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Blood and other non‐Newtonian fluids are most appropriately described by a rheological model known as a Casson fluid. The presence of yield stress in Casson fluids makes them particularly relevant in the fields of biomechanics and polymer industries. In this analysis, a numerical simulation of flow of a Casson nanofluid over a stretching surface was estimated. The flow of fluid was subjected to a magnetic field of varying strength. The governing partial differential equations for momentum and heat transmission are converted into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations with the aid of similarity transformations. After that, numerical techniques are used to solve the equations. Figures and tables are utilized to illustrate how non‐dimensional parameters affect energy, concentration, and velocity trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound has lately become one of the indispensable diagnostic methods used in dentistry as it is a non-invasive, real-time, radiation-free technique for assessing dental and maxillofacial structures. Based on the analyzed literature, this systematic review aims to present existing developments, ongoing practices, and potential future trends in the use of clinical applications of ultrasound imaging in dentistry. This review includes virtually all the major fields of dentistry such as periodontology, endodontics, orthodontics, and oral surgery. They include identification and characterization of periapical lesions, periodontal examination and screening, examination of salivary gland disorders, and counseling during implant installation. The usefulness of ultrasound imaging in recording the progress of the disease and care and the possibility of applying ultrasound imaging in caries diagnosis are also considered. Moreover, the review discusses the studies that describe the use of ultrasound in conjunction with other imaging methods to obtain higher accuracy. At the same time, the article discusses the potential drawbacks and difficulties in integrating the method into clinical practice for many patients, namely, the reliance on the operator and professional education. Thus, the current review will endeavor to offer dental practitioners and researchers rigorous knowledge of the role of ultrasound imaging and the prospects it holds for the future of dentistry in the sphere of diagnostics and treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain is one of the most common reasons why patients seek medical attention. When experiencing discomfort in the orofacial region, a dentist is usually the first medical professional consulted. While odontogenic factors are the most common causes of acute pain in the maxillofacial region, it can also be non odontogenic, making it challenging to differentiate between the two. However, with a thorough examination, taking a complete history, and ordering necessary diagnostic tests, a dentist can make an accurate diagnosis and evaluate the entire stomatognathic system and other relevant anatomical regions. Misdiagnosis can lead to unnecessary dental procedures and cause trauma to the patients. Case 1 (50-year-old female) and case 3 (63-year-old female) were finally diagnosed as Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN), which were initially misdiagnosed as odontogenic pain and were treated with unnecessary irreversible dental treatments like Randomised Controlled Clinical Trials (RCT). Case 2 ( 28-year-old female) was eventually diagnosed as a case of myofascial pain with loss of muscle tone, for which the patient required palliative physical therapy. Instead, the splint, which was worn day and night by the patient, and soft diet resulted in muscle atrophy. The present case series emphasises the importance of accurate diagnosis to prevent irreversible dental treatment and protect patients from harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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