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Nine complete nucleotide sequences of geminialphasatellites (subfamily Geminialphasatellitinae, family Alphasatellitidae) recovered from the wild Poaceae Sorghum arundinaceum collected in Reunion are described and analyzed. While the helper geminivirus was identified as an isolate of maize streak virus (genus Mastrevirus, family Geminiviridae), the geminialphasatellite genomes were most closely related to, and shared ~63% identity with, clecrusatellites. Even though the geminialphasatellite molecules lack an adenine rich-region, they have the typical size of geminialphasatellites, encode a replication-associated protein in the virion sense, and have probable stem-loop structures at their virion-strand origins of replication. According to the proposed geminialphasatellite species and genus demarcation thresholds (88% and 70% nucleotide identity, respectively), the genomes identified here represent a new species (within a new genus) for which we propose the name "Sorghum mastrevirus-associated alphasatellite" (genus "Sorgasalphasatellite").

Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf in D.Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 114 (1917). Distribution: Africa, Indian Subcontinent Specimens: MOSHI Kidia, Hemp, A. 282 (UBT); Lake Chala, Bigger, M. 1996 (K); Legumishera Hill, Grimshaw, J.M. 94251 (K); Lyamungu Coffe Research Station, Wallace, G.B. 1161 (K, NH); Marangu, Davies, R.M. 1129 (K, NH); Moshi, Barney, R.W. 1171 (K); Moshi, Haarer, A.E. 364 (K); Ol Molog, Grimshaw, J.M. 93752 (K)., Published as part of Prunera-Olivé, Joan, Vorontsova, Maria S., Williams, Emma V., Mollel, Neduvoto P. & Hemp, Andreas, 2021, Checklist of Kilimanjaro grasses shows that both plot and herbarium methods are necessary to record diversity, pp. 201-244 in Phytotaxa 501 (2) on page 240, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.501.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5424816

Since the 1970s, the quest for finding the origins of domesticated sorghum in Africa has remained elusive despite the fact that sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. sensu stricto) is one of the world’s most important cereals. Recognized as originating from wild populations in Africa (Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf), however, the date and cultural context of its domestication has been controversial, with many scholars inferring an early Holocene origin in parallel with better-known cereal domestications. This paper presents firm evidence that the process of domesticating sorghum was present in the far eastern Sahel in the southern Atbai at an archaeological site associated with the Butana Group. Ceramic sherds recovered from excavations undertaken by the Southern Methodist University Butana Project during the 1980s from the largest Butana Group site, KG23, near Kassala, eastern Sudan, were analyzed, and examination of the plant impressions in the pottery revealed diagnostic chaff in which both domesti...

Sudangrass, Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf, is a vigorous forage crop that has also been used for biogas, paper, and electricity production. Due to the large biomass yields achieved by sudangrass and the large area of potential growth in Argentina seven sudangrass accessions from a collection of S. sudanense were analyzed to evaluate their potential as feedstocks for lignocellulosic bioethanol production, and to assess whether there is an association between the response to biotic and abiotic stresses and the composition of the biomass. The biomass composition was analyzed for major cell wall polymers, monosaccharides, and elemental composition. On average, 68% of stem lignocellulosic biomass was comprised of matrix polysaccharides and crystalline cellulose, representing a potential source of sugars for bioethanol production. Xylose was the predominant matrix polysaccharide monosaccharide comprising, on average, 45% of the total sugars, followed by arabinose, glucose, galactose, galacturonic acid, mannose, glucuronic acid, and fucose. Rhamnose was not detected in any of the biomasses analyzed. Silica was the most abundant element in sudangrass stem, followed by chloride, calcium, phosphorus and sulfur. We performed saccharification analyses after pretreatments. Alkaline pretreatment was more effective than water pretreatment. Sodium hydroxide pretreatment exposed different levels of recalcitrance among sudangrass accessions, whereas the water pretreatment did not. Phenological traits were also evaluated, showing significant variability among accessions. The comparison of major cell wall polymers and monosaccharide composition between tolerant and susceptible accessions to abiotic and biotic stresses suggests an association between the composition of the biomass and the response to stress. Instituto de Suelos Fil: Acevedo, Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; Argentina Fil: Simister, Rachael. University of York. Department of Biology. Centre for Novel Agricultural Products; Reino Unido Fil: McQueen-Mason, Simon J. University of York. Department of Biology. Centre for Novel Agricultural Products; Reino Unido Fil: Gómez, Leonardo D. University of York. Department of Biology. Centre for Novel Agricultural Products; Reino Unido

The bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds in five wild and two domesticated cereal grains found in Zimbabwe was determined. The wild cereal grains that were used in the study were Amaranthus hybridus, Brachiaria brizantha, Panicum maximum, Rottboellia cochinchinensis and Sorghum arundinaceum. The domesticated cereal grains used were Eleusine corocana and the red variety of Sorghum bicolor. A. hybridus had the highest intestinal bioaccessibility percentage of 95.4 ± 0.01% while the cereal with the least intestinal bioaccessibility was Rottboellia cochinchinensis with 81.85 ± 0.03%. From the bioaccessibility results we observed that generally, the cereal grains with higher fibre content indicated lower bioaccessibility levels. R. cochinchinensis, which contained 24.89% fibre had small intestine bioaccessibility of 20% while P. maximum which contained 26.03% fibre had 26% bioaccessibility. The bioaccessibility of phenolics compounds in the small intestines was lower than in the large intestines. The lower bioaccessibility in the small intestines may indicate that human digestive enzymes are ineffective in digesting most food constituents to which phenolic compounds were conjugated. . The results obtained in this study may assist in understanding the concept of bioaccessibility by all individuals involved in food production and nutritional evaluation as well as for determining diet and health correlations.

This study aimed at evaluating the physiology of maize and weeds when living under different densities. The randomized block design with 4 replications was used. The factorial scheme 5 x 2 + 1 and 5 x 3 was adopted, for maize and weeds respectively, corresponding to weed species (Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis, Urochloa brizantha, Sorghum arundinaceum and Ipomoea triloba) and infestation density (control, 15 and 30 plants m-2). Weeds were kept in coexistence with the maize hybrid DKB 390 PRO 2, with an additional treatment for maize plants absent of competition. It was kept in coexistence with maize hybrid DKB 390 PRO 2 besides an additional treatment with maize plants absent of competition. On day 45 and 60 after maize planting (DAP) physiological reviews were performed within the culture, and 38 days after weed transplanting (DAT), an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) was used. There were physiological changes in maize due to the coexistence with weeds. On day 45 DAP, the competition, regardless of the weed species, caused less photosynthetic rate in maize coexisting with 15 plants m-2; the stomatal conductance was lower in both densities. On day 60 DAP, maize in competition with 15 and 30 plants m-2 showed lower transpiration rate. U. brizantha and S. arundinaceum showed reduction in photosynthesis and transpiration, due to increased density and coexistence with maize. RESUMO Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a fisiologia de milho e plantas daninhas em convívio sob diferentes densidades. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foi adotado esquema fatorial 5 x 2 + 1 e 5 x 3, para o milho e plantas daninhas, respectivamente, correspondendo aos fatores espécies de planta daninha (Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis, Urochloa brizantha, Sorghum arundinaceum e Ipomoea triloba) e densidade de infestação (testemunha, 15 e 30 plantas m-2). Mantiveram-se em convívio com o híbrido de milho transgênico DKB 390 PRO 2, além de um tratamento adicional para plantas de milho ausentes de competição. Aos 45 e 60 dias após o plantio (DAP) do milho, foram realizadas avaliações fisiológicas na cultura, e aos 38 dias após o transplantio (DAT), para as plantas daninhas, utilizou-se analisador de gases no infravermelho (IRGA). Houve alterações fisiológicas no milho devido ao convívio com as plantas daninhas. Aos 45 DAP, a competição, independentemente da espécie infestante, causou menor taxa fotossintética no milho em convívio com 15 plantas m-2; a condutância estomática foi inferior nas duas densidades. Aos 60 DAP, o milho em competição com 15 e 30 plantas m-2 apresentou menor taxa transpiratória. U. brizantha e S. arundinaceum apresentaram redução na fotossíntese e transpiração em função do aumento da densidade e do convívio com o milho.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T15:27:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-04-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:24:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-83582015000200223.pdf: 1078076 bytes, checksum: 898347f7e2eb9f2ede74b892dd9e8f43 (MD5) Light, temperature and dormancy are factors that influence the germination of seeds and are strictly linked to the emergence of weeds. The objective of this work was to assess the germination of Sorghum arundinaceum and Sorghum halepense subjected to different conditions of temperature and luminosity, as well as assessing seed dormancy breaking mechanisms. For this, two experiments were conducted, both arranged in a completely randomized design. Experiment 1 was installed in a 2 x 5 double factorial design. The first factor was the absence or presence of light for 12 hours, and the other was composed of five constant temperatures: 15, 20, 30, 40 and 45 degrees C. In experiment 2, the efficiency of nine treatments used for breaking dormancy of seeds was assessed. The variables analyzed for both experiments were germination percentage and germination speed index (GSI). For the statistical analysis were performed an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and all the necessary consequences, as well as regression, when relevant. In experiment 1 for both species greater germination occurred in the presence of light. For S. arundinaceum the temperatures at which there was the highest percentage of germination were 33.13 and 31.24 degrees C for presence and absence of light respectively. As for S. halepense these temperatures were 31.98 and 29.75 degrees C for presence and absence of light respectively. As for the treatments for breaking dormancy, the mechanical scarification of seeds with sandpaper presented the highest germination and GSI. It is concluded that the Sorghum species studied are neutral photoblastic seeds and present mechanical type dormancy. Univ Fed Parana, Palotina, PR, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Escola Super Agr Luis Dequeiroz, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil

A polysaccharide, an α-ᴅ -glucan with an apparent molecular weight of 6.85×104, called PSa glucan, was isolated from fresh seeds of Sorghum arundinaceum by fractionation on Sephacryl S-300 HR and Sephadex G-25. Chemical and spectroscopic studies indicated that it has a highly branched glucan type structure composed of α-(154) linked d-glucopyranose residues with (1→3), (1→6) branching points, and a significant amount of α-(1→6) branching to α-(1→3) linked ᴅ -glucopyranose residues. The anti-inflammatory activity of the polysaccharide was performed using the capillary permeability assay.

Summary The genus Striga contains some of the most noxious parasitic plants, which have a devastating impact on cereal production in Africa; of most importance are Striga hermonthica and Striga asiatica. Complete resistance to infection by Striga species does not exist in cultivated cereals. Of great interest is the possibility that wild relatives of cereals may provide a genetic basis for resistance or tolerance to infection and may be of enormous value for the development of resistant crops. A wild relative of cultivated sorghum, Sorghum arundinaceum, demonstrated tolerance to infection by S. asiatica, with little impact of S. asiatica on host growth or grain production compared with the detrimental impact of the parasite on cultivated sorghum. Infection by S.hermonthica, however, had a significant influence on host performance for both wild and cultivated sorghum. Differences in host:parasite responses may be explained by the timing of parasite attachment and differences in host specificity for these two Striga species.

Plants kept under competition tend to modify their morphology to optimize the use of production factors. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of competition between transgenic maize and five weed species on the growth and yield of transgenic maize hybrid. The experiment used a randomized block design with four replicates in a factorial 5 x 2 + 6 scheme consisting of a combination of maize under competition with five weed species (Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis, Brachiaria brizantha, Sorghum arundinaceum and Ipomoea triloba) in two weed densities (15 or 30 plants m-2) plus six treatments corresponding to maize and weed species without competition. All the means for dry matter accumulated by maize plants in the stem and leaf in the density of 15 plants m ² were higher than the means for plants in coexistence with 30 plants m-². Number of kernels, diameter and length of cob were not affected by competition with weeds. The weeds that most interfered with maize biomass production were S.arundinaceum and B.brizantha. Leaf dry mass accumulation was more sensitive than the production of stem. It was observed that maize was usually very competitive with weeds, and there was a strong decrease in dry matter accumulation of all the weeds in the study when in coexistence with the crop. Plantas mantidas sobre competição tendem a modificar sua morfologia para o maior aproveitamento dos fatores de produção. Objetivou-se no presente estudo avaliar a interferência de plantas daninhas em duas densidades sobre o crescimento e a produção de híbrido de milho transgênico. O experimento foi instalado em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, arranjado em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 + 6. No fator 1 alocaram-se as espécies Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis, Brachiaria brizantha, Sorghum arundinaceum e Ipomoea triloba, e no fator 2, as densidades de plantas daninhas (15 ou 30plantasm-2 ) mantidas em convívio com o híbrido de milho transgênico DKB 390 PRO 2. Mantiveram-se seis tratamentos adicionais, correspondendo às plantas daninhas e a o milho ausentes de competição. Todas as médias de massa seca acumuladas pelo milho no caule e nas folhas na densidade de 15 plantasdaninhas m² foram superiores às médias apresentadas pelas plantas em convívio com 30 plantasdaninhas m-². O número de grãos, o diâmetro e o comprimento de espiga do milho não foram influenciados pela competição com as plantas daninhas. As plantas daninhas que mais interferiram na produção de massa seca do milho foram S. arundinaceum e B. brizantha. O acúmulo de massa seca foliar do milho é mais sensível ao convívio que o de massa seca caulinar. De modo geral, o milho apresentou boa habilidade competitiva com as plantas daninhas, constatando-se decréscimo no acúmulo de massa seca de todas as espécies quando em convivência com a cultura.

This study was conducted in “ Lare ” and “ Itang ” districts of Gambella People’s regional state, South Western Ethiopia and assessed the presence, seasonal dynamicity and effect of toxic plants on large and small domestic ruminants. A cross sectional type of research was used to survey potential toxic plants for domestic animals from January 2016 to August 2016 with the help of a structured questionnaire format and plant sampling. A total of 255 individuals were interviewed (151 from “ Lare ” and 104 from “ Itang ”), of which 80.4% are males. Both infectious and non-infectious types of diseases challenge the livestock production system in the area (with 65.0%, 30.8%, combination of infectious and non-infectious and infectious diseases alone respectively), despite more than 60.4% said disease is the main livestock rearing obstacle in the areas. About 88.4% said cases of toxic plants mostly occur once per year while, very few of the participants said toxic plants as the problem, that occurs most often and often (8.2%, and 3.4% respectively). Shrubs are main source of plant toxicosis (97.3%). Of the total (146) participants, about 63.0% of them said, they attempt to treat locally/traditionally, while only 32.2% visits modern veterinary service. Among the top mentioned pre-disposing factors that expose animals for plant toxicosis in the study area were, food shortage (43.2%), accidental ingestion with feed (40.4%), nutritional deficiency (6.8%), and excess consumption (4.8%). The most common likely period of the year that plant toxicosis occur in general; beginning of wet season (48.6%), end of rainy season (32.9%), end of the dry season (12.3%) and peak of dry season (2.7%). Cattle, sheep and goats are among the susceptible and can cause various illness and also cause sudden death to them. Among the non-infectious diseases, plant poisonings are one of the non-infectious livestock health problems in the study areas, that resulting huge loss when animals graze in poisonous plant. Some of the identified toxic plants in the area includes Ngiar, Wath (Sorghum arundinaceum), Diir, Magak (Lactuca inermis Forssk), Nyuath and Zom (Ipomoea acquatica Forssk). Other toxic plants identified were Dep gany (Cissus quadrangularis L.), Tach Yaaz (Ipomoae acuatica Forssk) and Hygrophilla schulli (hamilt.) MR. & S. M Almeida species. Proper attention and further toxic plants epidemiological investigations should be conducted for minimizing the direct and indirect loss to the livestock sector in the region.

Plant sugars are often considered as primary feeding stimuli, conditioning host plant acceptance by herbivorous insects. Of the nine sugars identified from methanolic extracts of seven grass species, only turanose, a sucrose isomer, was negatively correlated with the survival and growth of the noctuid larva of cereal stemborer, Busseola fusca. Sucrose was the most abundant sugar, although it did not vary significantly in concentration among the plant species studied. Using Styrofoam™ cylinders impregnated with increasing concentrations of turanose or sucrose, the two sugars had opposing effects: turanose appeared phagodeterrent while sucrose was phagostimulatory. Electrophysiological studies indicated that B. fusca larvae were able to detect both sugars via their styloconic sensilla located on the mouthparts. The findings indicate that, whereas sucrose is a feeding stimulant and positively influences food choice by B. fusca larvae, turanose negatively contributes to larval food choice. The balance in concentrations of both sugars, however, somehow influences the overall host plant choice made by the larvae. This can partly explain host plant suitability and choice by this caterpillar pest in the field.

Field surveys were carried out in four agroecological zones to assess the geographic distribution, host range and perennation of Cotesia sesamiae and Cotesia flavipes in cultivated and natural habitats in Kenya. The distribution of the two Cotesia species in different ecological regions was most affected by the suitability of the local stem borer species for parasitoid development, and temperature, as both species were found in localities dominated by their suitable host(s) where temperature favoured their occurrence. Fourteen years after its release, C. flavipes has maintained a high level of specificity to its target host Chilo partellus on maize and sorghum in cultivated habitats and on Sorghum arundinaceum in natural habitats. Cotesia flavipes appeared to be an appropriate biological control agent against C. partellus in eastern Africa, with minimal or no effects on non-target hosts in different habitats. Conversely, C. sesamiae lacked host specificity in different habitats, as its stem borers or host plants varied with both locality and habitat type. Perennation by both Cotesia species occurred mainly in cultivated habitats. Furthermore, natural habitats played a role in sustaining some individuals of C. flavipes during both rainy and dry seasons. These areas acted as refuges for C. flavipes, but not for C. sesamiae, because its hosts were scarce on natural host plants. The availability of these Cotesia species across seasons was mainly influenced by the presence of actively feeding stem borers on cereal plants during different seasons, as well as the duration of the dry season in different localities.

Field surveys and laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the off‐season survival mechanism and seasonal carry‐over of the sorghum shootfly, Atherigona soccata. In Kenya, active populations of the shootfly survive on tillers produced by sorghum, Sorghum bicolor stubble and wild sorghum, Sorghum arundinaceum during the off‐season. No evidence was obtained to support the suggestion that shootflies undergo aestivation‐diapause as a mechanism of off‐season survival. There was also no indication of a higher reproductive potential for the off‐season shootflies which can account for any rapid build‐up of the population in the beginning of the sorghum‐growing season. Removal and destruction of wild sorghum and sorghum stubble after harvest would disrupt the carry‐over of the shootfly and hence may prove to be an effective cultural method of control.

SUMMARYMorphology and pairing behaviour of the pachytene chromosomes in a tetraploid race of S. arundinaceum was studied on a quantitative basis. The study showed the chromosomes to be differentiated and that the 10 basic types characteristic of the diploid grain Sorghums can be recognised in the tetraploid. In a total of 131 pachytene associations studied the frequency of exchanges vary from none to two in a given set of four pairing chromosomes. Further the exchanges appear to have been spread out all along the length of chromosomes. From the evidence obtained and the regular meiosis observed in the polyhaploid derivative of this plant it was suggested that the tetraploid understudy had an autoploid origin.

En la Granja Experimental de Monteria se hicieron ensayos con 3 pastos de corte, sorgo forrajero, elefante y sudán, para observar la influencia de diferentes niveles de N y de P en la producción de forraje. Entre las parcelas con P y las que no recibieron este elemento hubo diferencias en el crecimiento inicial de las plantulas de pasto sudán y sorgo forrajero, posteriormente las diferencias desaparecieron. Los cortes efectuados a la iniciación de la floración de las gramineas se hicieron cada 10 semanas para el sorgo forrajero y cada 9, para los pastos elefante y sudán. El sorgo forrajero, fué más productivo y el promedio de producción superó al de los pastos elefante y sudán, en 220 y 286 por ciento, respectivamente. El elefante produjo 34 por ciento más forraje verde que el pasto sudán. Hubo variación en los diferentes cortes y en la población de las plantas, debido a la influencia de la sequía durante dicha época. Con el pasto sudán se obtuvieron respuestas altamente significativas a la aplicación de N después del 3 corte en el sorgo forrajero después del 5 y ninguna respuesta en el pasto elefante. Aparentemente el suelo tiene suficiente cantidad de N, P y K para el establecimiento de estos pastos y para mantener una producción alta por varios cortes. Sin embargo, es posible que se requieran aplicaciones periódicas de N Sorgo-sorgos - Sorghum bicolor

Inheritance of cytoplasmic male-sterility was studied in F2 and BC1 generations within crosses of male-sterile Sorghum arundinaceum var. Rhodesian with six lines of sudangrass, Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense. All F1 progenies were male-fertile indicating that the males carried dominant fertility restorer genes.Based on the segregation of male-fertile to male-sterile plants in the F2 and BC1 generations, male-sterility was conditioned by one gene pair in three crosses, two gene pairs in two crosses and by three gene pairs in one cross. Fertility was dependent on at least a single dominant fertility restorer gene at each of any two of the three gene loci identified.