was the most common physical finding. Ultrasound was the primary imaging modality, revealing definite acute appendicitis in the majority of cases. Intraoperatively, uncomplicated appendicitis was prevalent. Post-appendectomy complications occurred in 3.8% of cases, with superficial surgical site infection being the most common. Conclusion: Acute appendicitis constitutes a significant burden on emergency surgical services in Central India. Despite challenges in diagnosis, the majority of patients undergo successful appendectomy. Improved utilization of imaging modalities and careful intraoperative assessment contribute to favorable outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally ovarian tumor is one of the leading causes of cancer death among women. It can present in childhood to postmenopausal age group and accounts for the most prevalent cause of hospital admissions. Ovarian tumor has varied histogenesis, clinical behavior and malignant potential. Aim and Objectives: This study was done to analyse the frequency of ovarian lesions, their clinicohistological features in a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods: Prospective hospital based study conducted in the department of pathology in tertiary care hospital in central India over a period of 1 year. All the relevant clinical data of patients who were treated surgically for suspected benign lesions of ovary were analysed. Results: Out of the total of 120 cases, 92 cases were classified as benign, accounting for 76.6% of the cases. There were 4 cases classified as borderline, representing 3.28% of the cases. The remaining 24 cases were classified as malignant, making up 20.12% of the cases. Serous cystadenoma is a frequently observed benign tumour. Serous cystadenocarcinoma is a frequently observed malignant tumour. The younger age group predominantly exhibited benign tumours, while malignant tumours were more prevalent among the senior age group. Malignant ovarian tumours are most frequently observed in women who have never given birth. Conclusion: Ovarian tumours of the surface epithelium were the most prevalent. Typically observed in individuals aged 40 to 59 years. The highest incidence of malignant ovarian tumours occurred in individuals over the age of 50. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The diverse morphology and varying reporting terminology of salivary gland lesions present several challenges to pathologists and clinicians when making a cytological diagnosis. The Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology was introduced as a solution to address these shortcomings. The objective of this study was to classify cases of salivary gland pathology that were diagnosed through histopathological examination using the Milan system, and to establish a correlation between the Milan system and the histopathological diagnosis. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Milan system and the likelihood of malignancy in each category. Materials and Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis that spanned a period of eighteen months. The study encompassed all instances of salivary gland pathology with fine-needle aspiration cytology findings recorded between March 2021 and September 2022. These cases were subsequently categorized based on the Milan system. Histopathologyfollow-up was conducted in 58 cases, and the risk of malignancy was assessed. The metrics of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were computed by employing histopathological diagnosis as the reference standard. Results: A total of 77 cytology slides were examined, and the Milan system was utilized for evaluation. Follow-up histopathology was obtained in 58 cases. The distribution of cases across different categories was as follows: nondiagnostic (9.27%), nonneoplastic (4.64%), atypia of undetermined significance (3.97%), benign neoplasm (23.84%), neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (8.61%), suspicious for malignancy (11.92%), and malignant (37.75%). The Milan system demonstrated a sensitivity of 94.20%, specificity of 96.00%, positive predictive value of 98.48%, and negative predictive value of 85.71%. Conclusion: The Milan system demonstrates superior sensitivity and specificity when compared to histopathology. This system is beneficial for both pathologists and clinicians as it ensures consistency in reporting terminology by categorizing salivary gland lesions into subcategories that have prognostic significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Benign breast disorders are prevalent among young ladies. The most prevalent manifestation is an asymptomatic mass in the breast. It is crucial to establish a connection between clinical and pathological findings. Fibroadenoma is the most prevalent of all benign breast conditions. The objective was to examine the age distribution of benign breast conditions. The objective is to investigate various benign breast diseases, analyze their clinical manifestations, and establish correlations with radiological examination, cytology, and histology of breast disorders. Methods: The study conducted in the Department of General Surgery at Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Post Graduate Institute in Indore (M.P.) is a Randomized Observational Prospective study. A study was conducted on patients who were diagnosed as having benign breast disease on clinical examination who sought treatment at the surgery outpatient department or were admitted to the surgical wards at Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Post Graduate Institute in Indore, Madhya Pradesh. From January 1st, 2020 to June 30th, 2021.Results- Majority of the patients were in the age group of 21-30 years (51.28%). The average age of these patients was 28.56 years with range of 14 years to 57 years. Majority of the patients (65.4%) were from urban inhabitance. Most of the cases belonged to Middle (37.17%) and High (32.05%) socio economic status. 60.26% cases were educated upto high school and beyond. The commonest presenting symptom was pain in breast 64.1%.commonest lesion found was fibroadenosis 27.7%. Breast pain was found in 85.18% cases and was the commonest presentation. Sensation of lumpiness was there in 74.07% cases. 81.48% patients had tenderness in their breasts. 74.07% cases had nodularity and 18.51% had a lump in the breast. There were 74.07% cases of cyclical mastalgia and 25.93% cases of acyclicalmastalgia in 50 cases of fibroadenosis. In this study of 49 cases of fibroadenoma, all (100%) presented with lump in breast. Only 2 case (4.76%) presented with pain and tenderness. Conclusion- Fibroadenosis was the most common lesion at 27.7%. Fibroids (26.72%) and mastitis (31.3%) followed. Breast soreness (64.1%) and lump (42.3%) were the most common symptoms. The most common sign was a breast bulge or enlargement (67.79%), followed by soreness (58.97%). Most fibroadenosis patients (59.25%) were in their 30s. Cyclical mastalgia was the most common, at 74.07%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural and therapeutic diversity coupled with commercial viability of small heterocyclic molecules has fascinated organic and medicinal chemists. So, a great deal of research is carried out in the field of heterocycles containing sulfur and nitrogen, because of their immense biological importance. Research in field of antimicrobial therapy is continuous ongoing & demanding study. Among the several reasons the major ones are the resistance developed by microbes and the emergence and occurrence of newer infections. Hence the search for newer effective antimicrobial agents is imperative. It focuses on the problems of cross resistance & better activity against variety of infections. The main focus of this research work was to synthesize, purify and characterize the thiazole analogs and return for their antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Most of the compounds synthesized showed good antibacterial activity within the series against both Gram - ve and Gram + ve bacteria at 100 µg/0.1 ml concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension is a major health problem throughout the world because of its high prevalence and its association with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension have played a major role in recent dramatic declines in coronary heart disease and stroke mortality in industrialized countries. The ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) gene is a member of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family. The encoded protein is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein. No significant level of change has been seen in overall distribution of ENPP1 K121Q genotypes in HC group as compared to disease group although HC group showed little increase in 'KK' genotype as compared to Patients of diabetes type 2 (69.5% vs 63.7%). Similarly, mutant type 'QQ' genotype was present in low frequency in Diabetes type 2 patients group 1.58% and also in control group 0.96% (χ2 =1.670, P=0.4339). 'KK' genotype is higher in control group and may be protective in our population but statistically not significantly different between both groups. An odds ratio of KK genotype is 0.7687 which indicates little protective effect whereas an odds ratio of KQ genotype is 1.271 of Hypertension patients group respectively indicate little or no effect and association of this mutant genotype with the diabetes susceptibility. Overall allele 'K' was found little lower frequency in disease group as compared to HC group whereas allele 'Q' was present in little high frequency in the disease group but the difference is nominal and was not significant (χ2 = 1.461, P=0.2268). Carriage rate of allele 'Q' was slightly high in diabetic group as compared to healthy control (36.32% Vs 30.48%) whereas carriage rate of allele 'K' was approximately similar in both control and disease group and no significant level of change has been seen. The pattern of genotype distribution, allele frequency and carriage rate in disease and control group suggests ENPP1 is not significantly associated with Hypertension in our population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to assess whether periodontal disease is predictive of premature gestation in an identified population of women at risk for birth complications as a consequence of medical factors. The study population consisted of pregnant women who received uniform pre-natal care in Rama Medical College, Kanpur eastern Uttar Pradesh state of India. Criteria for inclusion were; women aged 18-39 years, with singleton gestation, any weeks' gestation. Exclusion criteria were; multiple gestation, high risk gestation, hypertension, gestational diabetes, any systemic disease, placenta previa and less than 20 natural teeth. A total of 90 volunteer mothers were entered in the study after giving written consent. This research demonstrated that periodontal disease in normal pregnant women is significantly associated with decreased infant birth weight, providing new evidence on the relationship between periodontal disease and birth weight. Nevertheless, the association between periodontal disease and birth weight infant should be further explored in new observational and intervention studies to establish whether it is casual or incidental, and to generalize the findings in diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyeloduodenal fistulae are rare and usually occur between the right renal pelvis and the duodenum due to their anatomical proximity. Pyeloduodenal fistula occurring due to local extension of emphysematous pyelonephritis has been described as a rare entity. Conservative management is preferred for management of emphysematous pyelonephritis and pyeloduodenal fistulae if renal function is adequate. We describe a case of emphysematous pyelonephritis of the right kidney complicated by a spontaneous pyeloduodenal fistula and perinephric air and urine containing collections managed conservatively with percutaneous nephrostomy and percutaneous drainage of perinephric collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]