Search

Oxygen bubbles that leak from seagrass blades during photosynthesis have been hypothesized to cause cavitation sounds in aquatic plants. Here we investigate low-amplitude sounds with regular pulse rates produced during photosynthesis in seagrass beds of Halophila ovalis (Qitou Bay, Penghu islands and Cigu Lagoon, Taiwan). Sound pulses appear in the morning when illumination exceeds 10,000 Lux, peak at midday and decrease in midafternoon on a sunny day. Frequencies peak between 1 to 4 kHz, durations range between ca. 1.8 to 4.8 ms, and sound pressure level 1 cm from the bed is 105.4 ± 0.5 dB re 1 μPa (1100 h on a cloudy day). Sounds attenuate rapidly with distance, disappearing beyond 15 cm. Blocking sunlight or administering herbicide stops ongoing sounds. Gas bubbles are not typically seen during sound production ruling out cavitation, and external force (scissor cutting or plant pressed against the substrate) applied to the patch, leaves, petioles, or rhizomes generally increases pulse rate. We suggest sound emission is caused by internal oxygen transport through pores in diaphragms (a whistle mechanism) at the leaf base and nodes of the rhizome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sound production during feeding by the pot‐bellied seahorse, Hippocampus abdominalis, was quantified with an observation of clicks (acoustic signal) and snicks (visual behavior). Female, male, and juvenile seahorses had feeding sounds characterized for peak (dominant) frequency (Hz), sound pressure level (SPL), and duration (ms). Subject body size and condition was estimated by standard length (SL, cm), to determine an estimate of body condition index (BCI). An inverse correlation between mean peak frequency (Hz) of clicks and SL was found for females. A negative correlation between peak frequency (Hz) of clicks and a residual BCI was determined for both males and females, suggesting that acoustic signals may contain information regarding fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic insects are a major indicator used to assess ecological condition in freshwater environments. However, current methods to collect and identify aquatic insects require advanced taxonomic expertise and rely on invasive techniques that lack spatio-temporal replication. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is emerging as a non-invasive complementary sampling method allowing broad spatio-temporal and taxonomic coverage. The application of PAM in freshwater ecosystems has already proved useful, revealing unexpected acoustic diversity produced by fishes, amphibians, submerged aquatic plants, and aquatic insects. However, the identity of species producing sounds remains largely unknown. Among them, aquatic insects appear to be the major contributor to freshwater soundscapes. Here, we estimate the potential number of soniferous aquatic insects worldwide using data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. We found that four aquatic insect orders produce sounds totalling over 7000 species. This number is probably underestimated owing to poor knowledge of aquatic insects bioacoustics. We then assess the value of sound producing aquatic insects to evaluate ecological condition and find that they might be useful despite having similar responses in pristine and degraded environments in some cases. Both expert and automated identifications will be necessary to build international reference libraries and to conduct acoustic bioassessment in freshwaters. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards a toolkit for global insect biodiversity monitoring'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wolves howl and dogs bark, both are able to produce variants of either vocalization, but we see a distinct difference in usage between wild and domesticate. Other domesticates also show distinct changes to their vocal output: domestic cats retain meows, a distinctly subadult trait in wildcats. Such differences in acoustic output are well‐known, but the causal mechanisms remain little‐studied. Potential links between domestication and vocal output are intriguing for multiple reasons, and offer a unique opportunity to explore a prominent hypothesis in domestication research: the neural crest/domestication syndrome hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that in the early stages of domestication, selection for tame individuals decreased neural crest cell (NCCs) proliferation and migration, which led to a downregulation of the sympathetic arousal system, and hence reduced fear and reactive aggression. NCCs are a transitory stem cell population crucial during embryonic development that tie to diverse tissue types and organ systems. One of these neural‐crest derived systems is the larynx, the main vocal source in mammals. We argue that this connection between NCCs and the larynx provides a powerful test of the predictions of the neural crest/domestication syndrome hypothesis, discriminating its predictions from those of other current hypotheses concerning domestication. Research highlights: We outline the developmental link between the larynx and the neural crest. This connection provides a powerful test of the predictions of the most prominent hypothesis in domestication research, the neural crest domestication syndrome hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to examine the influence of modern technologies on the creative process in the art of sound engineering and sound production. The research methodology to achieve this goal, a research methodology was applied that included a systematic literature review, definition of key concepts, technology impact analysis, data collection and analysis, formulation of conclusions and discussion, and provision of suggestions and recommendations. The scientific novelty consists in expanding the understanding of the influence of technologies on the art of sound engineering and sound production, their significant contribution to the transformation of the auditory space, the opening of new creative possibilities, and the modification of consumer perceptions of music. Conclusions confirm that modern technologies have a significant impact on the creative process in sound engineering and sound production. Using the latest tools and software enables artists to express their individuality and create unique musical images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen bubbles that leak from seagrass blades during photosynthesis have been hypothesized to cause cavitation sounds in aquatic plants. Here we investigate low-amplitude sounds with regular pulse rates produced during photosynthesis in seagrass beds of Halophila ovalis (Qitou Bay, Penghu islands and Cigu Lagoon, Taiwan). Sound pulses appear in the morning when illumination exceeds 10,000 Lux, peak at midday and decrease in midafternoon on a sunny day. Frequencies peak between 1 to 4 kHz, durations range between ca. 1.8 to 4.8 ms, and sound pressure level 1 cm from the bed is 105.4 ± 0.5 dB re 1 μPa (1100 h on a cloudy day). Sounds attenuate rapidly with distance, disappearing beyond 15 cm. Blocking sunlight or administering herbicide stops ongoing sounds. Gas bubbles are not typically seen during sound production ruling out cavitation, and external force (scissor cutting or plant pressed against the substrate) applied to the patch, leaves, petioles, or rhizomes generally increases pulse rate. We suggest sound emission is caused by internal oxygen transport through pores in diaphragms (a whistle mechanism) at the leaf base and nodes of the rhizome.

Motion is the basis of nearly all animal behavior. Evolution has led to some extraordinary specializations of propulsion mechanisms among invertebrates, including the mandibles of the dracula ant and the claw of the pistol shrimp. In contrast, vertebrate skeletal movement is considered to be limited by the speed of muscle, saturating around 250 Hz. Here, we describe the unique propulsion mechanism by which Danionella cerebrum, a miniature cyprinid fish of only 12 mm length, produces high amplitude sounds exceeding 140 dB (re. 1 µPa, at a distance of one body length). Using a combination of high-speed video, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), RNA profiling, and finite difference simulations, we found that D. cerebrum employ a unique sound production mechanism that involves a drumming cartilage, a specialized rib, and a dedicated muscle adapted for low fatigue. This apparatus accelerates the drumming cartilage at over 2,000 g, shooting it at the swim bladder to generate a rapid, loud pulse. These pulses are chained together to make calls with either bilaterally alternating or unilateral muscle contractions. D. cerebrum use this remarkable mechanism for acoustic communication with conspecifics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During courtship, prezygotic barriers are thought to maintain the diversity of species since differences in phenotypic traits and reproductive behaviours are likely to be involved in maintaining species boundaries. However, introgressive hybridization has been reported in many different taxa and the resulting hybrids usually possess phenotypic features, including behaviours, that are intermediate between those of the parents. The outcome of hybrids may depend on the interactions between the intrinsic viability of the hybrids, the ecological environment of the species, and the fitness of hybrids in that ecological context. In cichlids, the mechanism of hybridization is increasingly documented as an important factor in their evolutionary radiation since it may provide novel gene combinations that promote speciation and adaptive radiation by generating new transgressive phenotypes. Cichlid species are separated mostly by pre-mating isolating mechanisms. Like colour patterns, acoustic communication is involved in sexual selection, but this pattern has been much less studied and the outcome of hybridization on acoustic features has never been examined. To gain novel insights into the evolution of their acoustic communication behaviour, we performed a hybrid cross between Chindongo saulosi and Maylandia estherae. Qualitative examination of courtship showed that the three groups possess the same sequence of behaviours. However, sounds produced during courtship showed specific signatures since all three groups differ at the level of sound duration and pulse period, with both features being intermediate in hybrids in comparison to the two parent species. Colour patterns in hybrids were also different from those of the parent species. These results show that hybridization can affect at least two kinds of prezygotic barriers, which may be important in the cichlid evolutionary process. However, playback experiments are required to test the strength of these features in sexual selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article investigates the significance of sound in the filmmaking process and the specific challenges faced by the Pakistani film industry in this domain. Commencing with an examination of Pakistan's music industry, notably exemplified by projects such as Coke Studio, the study elucidates the historical trajectory of sound within cinematic contexts, tracing its origins from Thomas Edison's Phonograph to the pre-partition era of cinema in Lahore. Despite the nation's rich musical heritage, the research underscores the impediments encountered by Pakistani filmmakers concerning sound recording, mixing, and studio infrastructure development. Employing qualitative research methodologies, the study conducts an in-depth analysis of the present state of sound production in Pakistani cinema, facilitated by interviews with industry experts. It elucidates thetransition towards internalized sound mixing processes while highlighting enduring challenges, including the scarcity of adequate sound studios, reliance on antiquated equipment, and financial constraints. Moreover, the research delves into technological complexities, software utilization, and sound mixing techniques within the industry's current landscape. In conclusion, the study advocates for enhancements in sound production infrastructure, alongside investments in modern technologies and educational opportunities for sound producers. Emphasizing the necessity of addressing these challenges and prioritizing sound quality in filmmaking endeavors, the research posits that such measures can significantly augment the cinematic experience in Pakistan. By offering a comprehensive analysis of this often-overlooked facet of filmmaking, the study furnishes valuable insights conducive to the future advancement of the Pakistani film industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groupers are marine fishes particularly vulnerable to overexploitation owing to their reproduction‐related traits. The dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus is classified as 'Endangered' in the Mediterranean Sea, where protection measures have proven critical for allowing population recovery and persistence of the species. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding its reproductive behaviours and spawning sites. As with other grouper species, the dusky grouper is known to produce courtship‐associated sounds, which were validated in captivity, but no study has ever established a link between sound production and observed behaviours in the wild.This study aims to characterize, both visually and acoustically, the behavioural patterns of wild dusky grouper, thus specifically linking visual courtship behaviours to the associated sound production. Visual as well as passive acoustic methods were employed at two presumptive spawning sites within a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the north‐western Mediterranean Sea over two consecutive summer seasons (2017 and 2018).The temporal patterns of sound production showed site specificity over the month in which reproductive activity was most intense. Courtship calls were mostly recorded around sunset at both study sites and were significantly associated with visual reproductive behaviours. Results also indicated a temporal partitioning in the acoustic activity of the species, with different sound types being recorded at distinct times of the day, likely corresponding to the occurrence of various behaviours during those periods.These findings have important implications for identifying and monitoring dusky grouper spawning sites using passive acoustic methods, therefore providing valuable information for the development, implementation, and/or enforcement of effective conservation measures therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teleost fishes have evolved a number of sound-producing mechanisms, including vibrations of the swim bladder. In addition to sound production, the swim bladder also aids in sound reception. While the production and reception of sound by the swim bladder has been described separately in fishes, the extent to which it operates for both in a single species is unknown. Here, using morphological, electrophysiological and modelling approaches, we show that the swim bladder of male plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) exhibits reproductive state-dependent changes in morphology and function for sound production and reception. Non-reproductive males possess rostral 'horn-like' swim bladder extensions that enhance low-frequency (less than 800 Hz) sound pressure sensitivity by decreasing the distance between the swim bladder and inner ear, thus enabling pressure-induced swim bladder vibrations to be transduced to the inner ear. By contrast, reproductive males display enlarged swim bladder sonic muscles that enable the production of advertisement calls but also alter swim bladder morphology and increase the swim bladder to inner ear distance, effectively reducing sound pressure sensitivity. Taken together, we show that the swim bladder exhibits a seasonal functional plasticity that allows it to effectively mediate both the production and reception of sound in a vocal teleost fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology of otoliths determines the function they perform, and it is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Knowing those relationships is necessary to understand the role of hearing in fish. The objectives of this work were: exploring the shape of the sulcus of the sagittal otolith in seven species of Sciaenidae, in relation to sound production, and analyzing whether the shape and size of the sulcus can be used as a phylogenetic character. For this purpose, geometric morphometry analysis was carried out using landmarks data. It was found that there is an influence of size on the shape of the sulcus, and significant differences were found between the shapes of the sulcus (permutational multivariate analysis of variance). Three general shapes of the sulcus were identified (using principal component analysis, canonical variate analysis, and clustering): (1) in species that produce sounds at dominant frequencies <350 Hz, the deformation of the sulcus showed a tendency towards circularity of the ostium; (2) in those species that produce sounds at frequencies >350 Hz, the ostium showed a flattened ovoid shape, and the cauda increased its length; (3) the species that do not produce sounds, did not show any modifications, relative to the form of consensus. Despite finding sister species that presented similar sulcus shapes in the phylogeny, the results did not confirm that this can be used as a phylogenetic character. This work discusses whether the combined effects of phylogenetic legacy and natural functional selection have led to convergent evolution for the sulcus form. The differences presented by the sulcus of species that occupy the same clade, could indicate that there is a displacement of characters. The sagittal otolith and the sensory macula associated with the sulcus acusticus are highly plastic structures that are subject to strong evolutionary pressure in relation to environmental and behavioral factors, resulting in great variability in shapes that can be associated with a specific character. The variation in the shape of the sulcus would allow the analysed species to coexist in the same coastal soundscapes, without losing their particular hearing needs, even in case of overlapping their spatial and temporal distribution areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male walruses produce some of the longest continuous reproductive displays known among mammals to convey their physical fitness to potential rivals and possibly to potential mates. Here, we document the ability of a captive walrus to produce intense, rhythmic sounds through a non-vocal pathway involving deliberate, regular collision of the fore flippers. High-speed videography linked to an acoustic onset marker revealed sound production through cavitation, with the acoustic impulse generated by each forceful clap exceeding a peak-to-peak sound level of 200 dB re. 1 µPa. This clapping display is in some ways quite similar to the knocking display more commonly associated with walruses in rut but is produced through a very different mechanism and with much higher amplitudes. While this clapping behaviour has not yet been documented in wild individuals, it has been observed among other mature male walruses living in human care. Production of intense sounds through cavitation has previously been documented only in crustaceans but may also be an effective means of sound production for some aquatic mammals.

The article focuses on speech production in the context of malocclusion. It investigates how malocclusion could result in problems speaking and articulating clearly, as well as changes in voice tone. It also investigates how malocclusion affects speech output and the function of orthodontists in correcting it. Speech production is a complicated process involving several speech organs, including the mouth cavity. Malocclusion can have an adverse effect on pronunciation, especially on specific speech sounds. It can also cause compensatory articulation problems, which can affect pronunciation further. Certain speech sounds, such as /s/, /z/, /t/, /d/, /l/, /r/, / ? /, and /t/, can be affected by malocclusion. Different types and levels of malocclusions may have different effects on pronunciation. It is necessary to speak with an orthodontist to determine the most appropriate therapy for malocclusion. Proper diagnosis and treatment can assist in reducing the impact on pronunciation. Additionally, speech and language therapy may help in the development of speech. The article concludes with an overview of the available treatments for speech production, the potential impacts of malocclusion can be minimized. It also provides suggestions for minimizing the risk of malocclusion and maintaining healthy dental conditions.

Chinese bahaba (Bahaba taipingensis) is a critically endangered fish species, which can produce sounds like other Sciaenidae species. In this study, sounds produced by sexually mature Chinese bahaba were recorded during the reproduction season for the first time. Two distinct types of sounds were observed during the reproduction season, termed as single drum and fast drum trains calls. Single drum callings occurred as a series of trains with rapid pulses, while fast drum trains callings were mainly made of a single signal. The single drum and fast drum trains had a peak frequency of 77.8 ± 16.2 Hz and 79.1 ± 8.7 Hz, respectively. Statistical analysis suggested significant differences in −3 dB bandwidth, signal duration, and root-mean-square sound pressure levels, except for peak frequency (p < 0.05) between single drum and fast drum trains sounds. Single drum occurred mainly before dawn (period range from 0:00 to 6:00 am) and less frequently after dusk (18:00–24:00 pm), and the fast drum trains occurred after dawn (6:00 am to 12:00 pm) and dusk (18:00 pm to 24:00 pm). Considering the abundance of Chinese bahaba has significantly declined, passive acoustic monitoring provides a non-invasive and low-cost effective tool to monitor sound production during reproduction season, which may help to facilitate aquaculture management and fishery population conservation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlight Research • The sound of d spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) was identified, named rasp; slow rattle; and popping sound • The sound characteristics of spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) represent its behavior • Passive acoustic and visual record method combination was implemented to analyze the relation between sounds and behavior of spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) Abstract Spiny lobster Panulirus homarus is one of many important economic fishery resources in Indonesia. Continuous exploitation activities in the natural habitat can potentially disturb the sustainability of lobster resources. This species is known to produce sound with certain characteristics and highly dependent on environmental changes. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of sound as a representation of behaviour. The sound produced by P. homarus was recorded for 24 hours using a hydrophone (a passive acoustic technique). The hydrophone converts the sound wave produced by the lobsters into electric voltage in millivolts, then were converted to a digital number, in order to be saved in a virtual format with the *.wav extension. The video system captured data on behaviors of resting, territoriality, aggression, and social attitudes. The results showed that P. homarus emitted rasp, slow rattle, and popping type of sound, with certain characteristics. All sounds types were characterized by a broadband frequency (4 - 20 kHz), and a source level ranging from 125 - 145 dB re 1 µPa. Rasp sound consisting of 12 - 40 pulses with a sound duration of 100 - 400 ms, represents a defensive behavior. Slow rattle sound with 2 - 7 pulses did not represent a specific behaviour and it is dominant during the night. However, the popping sound with only one pulse represented feeding behavior.

Music perception and sound production are very important skills in the formation of musicians who play bowed string instruments. The purpose of this literature review is to summarize the knowledge of these abilities and the relationship between them. A systematic literature review using the PRISMA protocol has been conducted. Studies were extracted from Sage, Scopus, WoS, and JSTOR using the terms: music, tuning, intonation, and perception. A total of 1819 studies were found, and 29 were selected. The studies analyzed covered the period from 1937 to 2019 and the levels from elementary school to professional players. The analysis applied six predetermined categories to data extracted from the selected studies showing at best a moderate relationship between both abilities. The data could confirm an increase in the relationship between the two skills due to factors such as learning and developmental stages. However, these stages are related to automation of psychomotor schemas and cognitive development, as well as the development of the musical expression of the students. Several apparent trends related to music perception and sound production are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the set of risk factors that compromise the conservation of marine biodiversity, one of the least understood concerns is the noise produced by human operations at sea and from land. Many aspects of how noise and other forms of energy may impact the natural balance of the oceans are still unstudied. Substantial attention has been devoted in the last decades to determine the sensitivity to noise of marine mammals—especially cetaceans and pinnipeds—and fish because they are known to possess hearing organs. Recent studies have revealed that a wide diversity of invertebrates are also sensitive to sounds, especially via sensory organs whose original function is to allow maintaining equilibrium in the water column and to sense gravity. Marine invertebrates not only represent the largest proportion of marine biomass and are indicators of ocean health but many species also have important socio-economic values. This review presents the current scientific knowledge on invertebrate bioacoustics (sound production, reception, sensitivity), as well as on how marine invertebrates are affected by anthropogenic noises. It also critically revisits the literature to identify gaps that will frame future research investigating the tolerance to noise of marine ecosystems.

The NOAA-NPS Ocean Noise Reference Station Network (NRS) is a passive acoustic monitoring effort to record the low-frequency (

Copyright of Austral Comunicacion is the property of Austral Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Both juvenile mangrove whiprays I U. granulatus i and cowtail stingrays I P. ater i appear social and are often observed feeding and resting in groups, likely as a predator-avoidance strategy (Kanno et al., 2019; Martins et al., 2020a, 2020b). Keywords: agonistic display; batoidea; communication; elasmobranch; predator avoidance; sound production EN agonistic display batoidea communication elasmobranch predator avoidance sound production 1 5 5 11/03/22 20221101 NES 221101 Although almost 990 species of bony fish (Osteichthyes) actively produce sounds, evidence for active sound production by elasmobranchs - sharks, rays, and skates - is scarce (Looby et al., 2022). Here we present the first records of voluntary active sound production in the wild by three individuals of two species of stingray: the mangrove whipray I Urogymnus granulatus i (Figure 1b) and the cowtail stingray I Pastinachus ater i (Figure 1c). Similarly, in some shark species an unexpected sound or the sudden increased intensity of a sound can result in rapid withdrawal from the sound source (Klimley & Myrberg, 1979; Myrberg, 2001; Myrberg et al., 1978). [Extracted from the article]

Passive acoustic monitoring is increasingly employed to monitor whales, their population size, habitat usage, and behaviour. However, in the case of the eastern Indian Ocean pygmy blue whale (EIOPB whale), its applicability is limited by our lack of understanding of the behavioural context of sound production. This study explored the context of singing behaviour using a 7.6-day biotelemetry dataset from a single EIOPB whale moving north from 31.5° S to 28.5° S along the Western Australian coast and a simultaneously collected, but separate, acoustic recording. Diving behaviour was classified using an automated classification schema. Singing was identified in the depth, pitch, and fluking time series of the dive profile. The EIOPB whale sang profusely as it migrated, spending more time singing during the day (76.8%) than at night (64.9%), and most during twilight periods (83.3%). The EIOPB whale almost exclusively produced the three-unit (P3) song while milling. It sang the two-unit (P2) song in similar proportions to the P3 song while travelling, except at night when P3 was sung 2.7 times more than P2. A correlation between singing depth, migration duration, and water temperature provides a biological basis to explain depth preferences for sound production, which may contribute to the cause of intra- and inter-annual sound frequency trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Whether a vocalization is emitted though the mouth or nose impacts on its acoustic shape through specific vocal tract resonances. In human language, nasalized compared to oral vowels can change the meaning of words. African elephants mainly use low-frequency rumbles to communicate and can utter them either through the mouth or trunk. In this study, we used an acoustic camera to visualize the sound emission of rumbles in Asian elephants, which have been studied considerably less than African elephants. We recorded nine captive female Asian elephants and analyzed the acoustic structure of 203 calls. We found that most rumbles (64%) were emitted through the trunk, 21% through the mouth, and surprisingly, 13% simultaneously through the mouth and trunk. Some of the rumbles were combined with orally emitted roars. The nasal rumbles concentrated most spectral energy in lower frequencies, whereas the oral and mixed rumbles showed a broader spectral energy distribution and concentration in higher frequencies, and were louder. The roars were the loudest, broadest and highest in frequency. This study is the first to demonstrate coupled oral and nasal emission in a non–human animal, thereby setting an important framework to study the functions of this acoustic variability in elephant communication and the evolution of vocal flexibility across species. Sound production mechanisms set the parameter space available for transmitting biologically relevant information in vocal signals. Low–frequency rumbles play a crucial role in coordinating social interactions in elephants' complex fission–fusion societies. By emitting rumbles through either the oral or the three-times longer nasal vocal tract, African elephants alter their spectral shape significantly. In this study, we used an acoustic camera to visualize the sound emission of rumbles in Asian elephants, which have received far less research attention than African elephants. We recorded nine adult captive females and analyzed the spectral parameters of 203 calls, including vocal tract resonances (formants). We found that the majority of rumbles (64%) were nasally emitted, 21% orally, and 13% simultaneously through the mouth and trunk, demonstrating velopharyngeal coupling. Some of the rumbles were combined with orally emitted roars. The nasal rumbles concentrated most spectral energy in lower frequencies exhibiting two formants, whereas the oral and mixed rumbles contained higher formants, higher spectral energy concentrations and were louder. The roars were the loudest, highest and broadest in frequency. This study is the first to demonstrate velopharyngeal coupling in a non-human animal. Our findings provide a foundation for future research into the adaptive functions of the elephant acoustic variability for information coding, localizability or sound transmission, as well as vocal flexibility across species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acoustic characteristics of bubble production by an odontocete were documented for the first time. Bubble sounds produced by the Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) were recorded incidentally as part of a survey of fish sounds in the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve of Peru on six dates between 4 and 24 July 2012. Dolphins were observed to periodically produce large clouds of bubbles underneath or near the survey boat (averaging 7/survey or 8/h) as it drifted through areas of actively foraging dolphins. The bubble production was classified as bubble bursts due to theirsimilarity to bubble bursts produced by other ceta ceans. Bubble burst sounds had a mean peak frefuncquency of 402 Hz and duration of 8.9 s (n = 51) Bubble bursts were temporally clustered with an average interval of 169 s (0.1 to 1,187 s) between bursts. Bubble bursts were disproportionately more likely to be present when fish sounds were also present, but it is not known if the association was due to predation or other factors. A review of the literature finds similar bubble production has been reported in at least 14 other species of cetaceans (4 mysticetes and 10 odontocetes). Most are commonly associated with play, surprise, agonistic, and foraging behaviors. We discuss each of these possibilities and conclude that Amazon river dolphin bubble burst behavior is most likely indirelated to foraging or aggressive behavior because the behavior occurred in feeding areas and Mayappeared to be directed at the drifting boat. We Collado & Wartzok, 2007; Gomez-Salazar et al., further propose a novel hypothesis that the bubble Mayappeared to be directed at the drifting boat. We Collado & Wartzok, 2007; Gomez-Salazar et al., further propose a novel hypothesis that the bubble bursts are a hunting strategy used to disperse prey associated with floating vegetation mats and other forms of drifting materials used by fishes for shel ter. Future research is needed to better understand the behavior associated with bubble production by the Amazon river dolphin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The propagation of animal vocalizations in water and in air is a well-studied phenomenon, but sound produced by bark and wood-boring insects, which feed and reproduce inside trees, is poorly understood. Often being confined to the dark and chemically saturated habitat of wood, many bark- and woodborers have developed stridulatory mechanisms to communicate acoustically. Despite their ecological and economic importance and the unusual medium used for acoustic communication, very little is known about sound production in these insects, or their acoustic interactions inside trees. Here, we use bark beetles (Scolytinae) as a model system to study the effects of wooden tissue on the propagation of insect stridulations and propose algorithms for their automatic identification. We characterize distance dependence of the spectral parameters of stridulatory sounds, propose data-based models for the power decay of the stridulations in both outer and inner bark, provide optimal spectral ranges for stridulation detectability and develop automatic methods for their detection and identification. We also discuss the acoustic discernibility of species cohabitating the same log. The species tested can be acoustically identified with 99% of accuracy at distances up to 20 cm and detected to the greatest extent in the 2–6 kHz frequency band. Phloem was a better medium for sound transmission than bark.

Hypostomus is the most diverse genus within Loricariidae. These catfish species exhibit a very conservative morphology with relatively few external characteristics that differ between different species. In consequence, there is a challenge to understand the distinction of species of this genus. This study aims to describe the sounds produced by ten species of Hypostomus from Araguari River and Paraopeba River (Minas Gerais, Brazil), to examine whether acoustic features could be used to distinguish between the species, and to understand the corresponding sound production mechanisms. The fish were recorded making sounds by holding them in hand underwater, in a glass tank on the river shore next to where they had been caught. All ten species produced sounds, and no effect of body size on acoustic features was observed. Furthermore, the species could not be distinguished using acoustic features. Likewise, all the studied species exhibited similar bony ridges on the dorsal processes of the pectoral spine. Since the sounds produced by the fish do not seem to exhibit interspecific specificity, they do not appear to have a role in behaviours requiring conspecific recognition, such as reproduction. Sound production may have an alarm, distress, or acoustic aposematism function warning predators of the presence of pectoral spines, which have an anti‐predatory function in this clade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the early evolution of the 1990s post-soca dance music called ringbang. It traces the roots of this new style back to the early 1980s and analyses how it began to diverge from mainstream soca of the time. The article suggests that this new style has its basis in a number of drum, percussion, bass, and vocal applications and practices. The evolution of post-soca styles owes much to the impact of new music technologies on Caribbean culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have long observed dolphins producing recognizable sounds—bursts of pulses with sweeping peak frequencies—at prey capture.  We call this the victory squeal.  When dolphins hunt fish, there are three sequential sounds:  sonar clicks, terminal buzz, and the victory squeal. When dolphins find a fish with sonar clicks, but reject the fish during the terminal buzz phase, they omit or truncate the victory squeal.  We also observe dolphins producing the victory squeal after a trainer’s bridge, which serves as secondary reinforcement that bridges the time gap between the dolphin’s performance and delivery of food reinforcement.   It signals the dolphins that they responded correctly and that reward is forthcoming.  Before training, the victory squeal came after fish capture, but with successive trials, there was a forward shift in the victory squeal to come about 200 ms after the bridge.  The victory squeal immediately following the bridge suggests the dolphin expects reward. Although there are no direct studies of dopamine release in cetaceans, early brain stimulation studies demonstrated consistent timing that may link the victory squeal with brain dopamine release. In the current study, we asked if dolphins might produce the victory squeal after task completion, but without the trainer’s bridge.  Dolphins carried cameras, recording video and sound, while performing tasks in the open ocean, away from trainers, during swimmer/mine marking and retrieving.  In each task, we observed the victory squeal immediately upon completion of task components.  We suggest that the victory squeal signals that these experienced dolphins recognized their success.

Copyright of Notes Muzyczny is the property of Akademia Muzyczna im. Grazyny i Kiejstuta Bacewiczow w Lodzi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After reviewing the published literature on sound production in insects, a standardised terminology and controlled vocabularies have been created. This combined terminology has potential for use in automated identification systems, evolutionary studies, and other use cases where the synthesis of bioacoustic traits from the literature is required. An example implementation has been developed for the BioAcoustica platform. It is hoped that future development of controlled vocabularies will become a community effort.

This article is devoted to the improvement of the educational process in the wind instrument class, focused on the production of the performing apparatus for novice musicians-wind instruments. The author presents a scientifically-based technology for teaching novice performers on wind instruments-trumpet, trombone, french horn, tuba – high-quality professionally competent sound production. It is based on the author’s phonetic approach, which involves a conscious restructuring of the articulatory apparatus by changing the shape of the oral cavity according to mentally pronounced phonemes and modeling the position of the larynx. The article describes the content and organization of classes aimed at gradual mastering of the performing apparatus by students, starting with specially composed exercises, followed by the transition to learning instructional material in the form of more complex exercises, scales, etudes and plays from repertory collections, and then – to ensemble performance. As a result of the conducted experimental work, an effective algorithm of pedagogical actions was modeled, and the validity and pedagogical expediency of using the phonetic approach in the training of future musician performer on wind instruments was proved.

Acoustic communication is a way of information exchange between individuals, and it is used by several animal species. Therefore, the detection, recognition and correct understanding of acoustic signals are key factors in effective communication. The priority of acoustic communication is effectiveness rather than perfection, being effective avoids affecting the sound-based communication system of the species. One of the factors that can affect effective communication is the overlap in time and frequency during signal transmission, known as signal masking. One type of sound that can cause masking is anthropogenic noise, which is currently increasing due to urban growth and consequently motorized transportation and machinery. When exposed to anthropogenic noise, animals can use compensatory mechanisms to deal with sound masking, such as the modification of acoustic parameters of their acoustic signal. Here, we performed a meta-analysis investigating whether different taxa have a general tendency for changes in acoustic parameters due to anthropogenic noise, we used taxa and acoustic parameters available in the literature that met the minimum criteria to perform a meta-analysis. We hypothesized that animals exposed to anthropogenic noise use compensation mechanisms, such as changes in dominant, maximum or minimum frequencies, call duration, note duration and call rate to deal with masking. We performed a meta-analysis, which synthesized information from 73 studies comprising 82 species of three taxa: insects, anurans and birds. Our results showed that in the presence of anthropogenic noise, insects did not change the acoustic parameters, while anurans increased call amplitude and birds increased dominant frequency, minimum and maximum frequencies, note duration and amplitude of their songs. The different responses of the groups to anthropogenic noise may be related to their particularities in the production and reception of sound or to the differences in the acoustic parameters considered between the taxa and also the lack of studies in some taxa.

Chinese bahaba (Bahaba taipingensis) is a critically endangered fish species, which can produce sounds like other Sciaenidae species. In this study, sounds produced by sexually mature Chinese bahaba were recorded during the reproduction season for the first time. Two distinct types of sounds were observed during the reproduction season, termed as single drum and fast drum trains calls. Single drum callings occurred as a series of trains with rapid pulses, while fast drum trains callings were mainly made of a single signal. The single drum and fast drum trains had a peak frequency of 77.8 ± 16.2 Hz and 79.1 ± 8.7 Hz, respectively. Statistical analysis suggested significant differences in −3 dB bandwidth, signal duration, and root-mean-square sound pressure levels, except for peak frequency (p < 0.05) between single drum and fast drum trains sounds. Single drum occurred mainly before dawn (period range from 0:00 to 6:00 am) and less frequently after dusk (18:00–24:00 pm), and the fast drum trains occurred after dawn (6:00 am to 12:00 pm) and dusk (18:00 pm to 24:00 pm). Considering the abundance of Chinese bahaba has significantly declined, passive acoustic monitoring provides a non-invasive and low-cost effective tool to monitor sound production during reproduction season, which may help to facilitate aquaculture management and fishery population conservation in the future.

Like other odontocetes, Risso's dolphins actively emit clicks and passively listen to the echoes during echolocation. However, the head anatomy of Risso's dolphins differs from that of other odontocetes by a unique vertical cleft along the anterior surface of the forehead and a differently-shaped lower jaw. In this study, 3D finite-element sound reception and production models were constructed based on computed tomography (CT) data of a deceased Risso's dolphin. Our results were verified by finding good agreement with experimental measurements of hearing sensitivity. Moreover, the acoustic pathway for sounds to travel from the seawater into the dolphin's tympanoperiotic complexes (TPCs) was computed. The gular reception mechanism, previously discovered in Delphinus delphis and Ziphius cavirostris , was also found in this species. The received sound pressure levels and relative displacement at TPC surfaces were compared between the cases with and without the mandibular fats or mandible. The results demonstrate a pronounced wave-guiding role of the mandibular fats and a limited bone-conductor role of the mandible. For sound production modelling, we digitally filled the cleft with neighbouring soft tissues, creating a hypothetical 'cleftless' head. Comparison between sound travelling through a 'cleftless' head vs. an original head indicates that the distinctive cleft plays a limited role in biosonar sound propagation., (Creative Commons Attribution license.)

The ability to communicate through vocalization plays a key role in the survival of animals across all vertebrate groups. Although avian reptiles have received much attention relating to their stunning sound repertoire, non-avian reptiles have been wrongfully assumed to have less elaborate vocalization types, and little is known about the biomechanics of sound production and their underlying neural pathways in this group. We investigated alarm calls of Gekko gecko using audio and cineradiographic recordings. Acoustic analysis revealed three distinct call types: a sinusoidal call type (type 1); a train-like call type, characterized by distinct pulse trains (type 3); and an intermediate type, which showed both sinusoidal and pulse train components (type 2). Kinematic analysis of cineradiographic recordings showed that laryngeal movements differ significantly between respiratory and vocal behavior. During respiration, animals repeatedly moved their jaws to partially open their mouths, which was accompanied by small glottal movements. During vocalization, the glottis was pulled back, contrasting with what has previously been reported. In vitro retrograde tracing of the nerve innervating the laryngeal constrictor and dilator muscles revealed round to fusiform motoneurons in the hindbrain-spinal cord transition ipsilateral to the labeled nerve. Taken together, our observations provide insight into the alarm calls generated by G. gecko, the biomechanics of this sound generation and the underlying organization of motoneurons involved in the generation of vocalizations. Our observations suggest that G. gecko may be an excellent non-avian reptile model organism for enhancing our understanding of the evolution of vertebrate vocalization., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests., (© 2024. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)

Air and water constitute acoustic propagation media with very different physical properties. Consequently, mechanisms for air- and water-borne sound generation observed in terrestrial and aquatic animals are also significantly different. Notwithstanding, some amphibious species are capable of making efficient use of their vocal tracts in both environments. The present study investigates such a phenomenon on the example of grey seals Halichoerus grypus. Grey seals vocalise both underwater and above the water surface emitting variety of sounds. Both kinds of vocalisations were recorded using microphones and hydrophones, and analysed for their acoustic parameters which could be related to the underlying generation mechanisms. Also, video with synchronised underwater audio recordings were captured, allowing to link the acoustic phenomena with specific behaviour of the animals. The vocalisations are categorised into three groups based on differences in acoustic characteristics. Temporal and spectral parameters of the sounds belonging to each group are determined and discussed in terms of potential underlying generation mechanisms. Based on the adopted criteria surface vocalisations do not constitute a separate group but are categorised together with other tonal sounds produced underwater. Other two vocalisation groups include pulsed sounds with different bandwidths, duration times, repetition rates and associated behavioural signatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In fish, social interactions are commonly accompanied by acoustic signalling. Males have been found to produce sounds in a large range of species, but female sounds have received considerably less attention. But even in males, there remain significant taxonomical gaps, e.g. in one of the largest fish families, the wrasses. Here, we investigate sound production in territorial males and females of the corkwing wrasse in a field study in Norway. We complemented an in-depth analysis of the visual and acoustic behavioural repertoire of territorial males by descriptions of female behaviours. Males as well as females produced sounds in courtship and agonistic contexts. We recorded four types of sounds and found significant differences between male and female sound properties. We hereby provide one of the first descriptions of sound production in wrasses and, to our knowledge, the first one to also investigate female sound production. Our study shows that wrasses are an underappreciated family when it comes to sound production. With a repertoire of four different calls, corkwing wrasses are remarkably versatile among fishes. Our results highlight the potential and importance of future research about sound communication in neglected taxa, and in both sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers articulatory phonetics and specific features of its use in flute performance. The historical stages presented of phonemic bases formation and development for flute articulation during the 16-18 centuries. Flute treatises by S. Ganassi, J.-M. Hotteterre, A. Mahaut, Ch. DeLusse, J. J. Quantz are considered in chronological order, as well as analysis of "Auführlicher und gründlicher Unterricht die Flöte zu spielen" by J. G. Tromlitz. Technological aspects are disclosed of using various phonemic structures outside the speech process to develop tongue motility and generate various types of tonguing while playing the flute. The role is identified of i and a vowels in modelling instrument phonation mechanism and their influence on sound tone and volume. The main elements are highlighted of speech and vocal types for flute articulation, as well as their differences. The vocalization significance is analysed in relation to tone development and the instrument sound uniformity in the lower and upper registers. The significance is disclosed of J. G. Tromlitz's contribution to the flute articulation development and his innovative vocalization approaches to phonation technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe for the first time a potential stridulatory apparatus in Oxyporinae rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), which was found in all 18 studied species of the genus Oxyporus and only in three out of six studied species of the genus Pseudoxyporus. No potential stridulatory structures were found in two species of Oxyporus larvae, which we examined. We describe in detail and illustrate these potential stridulatory organs of the following species: Oxyporus mexicanus Fauvel, O. maxillosus Fabricius and O. japonicus Sharp; Pseudoxyporus cyanipennis (Kirshenblat), P. dybowskii (Solsky) and P. melanocephalus (Kirshenblat). Stridulatory structures observed in Oxyporus species involve a potential scraper on the profemur and a potential stridulatory file on the mesocoxae, while Pseudoxyporus differs in having the potential scraper on the procoxae. The specifics of the mechanics and function of this structure in Oxyporinae are unknown but we discuss the various possibilities including association with their subsocial behaviour. The systematic implications of our discoveries for the generic classification of Oxyporinae are discussed. In particular, our findings shed light on the systematic position of Oxyporus smithi Bernhauer, a species from Mexico with ambiguous affinities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental assessments of underwater noise on marine species must be based on species‐specific hearing abilities. This study was to assess the potential impact of underwater noise from the East China Sea Bridge wind farm on the acoustic communication of the marbled rockfish. Here, the 1/3 octave frequency band of underwater noise was 125 Hz with the level range of 78–96 dB re 1 μPa, recorded at distances between 15‐20m from the foundation at wind speed of 3–5 m/s. Auditory evoked potential (AEP) and passive acoustic techniques were used to determine the hearing abilities and sound production of the fish. The resultes showed the lowest auditory threshold of Sebastiscus marmoratus was 70 dB at 150 Hz matching the disturbance sound ranging 140–180 Hz, which indicating the acoustic communication used in this species. However, the frequency and level of turbine underwater noise overlapped the auditory sensitivity and vocalization of Sebastiscus marmoratus. The wind turbine noise could be detected by fish and may have a masking effect on their acoustic communication. This result can be applied for further to the assessent of fish species released into offshore wind farm marine ranch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drosophila melanogaster produce different communication sounds during interactions with conspecifics by vibrating their wings. Males sing a pre-copulatory courtship song with pulse and sine elements. Females sing a structurally different song during copulation. Both sexes also produce a third type of sound pulses during agonistic interactions, i.e. during sexual rejection and inter-male aggression. It is well established that male courtship song increases female receptivity to mating. Female copulation song depends on male inseminate composition and might influence the transfer of the latter. The behavioural effect and function of agonistic sounds are not yet fully understood. Male courtship song production relies on sex specific neurons. As a precisely quantifiable and very specific element of courtship with defined motor parameters, it is an ideal model system for behavioural circuit neuroscience and has provided basic insight to how the nervous system generates, modulates and patterns adaptive behaviour. Central brain networks integrate multimodal sensory information and flexibly control the initiation and maintenance of singing. The circuits generating the species-specific song pattern and shaping motor control of the wing are mainly located in the ventral nerve cord. First studies have started to address how other Drosophila species with divergent sound producing behaviour differ on the level of neuronal circuits from D. melanogaster. In the future, advances in connectomics are expected to greatly facilitate neuronal circuit analysis in general and allow for a comprehensive synthesis of described circuit motifs for different aspects of sound production and its coordination in behavioural context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

100 The idea to write music for silent films, both in a form of written-down scores and composed live has experienced its renaissance for more than ten years. Thanks to a quite decent number of preserved theatre instruments and also due to the globalisation and wide data flow options connected with it, the knowledge and interest in Anglo-Saxon tradition of organ accompaniment in cinema were able to spread away from its place of origin. The article is the third part of four attempts to present the phenomenon of combination of the art of organ improvisation with cinematography and it was based on the fragments of the doctoral thesis entitled “Current methods of organ improvisation as performance means in the accompaniment for silent films based on the selected musical and visual work”. The dissertation was written under the supervision of prof. dr hab. Elżbieta Karolak and was defended at the Ignacy Jan Paderewski Academy of Music in Poznań in 2020. The article focuses on the profile of Robert Hope- Jones, an eccentric creator of cinema organ. It describes the period preceding the time when typical theatre instruments called “Mighty Wurlitzer” acquired their final shape, i.e., from the introduction of first electromagnetic tracture innovations in England, to the establishment of Hope Jones’s collaboration with the Wurlitzer company in the United States of America and the creation of instruments of the Unit Organ type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trait decoupling, wherein evolutionary release of constraints permits specialization of formerly integrated structures, represents a major conceptual framework for interpreting patterns of organismal diversity. However, few empirical tests of this hypothesis exist. A central prediction, that the tempo of morphological evolution and ecological diversification should increase following decoupling events, remains inadequately tested. In damselfishes (Pomacentridae), a ceratomandibular ligament links the hyoid bar and lower jaws, coupling two main morphofunctional units directly involved in both feeding and sound production. Here, we test the decoupling hypothesis by examining the evolutionary consequences of the loss of the ceratomandibular ligament in multiple damselfish lineages. As predicted, we find that rates of morphological evolution of trophic structures increased following the loss of the ligament. However, this increase in evolutionary rate is not associated with an increase in trophic breadth, but rather with morphofunctional specialization for the capture of zooplanktonic prey. Lineages lacking the ceratomandibular ligament also shows different acoustic signals (i.e. higher variation of pulse periods) from others, resulting in an increase of the acoustic diversity across the family. Our results support the idea that trait decoupling can increase morphological and behavioural diversity through increased specialization rather than the generation of novel ecotypes.

Статья посвящена вопросам методики обучения игре на арфе. Это вызвано не только крайней скудостью методической базы инструмента, в которой насчитывается лишь около 10 работ по методике, изданных на русском языке. В работах Н. Г. Парфёнова (1927), М. П. Мчеделова (1960 и 1973), К. А. Эрдели (1967), М. А. Рубина (1973), В. Г. Дуловой (1975), К. К. Сараджева (2001), Н. Н. Покровской (2012) освещены особенности русской арфовой школы, созданной по методу А.И. Слепушкина в начале XX в. Из них только публикации Парфёнова, Рубина и Покровской чисто методические. В трудах других авторов наряду с историей инструмента, общемузыкальными вопросами и мемуарами уделено место и методике. Автора статьи насторожила противоречивость в трактовке некоторыми ведущими педагогами-арфистами основных положений постановочных принципов русской арфовой школы, впервые в 1927 г. ясно изложенных в публикации ученика великого русского арфиста Н. Г. Парфёнова «Техника игры на арфе. Метод проф. А. И. Слепушкина». Эта противоречивость заметно проступила уже в редакции М. П. Мчеделова, выпущенной им «Школы...» под именем Н. Г. Парфёнова и 1960 и в 1973 гг. Кроме того, ключевые сегменты обучения, связанные с пониманием термина «постановка в широком смысле слова», с движениями в цепочке «плечо рука - предплечье - локоть - запястье -кисть - палец» в переходные моменты игры, остаются до сих пор не разработанными. Это также вопросы о возникновении напряжения в разных частях игрового аппарата учащихся, предупреждения и исправления постановочных ошибок и др. В пределах одной статьи проблемы, названные в ней, не решить. Поэтому задачами автора статьи были побудить арфистов-педагогов критически отнестись к некоторым методическим изданиям и привлечь их внимание к самостоятельной методической разработке «болевых» вопросов обучения игре на арфе.

Нетрадиционные приемы игры на духовых инструментах, их технология и методы обучения в последние десятилетия все чаще обсуждаются не только в исполнительской и композиторской среде, но становятся предметом научных поисков. Не исключением в данном смысле является мультифонная техника, представляющая один из сложных видов инструментального исполнительства. В статье рассматриваются истоки возникновения мультифонных приемов игры на народных духовых инструментах - башкирском курае, тувинском шооре и многоствольной флейте коми-пермяков. Отдельно показаны особенности многоголосного звукообразования в академическом исполнительстве. На примере Концертино для валторны и оркестра К. М. Вебера раскрывается инструментально-вокальный способ аккордового звукоизвлечения и указаны исполнители, использовавшие его в сочинении. Освещается процесс развития нетрадиционной техники аккордовой игры на духовых инструментах в поисках «новой тембрики» музыки XX и XXI вв. Осуществляется анализ современной мультифонной техники игры на трубе Дж. Хасселя и ее влияние на формирование «музыки четвертого мира». Рассмотренные народно-фольклорные истоки многоголосного звукообразования на духовых инструментах позволили раскрыть эволюционный процесс развития мультифонной техники игры на пути от народного к академическому исполнительству.

Sound production mechanisms set the parameter space available for transmitting biologically relevant information in vocal signals. Low–frequency rumbles play a crucial role in coordinating social interactions in elephants’ complex fission–fusion societies. By emitting rumbles through either the oral or the three-times longer nasal vocal tract, African elephants alter their spectral shape significantly. In this study, we used an acoustic camera to visualize the sound emission of rumbles in Asian elephants, which have received far less research attention than African elephants. We recorded nine adult captive females and analyzed the spectral parameters of 203 calls, including vocal tract resonances (formants). We found that the majority of rumbles (64%) were nasally emitted, 21% orally, and 13% simultaneously through the mouth and trunk, demonstrating velopharyngeal coupling. Some of the rumbles were combined with orally emitted roars. The nasal rumbles concentrated most spectral energy in lower frequencies exhibiting two formants, whereas the oral and mixed rumbles contained higher formants, higher spectral energy concentrations and were louder. The roars were the loudest, highest and broadest in frequency. This study is the first to demonstrate velopharyngeal coupling in a non-human animal. Our findings provide a foundation for future research into the adaptive functions of the elephant acoustic variability for information coding, localizability or sound transmission, as well as vocal flexibility across species.