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There are scarce data on the optimal duration and prognostic impact of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with second-generation drug-eluting stents for left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the practice pattern and long-term prognostic effect of DAPT duration in patients undergoing PCI with second-generation drug-eluting stents for LMCA disease.Using individual patient-level data from the IRIS-MAIN and KOMATE registries, 1827 patients undergoing PCI with second-generation drug-eluting stents for LMCA disease with valid information on DAPT duration were included. The efficacy outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis) and the safety outcome was TIMI major bleeding.DAPT duration was6 months (n=273), 6 to 12 months (n=477), 12 to 24 months (n=637), and ≥ 24 months (n=440). The median follow-up duration was 3.9 [interquartile range, 3.01-5.00] years. Prolonged DAPT duration was associated with lower incidences of MACE. In multigroup propensity score analysis, adjusted HR for MACE were significantly higher for DAPT6 months and DAPT 6 to 12 months than for DAPT 12 to 24 months (HR, 4.51; 95%CI, 2.96-6.88 and HR 1.92; 95%CI, 1.23-3.00). There was no difference in HR for major bleeding among the assessed groups.DAPT duration following PCI for LMCA disease is highly variable. Although the duration of DAPT should be considered in the context of the clinical situation of each patient,12 months of DAPT was associated with higher incidence of MACE. Registration identifiers: NCT01341327; NCT03908463.

Background This study prospectively evaluated the risk of relapse according to the status of histologic activity in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) who achieved deep remission. Methods Patients with UC in clinical remission (partial Mayo score ≤1) and endoscopic remission (ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity ≤1) were enrolled. Rectal biopsies were performed in patients, and histologic remission was defined as a Robarts histopathology index of ≤3. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was conducted to determine fecal calprotectin cutoff values for histologic remission. The cumulative risk of relapse was evaluated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results Among the 187 patients enrolled, 82 (43.9%) achieved histologic remission. The best cutoff value of fecal calprotectin for predicting histologic remission was 80 mg/kg (area under the curve of 0.646, sensitivity of 74%, and specificity of 61%). Among 142 patients who were followed up for >3 months, 56 (39.4%) showed clinical relapse during a median of 42 weeks. The risk of relapse was lower in patients with histologic remission than in those with histologic activity (P = .026). In multivariable analysis, histologic remission (hazard ratio [HR], 0.551; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.316-0.958; P = .035), elevated C-reactive protein levels (HR, 3.652; 95% CI, 1.400-9.526; P = .008), and history of steroid use (HR, 2.398; 95% CI, 1.196-4.808; P = .014) were significantly associated with clinical relapse. Conclusions In patients with UC who achieved clinical and endoscopic remission, histologic remission was independently associated with a lower risk of clinical relapse.

OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the advantages of using the retrograde approach as an initial strategy rather than as a rescue strategy for complex chronic total occlusions (CTOs). BACKGROUND Even for complex CTOs where a retrograde approach is deemed necessary, an antegrade approach is frequently used as an initial strategy in real-world practice. METHODS We evaluated 352 retrograde procedures for CTO conducted at our high-volume center between January 2007 and January 2019. Procedural efficiency and safety was assessed based on the guidewire manipulation time (GWMT) and the occurrence of procedure-related adverse events for the primary retrograde approach (PRA) and the rescue retrograde approach (RRA). RESULTS PRA and RRA were used in 191 (54.3%) and 161 (45.7%) of the CTO procedures, respectively. The complexity of the CTO lesion was significantly higher in the PRA group than in the RRA group (Japanese-CTO score, 2.62 ± 1.07 vs. 2.38 ± 1.06, p = 0.037). The technical success rate of two groups was similar (p = 0.47). The median GWMT required for PRA was significantly shorter than that for RRA (85 [interquartile range, 55-126] vs. 120 [85-157] min, p

BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) use in chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). AIMS: In CTO-PCI, we aimed to (1) evaluate the clinical benefits of performing post-stent IVUS in preventing adverse clinical events, and (2) identify IVUS parameters and cut-off values for prediction of target lesion revascularisation (TLR)/reocclusion. METHODS: A total of 1,077 patients with 1,077 CTO lesions treated with drug-eluting stents (DES) were included. Clinical outcomes during a median follow-up of 6.3 years were compared between subjects with and those without post-stent IVUS using the inverse probability weighting method. RESULTS: Of 1,077 patients, post-stent IVUS was performed in 838 (77.8%) cases while in the remaining 239 (22.2%) cases it was not. In the weighted population, the risk of TLR/reocclusion was significantly lower in subjects with post-stent IVUS (9.6% vs 18.9%, hazard ratio [HR] 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34-0.86, p=0.01), compared with those without post-stent IVUS. Cox regression analysis showed that minimal stent area (MSA) measured by IVUS was the only parameter independently associated with TLR/reocclusion (HR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.64-0.95; p=0.01) and the optimal MSA cut-off value was 4.9 mm2 for prediction of TLR/reocclusion (area under the curve=0.632, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In CTO-PCI with DES, post-stent IVUS evaluation was associated with a lower risk of TLR/reocclusion. The final MSA was independently associated with TLR/reocclusion with a cut-off value of 4.9 mm(2).

BACKGROUND Pre-treatment prediction of individual blood pressure (BP) response to anti-hypertensive drugs is important to select and optimize medication for promptly and safely achieving a target BP. However, it is challenging to predict individually variable BP responses to a specific regimen. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop supervised machine learning (ML) models for predicting patient-specific treatment effects using 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) data. METHODS A total of 1,129 patients who had both baseline and follow-up ABPM data were randomly assigned into training, validation and test sets in a 3:1:1 ratio. Utilizing the features including clinical and laboratory findings, initial ABPM data, and anti-hypertensive medication at baseline and at follow-up, ML models were developed to predict post-treatment individual BP response. Each case was labeled by the mean 24-hour and daytime BPs derived from the follow-up ABPM. RESULTS At baseline, 616 (55%) patients had been treated using mono or combination therapy with 45 anti-hypertensive drugs. By using CatBoost, the difference between predicted vs. measured mean 24-hour systolic BP at follow-up was 8.4 ± 7.0 mm Hg (% difference of 6.6% ± 5.7%). The difference between predicted vs. measured mean 24-hour diastolic BP was 5.3 ± 4.3 mm Hg (% difference of 6.8% ± 5.5%). There were significant correlations between the CatBoost-predicted vs. the ABPM-measured changes in the mean 24-hour Systolic (r=0.74) and diastolic (r=0.68) BPs from baseline to follow-up. Even in the patients with renal insufficiency or diabetes, the correlations between CatBoost-predicted vs. ABPM-measured BP changes were significant. CONCLUSIONS ML algorithms accurately predict the post-treatment ambulatory BP levels, which may assist clinicians in personalizing anti-hypertensive treatment. CLINICALTRIAL not-applicable

Objectives This study evaluated the association between elevated levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and risk of recurrent ischemic events in patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background Elevated levels of Lp(a) have been identified as an independent, possibly causal, risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in a general population study. Methods A prospective single-center registry was used to identify 12,064 patients with baseline Lp(a) measurements who underwent PCI between 2003 and 2013. The primary outcomes were a composite of cardiovascular death, spontaneous myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke. Results From the registry, 3,747 (31.1%) patients had high Lp(a) (>30 mg/dL) and 8,317 (68.9%) patients had low Lp(a) (≤30 mg/dL). During a median follow-up of 7.4 years, primary outcomes occurred in 1,490 patients, and the incidence rates of primary outcomes were 2.0 per 100 person-years in the high-Lp(a) group and 1.6 per 100 person-years in the low-Lp(a) group (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.30; P = 0.004). Increased risk of recurrent ischemic cardiovascular events in the high-Lp(a) group was consistent in various subgroups including patients receiving statin treatment at discharge (aHR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.03-1.34; P = 0.011). In addition, the risk of repeated revascularization was significantly higher in the high-Lp(a) group (aHR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.02-1.25; P = 0.022). Conclusions Elevated levels of Lp(a) were significantly associated with the recurrent ischemic events in patients who underwent PCI. This study provides a rationale for outcome trials to test Lp(a)-lowering therapy for secondary prevention in patients undergoing PCI.

Background and aims Although plaque characterization by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is important for risk stratification, frame-by-frame analysis of a whole vascular segment is time-consuming. The aim was to develop IVUS-based algorithms for classifying attenuation and calcified plaques. Methods IVUS image sets of 598 coronary arteries from 598 patients were randomized into training and test sets with 5:1 ratio. Each IVUS frame at a 0.4-mm interval was circumferentially labeled as one of three classes: attenuated plaque, calcified plaque, or plaque without attenuation or calcification. The model was trained on multi-class classification with 5-fold cross validation. By converting from Cartesian to polar coordinate images, the class corresponding to each array from 0 to 360° was plotted. Results At the angle-level, Dice similarity coefficients for identifying calcification vs. attenuation vs. none by using ensemble model were 0.79, 0.74 and 0.99, respectively. Also, the maximal accuracy was 98% to classify those groups in the test set. At the frame-level, the model identified the presence of attenuation with 80% sensitivity, 96% specificity, and 93% overall accuracy, and the presence of calcium with 86% sensitivity, 97% specificity, and 96% overall accuracy. In the per-vessel analysis, the attenuation and calcification burden index closely correlated with human measurements (r = 0.89 and r = 0.95, respectively), as did the maximal attenuation and calcification burden index over 4 mm (r = 0.82 and r = 0.91, respectively). The inference times were 0.05 s per frame and 7.8 s per vessel. Conclusions Our deep learning algorithms for plaque characterization may assist clinicians in recognizing high-risk coronary lesions.

Objectives The aim of this study was to develop pre-procedural intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)–based models for predicting the occurrence of stent underexpansion. Background Although post-stenting IVUS has been used to optimize percutaneous coronary intervention, there are no pre-procedural guidelines to estimate the degree of stent expansion and provide preemptive management before stent deployment. Methods A total of 618 coronary lesions in 618 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were randomized into training and test sets in a 5:1 ratio. Following the coregistration of pre- and post-stenting IVUS images, the pre-procedural images and clinical information (stent diameter, length, and inflation pressure; balloon diameter; and maximal balloon pressure) were used to develop a regression model using a convolutional neural network to predict post-stenting stent area. To separate the frames with from those without the occurrence of underexpansion (stent area Results Overall, the frequency of stent underexpansion was 15% (5,209 of 34,736 frames). At the frame level, stent areas predicted by the pre-procedural IVUS-based regression model significantly correlated with those measured on post-stenting IVUS (r = 0.802). To predict stent underexpansion, maximal accuracy of 94% (area under the curve = 0.94) was achieved when the convolutional neural network– and mask image–derived features were used for the classification model. At the lesion level, there were significant correlations between predicted and measured minimal stent area (r = 0.832) and between predicted and measured total stent volume (r = 0.958). Conclusions Deep-learning algorithms accurately predicted incomplete stent expansion. A data-driven approach may assist clinicians in making treatment decisions to avoid stent underexpansion as a preventable cause of stent failure.

Immigrants' health is an emerging public health issue worldwide. This study aimed to measure immigrant workers' self-rated health and identify the factors affecting it. Data were obtained from the nationwide 2020 Survey on Immigrants' Living Conditions and Labor Force in Korea. The data from 14,277 economically active immigrants who participated in the study were analyzed. Self-rated health was measured using one question and divided into dichotomized categories (good and poor). Multivariate logistic regression with a weighted sampling method was used to investigate associated factors, namely, individual, social, and living and working environment variables, and to evaluate the interaction effects with gender. Overall, 23.0% of the participants showed poor self-rated health. The odds ratios for poor self-rated health were high in participants who reported unmet healthcare needs (OR = 3.07, 95% confidence interval: 3.00–3.13) compared to those who reported other factors, followed by moderate job satisfaction (OR = 2.23, 95% confidence interval: 2.20–2.26) and unsatisfied residential environment satisfaction (OR = 1.80, 95% confidence interval: 1.74–1.86). Significant associations were found between self-rated health and most variables, including the interaction test (gender × residential environment satisfaction, education level, working hours, and length of residence). To enhance immigrants' health status, the Korean government must develop strategies to increase their access to healthcare services and minimize unmet healthcare needs. In addition, working conditions must be improved, specifically regarding long working hours and discrimination; furthermore, immigrants' living environments should be considered.

Background The clinical value of intracoronary imaging for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) guidance is well acknowledged. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) are the most commonly used intravascular imaging to guide and optimize PCI in day-to-day practice. However, the comparative effectiveness of IVUS-guided versus OCT-guided PCI with respect to clinical end points remains unknown. Methods and design The OCTIVUS study is a prospective, multicenter, open-label, parallel-arm, randomized trial comparing the effectiveness of 2 imaging-guided strategies in patients with stable angina or acute coronary syndromes undergoing PCI in Korea. A total of 2,000 patients are randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either an OCT-guided PCI strategy or an IVUS-guided PCI strategy. The trial uses a pragmatic comparative effectiveness design with inclusion criteria designed to capture a broad range of real-world patients with diverse clinical and anatomical features. PCI optimization criteria are predefined using a common algorithm for online OCT or IVUS. The primary end point, which was tested for both noninferiority (margin, 3.1 percentage points for the risk difference) and superiority, is target-vessel failure (cardiac death, target-vessel myocardial infarction, or ischemia-driven target-vessel revascularization) at 1 year. Results Up to the end of July 2020, approximately 1,200 "real-world" PCI patients have been randomly enrolled over 2 years. Enrollment is expected to be completed around the midterm of 2021, and primary results will be available by late 2022 or early 2023. Conclusion This large-scale, multicenter, pragmatic-design clinical trial will provide valuable clinical evidence on the relative efficacy and safety of OCT-guided versus IVUS-guided PCI strategies in a broad population of patients undergoing PCI in the daily clinical practice.

The aim of this study was to investigate the practice pattern and long-term prognostic effect of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) duration in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with second-generation drug-eluting stent (DES) for left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease. Using individual patient-level data from the IRIS-MAIN and KOMATE registries, 1,827 patients undergoing PCI with second-generation DES for LMCA disease with valid information on the DAPT duration were included. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis) and the safety outcome was major bleeding. The DAPT duration was

Background Migrant workers are among the most vulnerable populations in society. This study explored the health-literacy experiences of migrant workers in South Korea and how the workers’daily lives have been affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods We conducted a series of semi-structured individual and focus-group interviews with 23 migrant workers (eight Cambodians, six Nepalese, four Sri Lankans, three Bangladeshis, and two Pakistanis) residing in the Daegu and Busan metropolitan areas of South Korea. All interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed using content analysis. Results Migrant workers had difficulty accessing and using health care services due, in large part, to linguistic barriers and a lack of an adequate support system. Four main themes were identified: difficulty understanding and using medical services, obtaining necessary health and safety information, the impact of COVID-19, and protecting oneself from becoming infected with COVID-19. Most workers depended on information from social networking services (SNS) and co-workers. Conclusions Migrant workers’ difficulty with health care access was exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings suggest the necessity of enhancing migrant workers' health literacy, along with the use of SNS as a viable pathway for sharing health information and resources.

IntroductionAngiography remains the gold standard for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, it is prone to suboptimal stent results due to the visual estimation of coronary measurements. Although the benefit of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided PCI is becoming increasingly recognised, IVUS is not affordable for many catheterisation laboratories. Thus, a more practical and standardised angiography-based approach is necessary to support stent implantation.Methods and analysisThe Quantitative Coronary Angiography versus Intravascular Ultrasound Guidance for Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation trial is a randomised, investigator-initiated, multicentre, open-label, non-inferiority trial comparing the quantitative coronary angiography (QCA)-guided PCI strategy with IVUS-guided PCI in all-comer patients with significant coronary artery disease. A novel, standardised, QCA-based PCI protocol for the QCA-guided group will be provided to all participating operators, while the PCI optimisation criteria will be predefined for both strategies. A total of 1528 patients will be randomised to either group at a 1:1 ratio. The primary endpoint is the 12-month cumulative incidence of target-lesion failure defined as a composite of cardiac death, target-vessel myocardial infarction or ischaemia-driven target-lesion revascularisation. Clinical follow-up assessments are scheduled at 1, 6 and 12 months for all patients enrolled in the study.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval for this study was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Asan Medical Center (no. 2017-0060). Informed consent will be obtained from every participant. The study findings will be published in peer-reviewed journal articles and disseminated through public forums and academic conference presentations. Cost-effectiveness and secondary imaging analyses will be shared in secondary papers.Trial registration numberNCT02978456.

Aims The aim of this study was to compare percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) outcomes in relation to stent optimisation profiles between in-stent chronic total occlusions (CTOs) and de novo CTOs. Methods and results We evaluated 1,516 consecutive patients who underwent PCI for 147 in-stent CTOs (9.3%) and 1,439 de novo CTOs between 2007 and 2018. The primary endpoint was target vessel failure (TVF) consisting of a composite of cardiac death, target vessel-related myocardial infarction, or target vessel revascularisation. The final post-stenting intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images were analysed. Target lesion complexity reflected by the Japanese CTO score was similar, albeit calcification was more prevalent in de novo CTOs, whereas occlusion length >20 mm was more frequent in in-stent CTOs. The technical success (88.4% vs 87.5%, p=0.84) and in-hospital adverse event (1.4% vs 3.6%, p=0.26) rates were similar between CTO types. Among those who received drug-eluting stents, the five-year TVF (11.0% vs 10.7%, p=0.99) and target vessel revascularisation (4.2% vs 3.7%, p=0.81) rates were similar between groups. Total stent length, minimum stent area (5.4±1.8 vs 5.5±1.8 mm2, p=0.77), and maximal plaque burden of the reference segments were largely comparable between groups. Conclusions In-stent CTO PCI with drug-eluting stents optimised by IVUS guidance offers as acceptable long-term clinical results as those achieved in de novo CTOs.

AIMS The aim of this study was to develop a deep learning model for classifying frames with versus without optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA). METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 602 coronary lesions from 602 angina patients were randomised into training and test sets in a 4:1 ratio. A DenseNet model was developed to classify OCT frames with or without OCT-derived TCFA. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping was used to visualise the area of attention. In the training sample (35,678 frames of 480 lesions), the model with fivefold cross-validation had an overall accuracy of 91.6±1.7%, sensitivity of 88.7±3.4%, and specificity of 91.8±2.0% (averaged AUC=0.96±0.01) in predicting the presence of TCFA. In the test samples (9,722 frames of 122 lesions), the overall accuracy at the frame level was 92.8% within the lesion (AUC=0.96) and 91.3% in the entire OCT pullback. The correlation between the %TCFA burden per vessel predicted by the model compared with that identified by experts was significant (r=0.87, p

Objectives This study compared the 3-year outcomes of intracoronary imaging–guided pre-dilation, stent sizing, and post-dilation (iPSP) for patients with complex coronary artery lesions. Background The long-term effects of the optimal drug-eluting stent implantation technique in complex coronary artery disease have not been evaluated. Methods From the IRIS-DES (Interventional Cardiology Research In-cooperation Society-Drug-Eluting Stents) registry, the study evaluated 9,525 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for left main, bifurcation, long or diffuse (>30 mm), or angiographically severely calcified lesions. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization. The inverse probability of treatment weighting method was used to adjust for confounding factors. Results At the index procedure, intravascular ultrasound assessment PSP were performed in 8,522 (89.5%) patients, 5,141 (54.0%) patients, and 5,531 (58.1%) patients, respectively; overall, 3,374 (35.4%) patients underwent stent implantation using all 3 parts of the iPSP strategy and were defined as the iPSP group. At 3 years, the adjusted rate of the primary outcome was significantly lower in iPSP group (5.6% vs 7.9%; adjusted hazard ratio: 0.71; 95% confidence interval: 0.63 to 0.81; p Conclusions Among patients undergoing drug-eluting stent implantation in complex coronary artery stenosis, iPSP was associated with a lower risk of cardiac events at 3 years. Therefore, physicians should apply iPSP more actively for the treatment of complex coronary artery stenoses, even in the current era. (Evaluation of the First, Second, and New Drug-Eluting Stents in Routine Clinical Practice [IRIS-DES]; NCT01186133)

Background and Objectives The purpose of this study was to figure out the clinical effectiveness of the bluetooth wireless streaming when used with a hearing aid during cell phone conversation for hearing-impaired listeners.Subjects and Method Twenty-four adults with hearing loss participated (mild: 3, moderate: 13, moderately severe: 8) in the study. The following three objective tests and one subjective questionnaire were administered to all participants; 1) consonant and Monosyllabic test in an noisy environment, 2) speech recognition test in quiet and noisy conditions, 3) listening effort test, and 4) questionnaire about sound quality and preference. Each objective test was conducted in three different cell phone conversation environments as follows; 1) unaided condition, 2) aided condition, with the bluetooth function off, and 3) aided condition, with the bluetooth function on.Results In the aided condition with the bluetooth function off, performance on consonant and monosyllabic tests was the lowest (p＜0.05). However, when the bluetooth function was turned on, the result showed statistically significant superior performance (p＜0.05). For the words and sentences test in noisy conditions, using wireless streaming feature with the hearing aids were beneficial compared to not using the feature (p＜0.05). However, no significant difference was found between the bluetooth off and on conditions in quiet conditions. Listening effort was significantly lower in noisy background for aided bluetooth on condition (p＜0.05). There was no significant difference in sound quality according to each condition, but the preference of Bluetooth feature was overwhelmingly high.Conclusion Bluetooth wireless streaming is beneficial during phone conversation in noisy environments for users of hearing aids.

Background: Myocardial viability test to guide revascularization remains uncertain in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. We aimed to evaluate the different impacts of revascularization on cardiac mortality according to the extent of myocardial scar assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE-CMR) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Methods: A total of 404 consecutive patients with significant coronary artery disease and an ejection fraction ≤35% were assessed by LGE-CMR before revascularization. Of them, 306 patients underwent revascularization and 98 patients received medical treatment alone. The primary outcome was cardiac death. Results: During a median follow-up of 6.3 years, cardiac death occurred in 158 (39.1%) patients. Revascularization was associated with a significantly lower risk of cardiac death than medical treatment alone in the overall population (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.19-0.45; P < 0.001). There was a significant interaction between the number of segments with 76%-100% transmural LGE and revascularization on the risk of cardiac death (P = 0.037 for interaction). In patients with limited myocardial scar (< 6 segments with 76%-100% transmural LGE, N = 354), revascularization had a significantly lower risk of cardiac death than medical treatment alone (aHR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.15-0.37; P < 0.001); in patients with extensive myocardial scar (≥ 6 segments with 76-100% transmural LGE, N = 50), there was no significant difference between revascularization and medical treatment alone regarding the risk of cardiac death (aHR, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.46-3.80; P = 0.60). Conclusions: Assessment of myocardial scar by LGE-CMR may be helpful in the decision-making process for revascularization in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.