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Invasion scientists need to focus on the population level, not the species level, if aiming to unravel the complexities of invasion dynamics at meaningful spatial and temporal scales and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of how invasive non‐native species interact with and impact ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mollusca is the second largest phylum on Earth comprising more than 90,000 species. Molluscs are responsible for key functions and services in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their diversity and ecological and economic importance, several knowledge gaps exist concerning their basic biology. In this mini-review, I succinctly propose a new agenda for the study of molluscs for the next decade dividing it in four major topics that need urgent attention: knowledge shortfalls, monitoring at relevant spatial and temporal scales, conservation, and education and outreach. In this time of climate and biodiversity emergency, the study of molluscs and their conservation should be a priority and we cannot ignore their intrinsic and economic importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionida) play essential roles in the well-functioning of ecosystems, even providing essential services to humans. However, these bivalves face numerous threats (e.g. habitat loss and fragmentation, pollution, introduction of invasive species, and climate change) which have already led to the extinction of many populations. This underscores the need to fully characterize the biology of these species, particularly those, such as Potomida acarnanica, that are still poorly studied. This study presents the first mitogenome of P. acarnanica (Kobelt, 1879), an endemic species of Greece with a distribution limited to only two river basins. The mitochondrial genome of a P. acarnanica specimen, collected at Pamisos River (Peloponnese, Greece), was sequenced by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. This mitogenome (16,101 bp) is characterized by 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. The size of this mitogenome is within the range of another Potomida mitogenome already published for the species Potomida littoralis. In the phylogenetic inference, P. acarnanica was recovered as monophyletic with P. littoralis mitogenome in the Lamprotulini tribe, as expected. This genomic resource will assist in genetically characterizing the species, potentially benefiting future evolutionary studies and conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predation is a dominant structuring force in ecological communities. In aquatic environments, predation on bivalves has long been an important focal interaction for ecological study because bivalves have central roles as ecosystem engineers, basal components of food webs, and commercial commodities. Studies of bivalves are common, not only because of bivalves' central roles, but also due to the relative ease of studying predatory effects on this taxonomic group. To understand patterns in the interactions of bivalves and their predators we synthesised data from 52 years of peer‐reviewed studies on bivalve predation. Using a systematic search, we compiled 1334 studies from 75 countries, comprising 61 bivalve families (N = 2259), dominated by Mytilidae (29% of bivalves), Veneridae (14%), Ostreidae (8%), Unionidae (7%), and Dreissenidae and Tellinidae (6% each). A total of 2036 predators were studied, with crustaceans the most studied predator group (34% of predators), followed by fishes (24%), molluscs (17%), echinoderms (10%) and birds (6%). The majority of studies (86%) were conducted in marine systems, in part driven by the high commercial value of marine bivalves. Studies in freshwater ecosystems were dominated by non‐native bivalves and non‐native predator species, which probably reflects the important role of biological invasions affecting freshwater biodiversity. In fact, while 81% of the studied marine bivalve species were native, only 50% of the freshwater species were native to the system. In terms of approach, most studies used predation trials, visual analysis of digested contents and exclusion experiments to assess the effects of predation. These studies reflect that many factors influence bivalve predation depending on the species studied, including (i) species traits (e.g. behaviour, morphology, defence mechanisms), (ii) other biotic interactions (e.g. presence of competitors, parasites or diseases), and (iii) environmental context (e.g. temperature, current velocity, beach exposure, habitat complexity). There is a lack of research on the effects of bivalve predation at the population and community and ecosystem levels (only 7% and 0.5% of studies respectively examined impacts at these levels). At the population level, the available studies demonstrate that predation can decrease bivalve density through consumption or the reduction of recruitment. At the community and ecosystem level, predation can trigger effects that cascade through trophic levels or effects that alter the ecological functions bivalves perform. Given the conservation and commercial importance of many bivalve species, studies of predation should be pursued in the context of global change, particularly climate change, acidification and biological invasions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The loss of lateral hydrological connectivity (LLHC) in freshwater ecosystems is increasingly threatening biodiversity; however, studies reporting this situation are limited, especially those assessing multi‐measure biodiversity features at large spatial scales.Here, and using one the most threatened taxonomic groups in freshwater ecosystems, we examined the possible influence of LLHC on the species diversity, density, and biomass of mussel assemblages and the genetic diversity and structure of Nodularia douglasiae (a common and widespread native species) in the Yangtze River floodplain.Results showed that the species diversity of freshwater mussels (α and β diversity) significantly differed between the connected and the disconnected areas, with higher α diversity and lower β diversity in the connected areas. At the same time, relative abundance, density, biomass, and genetic diversity of freshwater mussels were higher in the connected areas. High genetic differentiation and low gene flow were found among the 18 analysed N. douglasiae populations, indicating that LLHC is affecting genetic structure of this particular freshwater mussel species.Overall, results indicated that river–lake connectivity is affecting freshwater mussel biodiversity. In addition, this study highlights that multi‐measure biodiversity features provide distinct information about biodiversity dynamics, and are essential to evaluate the effects of floodplain disconnection. We advocate that an integrative approach to floodplain management embracing species and genetic diversity is needed for effective biodiversity conservation in large river ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (EMT), is a painless and non-invasive technique, capable of modulating and working affected areas of the brain with low risk to the patient Objective: Summarize the scientific evidence regarding Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in its various applications. Methodology: This is an integrative literature review research with a quantitative approach. The guiding question for the study was considered: "What is the efficiency of transcranial magnetic stimulation?" What are the indications for transcranial magnetic stimulation. To conduct the research, a search was performed in the databases Google Acadêmico, Medline, Scielo. Results: Based on the bibliographic survey, a total of 41 articles were collected that resembled the theme described for analysis. After reading their titles and abstracts, 13 studies were excluded after duplications of their texts were identified, leaving a total of 28 articles. In these, the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, where 6 studies were dispensed, leaving a total of 22 articles for reading their texts in full. Studies have shown that EMT is used in the field of psychiatry and physiotherapy, being, in this case, tested mainly in the sequelae of stroke and cerebral palsy, chronic tinnitus, mental illness, chronic pain, joint degeneration diseases, treatment of addicts chemicals and improved physical performance. Conclusion: It is concluded that EMT is a very promising resource for several neurological pathologies, such as cerebrovascular accident, but the conduct protocols require more research, for more evidence regarding the indication, form of application and effects so that you can insert the technique can be part of physiotherapeutic care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]