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Background: One Health focuses on sustainable health for humans, animals, and ecosystems. The approach has been well demonstrated, yet most efforts have not been scaled up. Understanding the organisations involved in scaling up processes is critical to translating research into practice. The Lao People's Democratic Republic has successfully implemented One Health projects for multiple decades; however, the organisational network has not been described and scaling up efforts have been limited. Methods: Data from organisations involved in One Health projects over the past five years were collected by key-informant interview or workshop. The network was investigated using a mixture of quantitative network analysis and qualitative thematic analysis. Results: The organisational network was quantitatively described as sparse and centralised. Organisations were required to harness pre-existing relationships to maximise scarce resources and make co-ordination and alignment of priorities more efficient. A lack of international organisations in the top 10% of resource sharing metrics suggests a potential disconnect between donors. This was reflected in the challenges faced by national organisations and a feeling of being stretched thin over numerous externally funded projects with donor-driven priorities. Conclusions: It appears that high-level political support for country ownership of development and aid priorities remains unrealised. Developing network capacity and capability may assist scaling up efforts and build resilience in the network and its core organisations. This may allow for the inclusion of more development, education, environment, and water, sanitation, and hygiene organisations that were perceived to be lacking. Future One Health programmes should focus on practical activities that do not overload staff capacity. There is much for One Health to learn about the art of scaling up and organisations are encouraged to include implementation science in their research to inform future scaling up efforts.

Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an essential role in gene regulators in many biological and molecular phenomena. Unraveling the involvement of miRNA as a key cellular factor during in vitro canine parvovirus (CPV) infection may facilitate the discovery of potential intervention candidates. However, the examination of miRNA expression profiles in CPV in tissue culture systems has not been fully elucidated. Method In the present study, we utilized high-throughput small RNA-seq (sRNA-seq) technology to investigate the altered miRNA profiling in miRNA libraries from uninfected (Control) and CPV-2c infected Crandell Reese Feline Kidney cells. Results We identified five of known miRNAs (miR-222-5p, miR-365-2-5p, miR-1247-3p, miR-322-5p and miR-361-3p) and three novel miRNAs (Novel 137, Novel 141 and Novel 102) by sRNA-seq with differentially expressed genes in the miRNA repertoire of CPV-infected cells over control. We further predicted the potential target genes of the aforementioned miRNAs using sequence homology algorithms. Notably, the targets of miR-1247-3p exhibited a potential function associated with cellular defense and humoral response to CPV. To extend the probing scheme for gene targets of miR-1247-3p, we explored and performed Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of its target genes. We discovered 229 putative targets from a total of 38 enriched GO terms. The top over-represented GO enrichment in biological process were lymphocyte activation and differentiation, marginal zone B cell differentiation, negative regulation of cytokine production, negative regulation of programed cell death, and negative regulation of signaling. We next constructed a GO biological process network composed of 28 target genes of miR-1247-3p, of which, some genes, namely BCL6, DLL1, GATA3, IL6, LEF1, LFNG and WNT1 were among the genes with obviously intersected in multiple GO terms. Conclusion The miRNA-1247-3p and its cognate target genes suggested their great potential as novel therapeutic targets or diagnostic biomarkers of CPV or other related viruses.

Chicken heterophils serve as the first-line defence in chicken innate immunity. The present study aimed to explore the effects of quercetin, a herbal phenolic substance known for its inflammatory modulation, on mRNA expression patterns in chicken heterophils. Isolated heterophils from two genetically distinct chicken lines, hybrid commercial and Thai indigenous chickens, Pradu Hang Dam, were in vitro co-cultured with live intestinal pathogenic Salmonella enteritidis under Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or quercetin supplementation. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was performed to investigate the effects of quercetin on mRNA transcripts of 12 genes. The results showed that heterophils from hybrid chickens treated with quercetin had higher relative expression levels of IL6, IL8L1, IL8L2, IL18, CCL4, LITAF, and MIF. Unlike hybrid chickens, Pradu Hang Dam chickens had down-regulation of cytokine genes, IL1B, IL6, IL8L1, IL8L2, IL12B, and IL18, and chemokines, CCL4 and MIF. In addition, NOS2, IL17A, and TGFB1 were up-regulated in this lineage. In conclusion, our findings emphasize the modulatory effects of quercetin to down-regulate most pro-inflammatory genes, whereas it up-regulates anti-inflammatory gene (TGFB1) in Pradu Hang Dam chickens.

Canine parvovirus (CPV), the etiology of hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs, was first isolated as CPV type 2 (CPV-2) almost 40 years ago, and was soon replaced by the emergence of new variant types. The major viral capsid proteins encoded by the VP2 gene are the sites where amino acids are often substituted, accounting for the unusual nature of this type of DNA virus. The alteration of specific residues has contributed to different antigenic variants which have affected the evolution of virus binding and host immunity to this virus. Sequence analysis of the VP2 gene and subsequent characterization have revealed three circulating CPV-2 strains, CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c, identified by mutations at amino acid residue 426. The latter strain displays increased pathogenicity in dogs and an extended host range. The present review article aimed at updating contemporary information on epidemiological studies and surveys from CPV field work. Moreover, we pointed out some sensitive and rapid diagnostic tools for detecting CPV in clinical samples, techniques which will be useful for health monitoring and management of CPV with currently available vaccines.