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Background and ObjectivesThe course and pattern of cognitive decline in ischemic cerebral small vessel disease remain poorly characterized. We analyzed the trajectory pattern of cognitive decline from age 25 to 75 years in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL).MethodsWe applied latent process mixed models to data obtained from patients with CADASIL who were repeatedly scored during their follow-up using 16 selected clinical scales or cognitive tests.ResultsThe modeled evolutions of these scores obtained from 1,243 observations in 265 patients recruited at the French National Referral Centre (50.1 years on average and 45.3% men) showed wide and heterogeneous variations in amplitude along the age-related progression of the disease. Although the Backward Digit Span remained essentially stable, a linear deterioration of scores obtained using the Symbol Digit Numbers or Number of Errors of Trail Making Test B was detected from 25 to 75 years. By contrast, the largest score changes were observed at midlife using the Digit Cancellation Task. All other tests related to executive functions, memory performances, or global cognitive efficiency showed a rate of change accelerating especially at the advanced stage of the disease. Male gender and the presence of gait disorders or of some disability at baseline were found to predict earlier or large changes of 4 scores (Index of Sensitivity to Cueing, Delayed Total Recall, Initiation/Perseveration, and Barthel Index) in a subgroup of individuals distinct from the rest of the sample.DiscussionCognitive alterations develop heterogeneously during the progression of CADASIL and vary largely according to the stage of the disease. These results suggest that not only the target population and study duration but also the stage of disease progression should be considered in preparing future clinical trials aimed at reducing cognitive decline in any such condition.

Entre las problemáticas ambientales que afectan a las ciudades mineras, una de las más graves es la exposición crónica de la población a metales a través del aire, del suelo o aguas. En 2016, el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA) evaluó numerosos sitios con potencial presencia de contaminantes (CENMA, 2016), entre ellos los “relaves urbanos”, e identificó múltiples sitios con contaminantes metálicos, concluyendo que existen carencias de información con respecto al contenido de metales en los suelos urbanos y periurbanos en nuestra zona de estudio, la ciudad de Copiapó. El Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS) realizó un diagnóstico de la condición ambiental de Copiapó, para luego estimar de forma preliminar el riesgo a la salud de la población debido a la ingestión de polvos de calles y suelos enriquecidos con metales. Parte de la investigación identificó el origen de los metales en la ciudad y cómo se distribuyen en Copiapó. Luego, se analizó cómo los Instrumentos de Planificación Territorial (IPT) y los Instrumentos de Gestión Ambiental pueden ser utilizados para evitar, controlar o mitigar el uso de suelo con presencia de contaminantes a partir de una priorización por las implicancias sanitarias poblacionales. Asimismo, el documento entrega recomendaciones a la política pública para ciudades insertas en un contexto minero

Urban vegetation is generally exposed to adverse environmental conditions, such as high temperatures, compacted soils, low fertility, and a high pollutant concentration. The influence of biophysical and social factors on the survival and condition of trees and nontrees was analyzed using a census of plants in 37 green spaces of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile (MRS) several years after their establishment. The tree survival rate was higher (77%) than that of other species (24%). Survival was primarily explained by municipality management and species selection, but the relevance of these factors differed between trees and nontrees. Species with low water requirements outperformed species that were more sensitive to water stress. A high mechanical damage rate was observed, with 91% of trees showing severe or medium damage. Soil quality was better than expected, with a bulk density less than 1.0 g m-3 and moderate and high levels of P, and only 8% of sites had low K levels. The N content was highly variable, but most of the sites had levels greater than 20 mg kg-1, which indicates a trend of accumulation that is consistent with urban soils. More in-depth studies are required to establish the factors that explain plant survival in public spaces of the AMS, and irrigation monitoring is especially needed.

Many cities are facing water shortages because of climate change. Climate adaptation plans have prioritized water saving to prevent the devastating consequences of drought. To develop such adaptation plans, it is critical to understand the water-use patterns of cities. The present research determines the water consumption for irrigation of green spaces and residential gardens in metropolitan area of Santiago, Chile (MAS) and compares this consumption with the expected vegetation water requirements estimated using a hydrological model. The monthly water consumption was obtained from a database of drinking water meters provided by the private water utility serving most of the MAS, which includes 110 large parks and 1882 small parks. The MAS shows higher water consumption during the summer dry months (November to April). The water use for irrigation is higher than the modelled demand of vegetation, which entails a significant chance to save water. The irrigation rate of public spaces is lower than private spaces, and closer to the modelled demand. In all cases, the landscaping based on extensive lawn surfaces seems to be the main driver of over-irrigation. Further research is required to study the trade-offs between the urban green benefits and the costs of irrigation in semi-arid and Mediterranean cities.

Extreme temperatures mirror global climate patterns. The physical characteristics of the landscapes of cities and the activities of their citizens have decisive consequences on urban climates. Both are indeed manageable through urban planning, and especially with the potential of greening urban landscapes. This chapter analyses the capacity of urban green infrastructure (GI) to mitigate extreme temperature. Greening urban landscapes means not only increasing the proportion of planted land in cities, but also acknowledging the distinct contributions of different elements of GI on urban conditions, particularly climate. Based on a literature review, this chapter delves into the mechanisms for the scaling effects of mitigating urban heat islands (UHI) by GI. UHI are urban centres with significantly higher temperatures than those of surrounding rural areas. Within cities, UHI varies in shape and intensity, with lower temperatures in the presence of some GI elements. A deeper understanding of the distinct and synergetic contributions of GI components and the mechanisms involved is needed to green urban climates and manage the multiscale and nested nature of GI.

International audience; Background: For developing future clinical trials in Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), it seems crucial to study the long-term changes of cognition.Objective: We aimed to study the global trajectory of cognition, measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS), along the course of CADASIL.Methods: Follow-up data of 185 CADASIL patients, investigated at the French National Referral center CERVCO from 2003, were considered for analysis based on strict inclusion criteria. Assuming that the MMSE and the MDRS provide imprecise measures of cognition, the trajectory of a common cognitive latent process during follow-up was delineated using a multivariate latent process mixed model. After adjustment of this model for sex and education, the sensitivities of the two scales to cognitive change were compared.Results: Analysis of the cognitive trajectory over a time frame of 60 years of age showed a decrease of performances with aging, especially after age of 50 years. This decline was not altered by sex or education but patients who graduated from high school had a higher mean cognitive level at baseline. The sensitivities of MMSE and MDRS scales were similar and the two scales suffered from a ceiling effect and curvilinearity.Conclusion: These data support that cognitive decline is not linear and mainly occurs after the age of 50 years during the course of CADASIL. They also showed that MMSE and MDRS scales are hampered by major limitations for longitudinal studies.

Green infrastructure (GI) contributes to environmental quality and human well-being in urban environments by providing a number of ecosystem services. There is evidence that urban expansion negatively impacts on GI, but most studies have focused on large cities at the expense of an understanding of these processes in smaller cities. Here we assess the urban expansion and spatio-temporal dynamics of GI in small and medium-sized Chilean cities over a period of three decades. Seven cities were selected along a latitudinal gradient extending from 23 °S to 45 °S, and covering a wide variety of climates including: arid, semi-arid, mediterranean and temperate. Remote sensing and landscape analysis techniques were employed to assess changes in urban areas and GI spatial patterns. The cities that were analyzed showed a continuous expansion over the last 30 years associated with high population growth rates. Landscape analysis also evidenced an increasing level of GI fragmentation in most cities. Population growth, economic growth, and public policies seem to have a greater influence on long-term changes in GI than climate or geographic location. Our study highlights the need for better urban policies that protect and develop GI because of its crucial role in human well-being and urban sustainability.

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the most urbanized and biologically diverse regions in the world but is often characterized by weak environmental governance and socioeconomic inequalities. Given large expanses of intact biomes, a long history of pre-Colombian civilizations, and recent urbanization trends, the urban ecosystem services (UES) concept has the potential to address issues of well-being for its citizens. We review relevant regional and global literature and use expert-based knowledge to identify the state of the art of the UES concept as applicable to green spaces in LAC and elucidate three overarching guidelines for management and future research needs: 1. LAC cities can be socio-ecologically unique; 2. Drivers of UES in LAC can be different than in other regions; and 3. Context and demand need to be accounted for when valuing UES. Overall, we show that research on UES is mostly from the global north and rarely accounts for the diverse and complex socio-political and ecological drivers of LAC’s urbanization processes. We find that, as in other regions, the biophysical context and land use policies play a major role on UES provision. However, socioeconomic inequalities and weak governance are key drivers in UES supply and demand in LAC. Context-specific information on how to promote, educate, and apply UES is particularly important, not only in LAC, but in other regions where inequities, rapid urbanization, and climate change effects are stressing socio-political and ecological systems and their adaptive capacities. Standardized approaches from developed countries should be used to complement - not substitute – LAC context specific approaches for studying and applying UES. We suggest that improved research funding and local governance can also provide critical strategies, information and the means for more effective management, planning, and equitable provision of UES. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Latin America is one of the most urbanized region in the world, where patterns of urbanization are disorganized and disjoint from urban planning, with unknown effects for ecosystem services (ES). We evaluated the ES in Bogota and Santiago for a 30-year period. Using remote sensing data, models and census data we quantified carbon regulation, climate mitigation and recreation potential. We assessed ES provision changes and their spatio-temporal patterns using landscape metrics. Urban vegetation patterns differ between the two cities because of climate variability and greening policies. Bogota stored more carbon than Santiago given to climate effects, differences within city were the result of different policies and management. Climate mitigation showed similar behavior for both cities, influenced by global climate, densification and urban sprawling. Recreation potential increased in the inner-city and decrease at the outskirts, reflecting unplanned urban sprawling and increase population. Areas of high ecosystem services connected for Bogota and fragmented for Santiago. Bogota improved its environmental condition, as evaluated by ES provision, while Santiago worsens, even there was an increased in vegetation cover. Vegetation cover was not a sufficient indicator for ecosystem services and the distribution of it becomes highly relevant for informing mismatches between services and vegetation.

Biodiversity-sensitive cities can contribute to reconnect humans with nature and halt global biodiversity loss. Achieving biodiversity-sensitive cities is challenging, especially in regions threatened by growing urbanization. To inform urban management and planning in a global biodiversity hotspot, we conducted a multi-scale assessment of drivers of Neotropical birds in the capital city of Santiago de Chile. We investigate the influence of local and landscape variables on native bird species richness and abundance. We surveyed birds and vegetation in 449 sampling points distributed across the city. Native bird species richness was greater in areas with greater shrub and woody vegetation cover at the local scale. Native bird species richness was also greater with high vegetation density in the surrounding landscape and near to an urban boundary. Native birds were abundant in areas with large woody vegetation cover at both local and landscape scales, high vegetation density in the surrounding landscape, near to an urban park and near to an urban boundary. Additive effects of vegetation at different spatial scales suggest that combining local and landscape management, planning and design will be best to preserve native birds in a large city. Although native birds are species rich and abundant near the urban fringe and decrease towards the interior of the city, local-scale management of habitat encouraging shrub and tree planting and landscape-scale actions such as targeting high levels of vegetation (including woody cover) and providing a well-distributed network of urban parks will help sustain native birds across the city. Greening actions at local and landscape-scale will contribute to achieving biodiversity-sensitive cities, providing benefits for people and nature.

Allogeneic off-the-shelf cell therapies offer distinct advantages over conventional autologous cell therapies in terms of scaled manufacturing, on-demand availability and optimization of cellular starting material. A unique consideration in the use of allogeneic cell therapies is the potential for immune cell-mediated recognition of the allogeneic cell product by the patient's immune system. CAR T-cell therapies are commonly combined with conditioning chemotherapies that suppress a patient's immune system, creating a suitable window of activity to elicit clinical response. However, protracted lympho-conditioning also affects immune reconstitution and can negatively impact the rate of infection. Alternative approaches to prevent allorejection may therefore help to enhance the efficacy of the therapy while preserving the immune system of the patient. Elimination of cell-surface human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecule expression by genetic knockout (KO) has long been known to abrogate T-cell reactivity. However, loss of class I HLA elicits NK cell-mediated recognition and clearance, and therefore must be combined with other immune-modulating strategies to limit host NK cell reactivity. Allogeneic models combining class I HLA deletion with NK cell inhibitory molecules, such as HLA-E and CD47, have been shown to abrogate NK cell reactivity in mouse models. However, HLA-E is the canonical activator of NKG2C, a dominant activating receptor found on human NK cells. Likewise, the expression of signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), the major interactor for CD47, is mostly restricted to macrophages and dendritic cells and not human NK cells, and the observed effects of this immune-modulating strategy in the mouse system may only offer partial or incomplete immune evasion in the human system. In this study, we provide details of a bona fide off-the-shelf strategy where iPSC-derived NK (iNK) cell therapy is multiplexed engineered with a novel combination of immune-evasion modalities; beta 2 microgobulin (B2M) KO to prevent CD8 T-cell mediated rejection; class II transactivator (CIITA) KO to prevent CD4 T-cell mediated rejection; and CD38 KO to enable combination with anti-CD38 mAbs, which can be administered to deplete host alloreactive lymphocytes, including both NK and T cells. In vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) data demonstrated that upon co-culture with allogeneic PBMCs, B2M KO iNK cells stimulated less T-cell activation than their B2M sufficient counterparts as evidenced by reduced CD38, 41BB, and CD25 levels on T cells. Additionally, B2M KO iNK cells impaired T-cell expansion over the duration of co-culture, resulting in a 50% decrease in expansion at the peak of the control response. However, B2M KO iNK cells were depleted over time, suggesting activation of an NK cell "missing self" response by the peripheral blood NK (pbNK) cells. In contrast, when the assay was performed in the presence of anti-CD38 mAb, depletion of B2M KO iNK cells was blocked, and instead B2M KO iNK cell numbers increased by 3.5-fold, comparable to the iNK cell numbers found in the control arm (cultured without allogeneic PBMCs). Interestingly, pbNK cell numbers decreased, while T-cell activation and expansion remained lower than in B2M-sufficient MLR cultures. Furthermore, when B2M KO iNK cells were cocultured with tumor cells and anti-CD38 mAb in vitro, ADCC was comparable to the B2M sufficient cells, indicating uncompromised effector function. Finally, in vivo studies suggested that co-administration of anti-CD38 mAbs can significantly enhance the persistence of B2M KO iNK cells in the presence of allogeneic pbNK cells as seen in the spleen and bone marrow (Figure 1). Together these data demonstrate that the combination of triple-gene knockout of CD38, B2M and CIITA with a CD38-targeting mAb is an effective strategy to avoid host immune rejection, and highlights the potential advantages of multiplexed engineered iPSCs to facilitate large-scale manufacture of complex engineered, off-the-shelf cellular therapies. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Williams: Fate Therapeutics: Current Employment. Malmberg: Merck: Research Funding; Vycellix: Consultancy; Fate Therapeutics: Consultancy, Research Funding. Lee: Fate Therapeutics, Inc.: Current Employment. Bjordahl: Fate Therapeutics: Current Employment. Valamehr: Fate Therapeutics, Inc.: Current Employment.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Reaction time was recently recognized as a marker of subtle cognitive and behavioral alterations in the early clinical stages of CADASIL, a monogenic cerebral small-vessel disease. In unselected patients with CADASIL, brain atrophy and lacunes are the main imaging correlates of disease severity, but MR imaging correlates of reaction time in mildly affected patients are unknown. We hypothesized that reaction time is independently associated with the corpus callosum area in the early clinical stages of CADASIL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients with CADASIL without dementia (Mini-Mental State Examination score > 24 and no cognitive symptoms) and without disability (modified Rankin Scale score ≤ 1) were compared with 29 age- and sex-matched controls. Corpus callosum area was determined on 3D-T1 MR imaging sequences with validated methodology. Between-group comparisons were performed with t tests or χ 2 tests when appropriate. Relationships between reaction time and corpus callosum area were tested using linear regression modeling. RESULTS: Reaction time was significantly related to corpus callosum area in patients (estimate = −7.4 × 10 3 , standard error = 3.3 × 10 3 , P = .03) even after adjustment for age, sex, level of education, and scores of depression and apathy (estimate = −12.2 × 10 3 , standard error = 3.8 × 10 3 , P = .005). No significant relationship was observed in controls. CONCLUSIONS: Corpus callosum area, a simple and robust imaging parameter, appears to be an independent correlate of reaction time at the early clinical stages of CADASIL. Further studies will determine whether corpus callosum area can be used as an outcome in future clinical trials in CADASIL or in more prevalent small-vessel diseases.

El aumento de la superficie global de bosques es una de las estrategias más eficientes para mitigar las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero que están acelerando el cambio climático en todo el planeta. Las ciudades se pueden sumar a esta iniciativa mediante la forestación urbana, una estrategia de adaptación al cambio climático que tiene la capacidad de regular las temperaturas extremas, retener la humedad del suelo y facilitar la infiltración de las aguas lluvias evitando inundaciones.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common but treatable condition, with a number of effective available treatments, including oral and intravaginal metronidazole and clindamycin and oral tinidazole. However, as many as 50% of women with BV experience recurrence within 1 year of treatment for incident disease. Some reasons for recurrence include the persistence of residual infection, resistance, and possibly reinfection from either male or female partners. Persistence may occur due to the formation of a biofilm that protects BV-causing bacteria from antimicrobial therapy. Poor adherence to treatment among patients with genitourinary infections may lead to resistance. However, the underlying mechanisms of recurrent etiology of BV are not known. Recommended treatment for recurrent BV consists of an extended course of metronidazole treatment (500 mg twice daily for 10-14 days); if ineffective, metronidazole vaginal gel 0.75% for 10 days, followed by two times per week for 3-6 months, is an alternate treatment regimen. Past studies of clindamycin and tinidazole in the treatment of recurrent BV have focused on patients with evidence of metronidazole resistance. Secnidazole may be an attractive new option due to one-time dosing. Initial studies on biofilm disruption, use of probiotics and prebiotics, and botanical treatments have shown some promise, but must be studied further before use in the clinic. Despite limitations, antimicrobial therapy will remain the mainstay of treatment for recurrent BV for the foreseeable future.

El proyecto tiene como objetivo determinar la demanda de huevo de codorniz en la ciudad de Tuxpan, Veracruz, razón por la cual se inicia con una observación preliminar de la actividad en el municipio, mediante un estudio de tipo objetivo, determinándose que no existe mercadeo del huevo de codorniz. Se observa un bajo hábito de consumo de huevo de codorniz y por lo tanto se debe de concientizar a la población de los beneficios que este producto aporta a la salud así como el precio al que se pretende ofrecer para que de esta manera se penetre en el mercado poco a poco hasta llegar a posicionarnos. Asimismo, se requiere de amplias campañas de publicidad a nivel local, regional y nacional, para que las personas consuman un producto de alto nivel nutricional y por lo tanto, con grandes beneficios para cualquier tipo de población, incluidos niños, adultos mayores y personas enfermas. Todo esto se determinó por medio de una encuesta aplicada a la población para lograr nuestro principal objetivo, determinar si existe una demanda del producto en la región, llegando a la conclusión que efectivamente existe una demanda ya que el 98% de la población encuestada contesto que está de acuerdo en comprar el producto en cuanto este sea puesto a la venta. Esto también se debe a que la mayoría desconoce el producto y por lo tanto no está dispuesto a comprarlo debido a este desconocimiento, siendo importante posicionarlo en la mente del consumidor por medio de publicidad para orillarlo a su compra.

Se realizó con un estudio de las organizaciones económicas en la zona norte del estado de Veracruz, ubicadas en los municipios de Álamo, Tuxpan y Tamiahua, con el propósito de identificar sus características de producción para realizar y proponer estrategias y acciones que contribuyan a la transformación y desarrollo rural de las comunidades, en particular el sector primario a través de las organizaciones económicas de primer nivel. Como parte del trabajo metodológico se consultó información referente a las organizaciones económicas en el sector primario en SAGARPA, CONAFOR y CONAPESCA. En la fase de campo se realizaron encuestas a las organizaciones y productores, así mismo la investigación vía internet en los aspectos organizacionales, técnicos y de aspecto legales. Los resultados de las encuestas mostraron que solo el 33% de las productores saben que es una incubadora de negocios y el 67% desconoce, es decir que es necesario hacer hincapié en los servicios que ofrece una incubadora. Los resultados fueron analizados mostrando que es necesario informar y capacitar al productor en el uso de maquinaria y equipo para producir.

Green spaces are considered as indicators of both quality of life and urban sustainability. In Latin America, some analyses have been made regarding the provision and use of urban green spaces, but there are few studies that analyze how peoples’ perceptions influence the use of these areas. The article analyses factors such as preferences for green spaces over other leisure spaces, community attachment, the image of green spaces, social cohesion, and perceptions of safety in three socioeconomically differentiated neighborhoods within the Metropolitan Area of Santiago. Observations and interviews with users and residents were performed. The neighborhoods showed differing patterns, uses and users of the green spaces, explained primarily by differences of perception regarding community attachment, image, and preference over other spaces. Socio-economic status is associated with the intensity and diversity of use, community attachment, and the image of the parks.

Urban green infrastructure contributes to the health and quality of life for human beings [1].

International audience; The impact of urbanization on groundwater is by no means simple to understand, as it depends on a variety of factors such as climate, hydrogeology, water management practices and infrastructure. In semi-arid landscapes, the urbanization processes can involve high water consumptions and irrigation increase, which acts as a new groundwater recharge. We assessedes the hydrological impacts of urbanization and irrigation rates in an Andean peri-urban catchment located in Chile, in a semi-arid climate. For this purpose, we built and validated a coupled surface-groundwater model that allowed verifying a strong stream-aquifer interaction in areas with shallow groundwater, higher than some sewers and portions of the stream. Moreover, we also identified a significant local recharge associated with inefficient urban irrigation. From the evaluation of different future scenarios, we determined that increasing irrigation efficiency will decrease the current groundwater levels, while the median (Q50%) and low flow (Q95%) discharges will reduce from 408 l/s and 43 l/s to 389 l/s and 22 l/s respectively. Overall, our results show the relevance of integrating the modelling of surface and subsurface water resources at different spatial and temporal scales when assessing the effect of urban development and the suitability of urban water practices.

In this study, we report on for the first time the self-metathesis of the chicle gum and cross-metathesis of the chicle gum rubber isolated from the gummy latex of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) with orange oil, β-pinene and, methyl methacrylate using the Ru-alkylidenes Hoveyda-Grubbs and Grubbs second generation catalysts. There were obtained terpene- and ester-terminated oligoisoprenes, with good yields and selectivities. The present results are a promising starting point for the application of this underexploited renewable resource as a new feedstock for metathesis transformations.

Introduction L’efficience cognitive globale en pathologie neurologique est souvent evaluee par differentes echelles comme le « Mini-Mental State Examination » (MMSE) et la « Mattis Dementia Rating Scale » (MDRS). Nous ne disposons d’aucune recommandation concernant l’utilisation d’un test plutot qu’un autre dans la pathologie Cadasil. Les objectifs de cette etude sont : – de decrire le declin cognitif global en fonction de l’âge et d’evaluer l’effet du sexe et du niveau socioculturel (NSC) sur ce declin ; – d’examiner la sensibilite de ces tests aux modifications globales de l’etat cognitif ; – de comparer leurs proprietes metrologiques dans le but de selectionner le meilleur test pour le suivi longitudinal des patients atteints de Cadasil. Methodes Entre 2003 et 2017, 366 patients âges de plus de 18 ans et ayant une mutation du gene NOTCH3 responsable de Cadasil ont ete recrutes prospectivement au sein du centre de reference CERVCO. Les patients ont ete analyses lorsque leurs scores au MMSE et a la MDRS avaient ete obtenus au moins trois fois simultanement. Les analyses statistiques ont ainsi concerne 185 patients. Nous avons fait l’hypothese que le MMSE et la MDRS etaient des mesures avec erreur du meme processus latent sous-jacent, a savoir le niveau cognitif global. Nous avons analyse l’evolution de ce niveau cognitif global a l’aide d’un modele mixte multivarie a processus latent. Le modele a ete ajuste sur le sexe et le NSC. Le NSC (echelle de Barbizet) a ete analyse selon une variable binaire : eleve pour un NSC superieur ou egal au baccalaureat et faible dans le cas contraire. Resultats L’efficience cognitive globale diminue avec l’âge avec une acceleration a partir de 50 ans. Nous n’avons pas montre d’effet du sexe ou du NSC sur ce declin cognitif. Les scores MMSE et de la MDRS n’apparaissent pas sensibles pour les hauts niveaux cognitifs (effet plafond) et presentent une sensibilite au changement variable (curvilinearite). Le score MMSE couvre un intervalle de niveaux cognitifs legerement plus large que la MDRS et semble un peu plus sensible pour les hauts niveaux cognitifs que la MDRS, ces differences ne sont cependant pas significatives. A l’inclusion, le sexe n’etait pas associe au niveau cognitif (p = 0,136). L’effet du sexe ne differe pas d’un test a l’autre (p = 0,085). Le niveau cognitif apparait significativement plus eleve chez les individus a haut NSC (p = 0,019) que chez ceux a bas NSC. L’effet du NSC ne differe cependant pas d’un test a l’autre (p = 0,283). Nous avons trouve une variabilite inter-individuelle des scores aux tests MMSE et MDRS pour un meme niveau de processus latent. Conclusion L’efficience cognitive globale dans l’angiopathie Cadasil diminue avec l’âge, notamment a partir de 50 ans. Nous n’avons pas observe d’effet du sexe ou du NSC sur ce declin cognitif. Les proprietes metrologiques du score MMSE et de la MDRS apparaissent globalement semblables. Ces resultats ne permettent donc pas de selectionner une de ces echelles en particulier, pour evaluer les patients Cadasil au cours d’etudes longitudinales.

La Patagonia es la última de las grandes regiones despobladas de América Latina, y su parte occidental, correspondiente a Chile, la más aislada. En este artículo se exponen algunos resultados de investigación que la caracterizan, especialmente la tensión secular que sostiene con la lejana administración central del Estado chileno, y que la ha mantenido al margen de la integración por deficitarias políticas de ordenamiento territorial y de colonización. Se presentan sumariamente dos conflictos sociales recientes y emblemáticos, cuyas consecuencias sobre la gestión territorial de la zona marcarán los próximos años con dos ejes fundamentales: la prioridad ecológica y sustentable de cualquier proyecto de desarrollo, y el surgimiento de crecientes niveles de protagonismo local en esa región.Metodológicamente, corresponde a un estudio de caso, con etnografías multisituadas y apoyadas por información secundaria.

The built, green and social environment express the situation of a city and, to a large extent, indicate the development of the urban area. These components of the urban environment have a strong impact on the quality of life of citizens. Along with the concepts of resource efficiency and resilience in cities, the quality of life forms one of the three pillars on which our research on urban transformations is grounded. We approach the concept of quality of life from the environmental perspective and understand the human well-being as an integral part of the broader concept of quality of life. In this study we focus on green infrastructure (GI) as an indication for quality of life research. Here, we measure the extent to which people can access GI as a service and profit from this infrastructure for health-related and social dimensions (Scottish Executive 2005; Bognar 2005). Rapid urbanisation processes accelerate land-use changes that mostly go along with extensive urban land consumption and involve population developments. Such multi-dimensional changes in urban land use and land-consumption patterns are very dynamic and widely ramified. They can evoke unsustainable structures that entangle social-spatial differentiations which are discussed in the context of urban growth and shrinkage processes (see Haase et al. in this volume, dealing with urban dynamics, Seto et al. 2011; Kabisch and Kuhlicke 2014). As land is a limited and contested resource, it demands for infrastructural provision and, particularly with respect to urban quality of life and a sustainable urban development, for the provision of green infrastructure.

Environmental quality has a strong influence on the quality of life for human beings. There are direct linkages between primary elements of the environment, such as air, water, and land surface and the quality of life. Our main research refers to the question how residents and their environment interact by assessing the measured and perceived environmental quality and quality of life. Although, this integrated research requires a wide range of data, there is a lack of studies which have attempted to combine qualitative and quantitative data on quality of the environment and subsequently, quality of life. Based on Lawrence's (2011) notion of environmental quality as a complex concept that is neither static nor absolute, we focus on two interrelated sets of components: bio-geophysical, measurable components and subjective susceptibility of the environmental burdens. We do this by a combined qualitative and quantitative analysis to draw out dimensions of environmental quality and subsequently, quality of life.

Green spaces play a key role in the social activities of those who carry the potential for spatial interaction. In the Metropolitan Area of Santiago de Chile, the increase in housing construction for higher socio-economic strata in low-status neighbourhoods has led in part to a new socio-spatial mix. Whether this trend of socially more diverse neighbourhoods opens up opportunities for spatial contacts is the subject of an emerging debate. Focussing on urban green spaces, this paper provides empirical evidence for use patterns that make spatial interaction between different social groups possible. The analysis and its interpretation combine ecological and socio-economic variables. The results show that in terms of frequency and type of use of green spaces both similar and dissimilar patterns prevail and that distance is not the decisive factor. As a policy recommendation, standard of green spaces should be upgraded, notably in neighbourhoods with residents from different income groups in order to enhance the opportunities of spatial interaction.

Research on analytical and assessment methods regarding environmental policies are scarce, despite the growing concern on environmental topics within governments and civil society. This proposal addresses such gap by offering a methodological tool used to elaborate, monitor and reformulate environmental policies. By using the theory of policy domains, we developed an analytical framework consisting of topics and objectives that build the environmental public policy domain, from which we assess its degree of coherence with the environmental regulatory response. This methodology, called policy statement coherence, will contribute towards the understanding of public policy formulation and implementation processes, an important methodological contribution in this field of research. This proposal revolves around the analysis of water policies in Chile.