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This study aimed to investigate the influence of tooth shade and skin tone on smile attractiveness among native South Indians. The primary research question was whether there is a significant relationship between these variables and perceived smile attractiveness. A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted with approval from the Institutional Review Board of (Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai). Standardized smile photographs of two South Indian models (one male and one female) were digitally modified to display four different tooth shades and four different skin tones, resulting in 32 images. These images were incorporated into a Google Form along with a questionnaire and a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for attractiveness rating. The survey was distributed to 1200 participants, including both dental professionals and the general population, with 1000 valid responses recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, employing parametric tests to evaluate the data. The study found that lighter tooth shades were consistently rated higher in attractiveness for both genders. Lighter tooth shades such as FS1T1 and FS2T1 scored means of 6.88 and 7.27 respectively for females, while darker shades like FS1T4 scored lower with a mean of 4.95. Similarly, males showed a preference for lighter tooth shades with MS1T1 and MS2T1 scoring means of 5.57 and 5.78 respectively compared to darker shades like MS1T4 with a mean of 3.63. Significant differences were noted across age groups and genders, with younger participants and females showing a stronger preference for lighter tooth shades. The study concludes that both tooth shade and skin tone significantly influence smile attractiveness, with a clear preference for lighter tooth shades among the surveyed population. These findings suggest the importance of considering these factors in aesthetic dental treatments to enhance patient satisfaction and achieve optimal results. The results underscore the necessity for dental practitioners to take into account both tooth shade and skin tone when planning aesthetic dental treatments. This approach will help in achieving a more harmonious and natural appearance, ultimately improving patient satisfaction with the treatment outcomes. Future research should continue to explore the cultural and individual factors that contribute to these preferences in dental aesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the influence of tooth shade and skin tone on smile attractiveness among native South Indians. The primary research question was whether there is a significant relationship between these variables and perceived smile attractiveness. Materials and methods: A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted with approval from the Institutional Review Board of (Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai). Standardized smile photographs of two South Indian models (one male and one female) were digitally modified to display four different tooth shades and four different skin tones, resulting in 32 images. These images were incorporated into a Google Form along with a questionnaire and a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for attractiveness rating. The survey was distributed to 1200 participants, including both dental professionals and the general population, with 1000 valid responses recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, employing parametric tests to evaluate the data. Results: The study found that lighter tooth shades were consistently rated higher in attractiveness for both genders. Lighter tooth shades such as FS1T1 and FS2T1 scored means of 6.88 and 7.27 respectively for females, while darker shades like FS1T4 scored lower with a mean of 4.95. Similarly, males showed a preference for lighter tooth shades with MS1T1 and MS2T1 scoring means of 5.57 and 5.78 respectively compared to darker shades like MS1T4 with a mean of 3.63. Significant differences were noted across age groups and genders, with younger participants and females showing a stronger preference for lighter tooth shades. Conclusions: The study concludes that both tooth shade and skin tone significantly influence smile attractiveness, with a clear preference for lighter tooth shades among the surveyed population. These findings suggest the importance of considering these factors in aesthetic dental treatments to enhance patient satisfaction and achieve optimal results. Clinical relevance: The results underscore the necessity for dental practitioners to take into account both tooth shade and skin tone when planning aesthetic dental treatments. This approach will help in achieving a more harmonious and natural appearance, ultimately improving patient satisfaction with the treatment outcomes. Future research should continue to explore the cultural and individual factors that contribute to these preferences in dental aesthetics.

Background: Insulin resistance plays a pivotal role in the progression of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), and the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TAG/HDL) ratio has been proposed as a marker for both insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk. This study aims to assess the TAG/HDL ratio as a biomarker for insulin resistance in male T2DM patients from the South Indian population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 30 male T2DM patients aged 30-60 years. Anthropometric measurements, lipid profiles, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, and HbA1c were recorded. The TAG/HDL ratio was calculated and correlated with insulin resistance using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: Elevated triglyceride levels were strongly associated with insulin resistance, showing a significant correlation (p = 0.0021). However, the TAG/HDL ratio did not demonstrate a significant correlation with insulin resistance in this cohort (p = 0.1882). These findings suggest that while the TAG/HDL ratio may not be a reliable marker for insulin resistance in this population, elevated triglycerides alone are strong indicators of metabolic dysfunction. Conclusion: The TAG/HDL ratio did not serve as a significant marker for insulin resistance in male T2DM patients. However, elevated triglycerides should be monitored closely, and a comprehensive lipid profile, along with thyroid function assessments, may provide better insight into managing insulin resistance in T2DM patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Proximal femur analysis plays a vital role in orthopedic surgery, implant design, fracture care, and research. Studying this complex bone helps surgeons select the right implants, plan fracture treatment, and understand bone strength. This growing field improves clinical outcomes and enhances scientific knowledge. Our study analyzes the morphometry of proximal femur, particularly the head and neck, to further explore its implications. Aims and Objectives: To study the morphometric measurements of the proximal end of the femur quantitatively in the South Indian population from the dry femora available in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Kottayam. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 101 dry femora available in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Kottayam. The measurements were taken with digital Vernier calipers and a goniometer. All continuous variables were expressed as mean with standard deviation. Statistical differences between the right and left sides were analyzed with Student’s independent sample t-test (for parametric variables) and Mann–Whitney U test (for non-parametric variables). Results: The mean vertical and anteroposterior diameter of the femoral head, superior and inferior length of the femoral head, the anteroposterior and vertical diameter of the femoral neck, superior and inferior lengths of the femoral neck, neck-shaft angle, and intertrochanteric length were 39.61±3.29 mm, 40.17±3.14 mm, 33.01±3.6 mm, 23.88±4.32 mm, 24.22±3 mm, 29.59±3 mm, 21.75±3.81 mm, 32.03±5.58 mm, 124.11±6.37, 60.31±7.33 mm, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean of neck anteroposterior diameter and neck-shaft angle between the right and left sides where the left side had the higher value. Conclusion: Notable skeletal metric variations exist amidst different populations. Proximal femoral dimensions can be acquired through either manual means or radiological information. These measurements can be used in designing orthopedic implants for the South Indian population.

Background: The complex framework of the human foot enables movement and weight support. The os peroneum (OP) is a sesamoid bone located in the tendon of peroneus longus. Though tiny, it plays crucial roles in foot movement and arch stability injuries to the tendon are significant, and the OP itself can fracture, dislocate, or impinge. Its presence, size, and even histological type influence the proper functioning of the foot. Studying this sesamoid bone, with its variable prevalence and morphology, can fill gaps in foot and ankle pathology research. Aims and Objectives: To analyze the prevalence, morphology, morphometry, and histology of OP in human adult cadavers in the South Indian population. Materials and Methods: Forty-two formalin-fixed human adult cadaveric free lower limbs were selected and studied from the Department of Anatomy, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Tiruvalla, Kerala. The prevalence of OP in peroneus longus tendons (PLT) and its various configurations were carefully observed, along with their histological types, and then statistical analysis of the data was done using SPSS version 20. Results: Thirty-nine out of the forty-two free lower limbs showed the presence of an OP bearing a smooth oval facet, except for one OP with a round facet. All OP were invariably present in the tunnel for PLT on the plantar surface of the cuboid bone. Three different histological types of this tissue were observed, i.e., osseous, cartilaginous, and fibrous. Conclusion: The present study has attempted to fill the gap in the research data regarding OP in the adult South Indian population. In addition, the knowledge of OP and its configuration in PLT could provide a better radiological and clinical approach to mid- and fore-foot pathologies.

Background: Proximal femur analysis plays a vital role in orthopedic surgery, implant design, fracture care, and research. Studying this complex bone helps surgeons select the right implants, plan fracture treatment, and understand bone strength. This growing field improves clinical outcomes and enhances scientific knowledge. Our study analyzes the morphometry of proximal femur, particularly the head and neck, to further explore its implications. Aims and Objectives: To study the morphometric measurements of the proximal end of the femur quantitatively in the South Indian population from the dry femora available in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Kottayam. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 101 dry femora available in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Kottayam. The measurements were taken with digital Vernier calipers and a goniometer. All continuous variables were expressed as mean with standard deviation. Statistical differences between the right and left sides were analyzed with Student’s independent sample t-test (for parametric variables) and Mann–Whitney U test (for non-parametric variables). Results: The mean vertical and anteroposterior diameter of the femoral head, superior and inferior length of the femoral head, the anteroposterior and vertical diameter of the femoral neck, superior and inferior lengths of the femoral neck, neck-shaft angle, and intertrochanteric length were 39.61±3.29 mm, 40.17±3.14 mm, 33.01±3.6 mm, 23.88±4.32 mm, 24.22±3 mm, 29.59±3 mm, 21.75±3.81 mm, 32.03±5.58 mm, 124.11±6.37, 60.31±7.33 mm, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean of neck anteroposterior diameter and neck-shaft angle between the right and left sides where the left side had the higher value. Conclusion: Notable skeletal metric variations exist amidst different populations. Proximal femoral dimensions can be acquired through either manual means or radiological information. These measurements can be used in designing orthopedic implants for the South Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The complex framework of the human foot enables movement and weight support. The os peroneum (OP) is a sesamoid bone located in the tendon of peroneus longus. Though tiny, it plays crucial roles in foot movement and arch stability injuries to the tendon are significant, and the OP itself can fracture, dislocate, or impinge. Its presence, size, and even histological type influence the proper functioning of the foot. Studying this sesamoid bone, with its variable prevalence and morphology, can fill gaps in foot and ankle pathology research. Aims and Objectives: To analyze the prevalence, morphology, morphometry, and histology of OP in human adult cadavers in the South Indian population. Materials and Methods: Forty-two formalin-fixed human adult cadaveric free lower limbs were selected and studied from the Department of Anatomy, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Tiruvalla, Kerala. The prevalence of OP in peroneus longus tendons (PLT) and its various configurations were carefully observed, along with their histological types, and then statistical analysis of the data was done using SPSS version 20. Results: Thirty-nine out of the forty-two free lower limbs showed the presence of an OP bearing a smooth oval facet, except for one OP with a round facet. All OP were invariably present in the tunnel for PLT on the plantar surface of the cuboid bone. Three different histological types of this tissue were observed, i.e., osseous, cartilaginous, and fibrous. Conclusion: The present study has attempted to fill the gap in the research data regarding OP in the adult South Indian population. In addition, the knowledge of OP and its configuration in PLT could provide a better radiological and clinical approach to mid- and fore-foot pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective Sleep deprivation is a significant issue among adults. It is on the rise in contemporary society, largely influenced by the shift towards a 24/7 lifestyle and long working hours. Lack of sufficient sleep can influence immune function causing systemic inflammation. Inflammation is a shared characteristic between chronic periodontitis and sleep deprivation. In addition, sleep deprivation can have detrimental effects on cognitive function and motor skills, which may reduce the individual’s ability to maintain proper oral hygiene further influencing periodontal health. This study aimed to examine the quality and duration of sleep and their potential association with periodontitis in the South Indian population. Methods Fifty-six subjects were diagnosed based on the criteria outlined in the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. Probing depth and clinical attachment loss were measured as a part of the clinical examination. The severity, complexity, and progression of periodontitis were classified based on both stage (I–IV) and grade (A–C) systems. The participants were given a questionnaire including demographic information and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results There was a significant association between the severity and extent of periodontitis and sleep quality and duration. The mean sleep quality was highest in Stage IV (1.57 ± 0.76) and Grade B (1.62 ± 1.28). Similarly, Stage IV (1.14 ± 0.66) and Grade B (1.38 ± 0.92) showed the highest scores for sleep duration. Conclusion Poor sleep quality and duration were significantly associated with the stage and grade of periodontitis in the South Indian population.

Abstract Background Age estimation has paramount importance for the forensic practitioner. Depending on the timing of fusion, the spheno-occipital synchondrosis will be open during childhood and then later fuse during adulthood. Since there have been a lot of inconsistencies in terms of fusion degree, that can be attributed to variability in population or methodology. The aim of the present study was to determine the age of beginning of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in the South Indian population using computed tomography. Results The study reported a mean age of 8.38 ± 1.21 for males and 8.2 ± 1.16 for females in the stage 0 (completely open) category. Spheno-occipital synchondrosis began to fuse (stage 1) at the mean age of 11.64 ± 1.19 for males and 10.21 ± 1.19 for females. Conclusions Spheno-occipital synchondrosis begins to close at the age of less than 15 years in males. Similarly, for females, the spheno-occipital synchondrosis begins to close at the age of less than 14 years. Also, a strong sexual dimorphism is seen as each stage of synchondrosis and starts earlier in females compared to males. In addition, the study also showed the degree of fusion increasing with age. This estimation will not only help in forensic and anthropological studies but also in assessing craniofacial growth in orthodontics.

Objective: To assess differences based on gender in nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CA), and nuclear‐cytoplasmic ratio (N:C ratio) values for clinically normal buccal smears in apparently healthy subjects of a South Indian population, thereby providing definitive baseline cytomorphometric measurements for the South Indian population. Methods: Buccal smears were collected from 60 healthy subjects (30 males and 30 females) of a South Indian population above 18 years in age. Values of the NA and CA were measured, and the N:C ratio calculated, using ImageJ software. Statistical analysis of the data with independent t tests and 95% confidence intervals was done using SPSS version 21 (significance set at P < 0.05). Results: The results showed that there were significant differences in the NA, CA, and N:C values between males and females irrespective of age (P = 0.01). Conclusion: Definitive gender‐specific baseline cytomorphometric data can be established using exfoliative cytology for the South Indian population, and this may be helpful in deciphering the occurrence of oral pre‐malignant diseases and oral squamous cell carcinoma in this population, as the incidence of these conditions varies with gender and different ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The present study was aimed to study the frequencies of HLA-DRB1/-DQB1 alleles and haplotypes of three endogamous groups of Tamil Nadu state, South India. PCR-SSP typing of HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles were performed on 111 Kallars of Thanjavur, 80 Piramalai Kallar of Madurai and 119 Vanniyar. Genetic distances, neighbor-joining phylogenetic dendrograms and correspondence analysis have been performed. Results The HLA class II alleles, DRB1*07 (25.2%), DRB1*15 (15.7%), DRB1*14 (11.7%) and DRB1*12 (9.90%) among Kallars of Thanjavur; DRB1*15 (28.7%), DRB1*04 (15.6%), DRB1*10 (14.3%), DRB1*13 (11.2%) and DRB1*03 (9.37%) among Piamalai Kallar and DRB1*15 (24.7%), DRB1*04 (15.9%), DRB1*07 (11.7%), DRB1*12 (11.3%) and DRB1*10 (10.0%) among Vanniyar were more frequent. Similarly, alleles DQB1*06 (31.0%), DQB1*02 (26.5%) and DQB1*05 (24.7%) among Kallars of Thanjavur; DQB1*05 (32.5%), DQB1*06 (31.8%), DQB1*02 (16.2%) and DQB1*03:02 (12.5%) among Piramalai Kallar and DQB1*05 (52.9%), DQB1*06 (22.6%) and DQB1*02 (11.3%) among Vanniyar were more frequent. We genotyped the two most frequent two-locus haplotypes, such as DRB1*15-DQB1*06 and DRB1*07-DQB1*02 for HLA-A/-B/–C alleles to identify the 5-locus extended haplotypes to extrapolate global affinities. We identified a number of five locus extended haplotypes among south Indian population with stronger global affinities. Further, we identified the presence of a highly unique extended haplotypes such as A*11-B*35-C*12-DRB1*07-DQB1*02 (HF:0.1458) in Kallars of Thanjavur, A*03-B*35-C*04-DRB1*15-DQB1*06 (HF:0.1833) in Piramalai Kallar and A*03-B*07-C*07-DRB1*15-DQB1*06 (HF: 0.1800) in Kallars of Thanjavur and (HF: 0.1081) in Vanniyar population. Conclusions Allele distribution and haplotype analysis have demonstrated that the Kallars of Thanjavur, Piramalai Kallar and Vanniyar populations shared HLA alleles with other ethnic and other Indian populations, while showing population specific haplotypes. Analysis of population-specific distribution of HLA alleles is proved to be important in finding out the relatedness of the ethnic groups across continents. The extensive polymorphism of the HLA system also has useful application in the study of the origin, evolution and migration patterns of human populations.

Background: Age estimation has paramount importance for the forensic practitioner. Depending on the timing of fusion, the spheno-occipital synchondrosis will be open during childhood and then later fuse during adulthood. Since there have been a lot of inconsistencies in terms of fusion degree, that can be attributed to variability in population or methodology. The aim of the present study was to determine the age of beginning of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in the South Indian population using computed tomography. Results: The study reported a mean age of 8.38 ± 1.21 for males and 8.2 ± 1.16 for females in the stage 0 (completely open) category. Spheno-occipital synchondrosis began to fuse (stage 1) at the mean age of 11.64 ± 1.19 for males and 10.21 ± 1.19 for females. Conclusions: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis begins to close at the age of less than 15 years in males. Similarly, for females, the spheno-occipital synchondrosis begins to close at the age of less than 14 years. Also, a strong sexual dimorphism is seen as each stage of synchondrosis and starts earlier in females compared to males. In addition, the study also showed the degree of fusion increasing with age. This estimation will not only help in forensic and anthropological studies but also in assessing craniofacial growth in orthodontics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease, involving strong genetic components with familial predisposition. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) found on the surface of NK cells have ligands of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I that are associated with T1D. The present study evaluates the influence of KIR genes and their HLA-ligands in the aetiology of T1D among the South Indian population. A total of 125 T1D patients, along with their parents (n = 126) and siblings (n = 52) were recruited. PCR-based genotyping was performed for KIR genes and HLA class I ligands. The gene frequencies were compared between patients and siblings/parents. Linkage-disequilibrium (LD) analysis was performed to assess the genetic association between KIR gene pairs. The results show significant differences in HLA-ligands of KIR genes between patients and parents. The HLA-C1C1 homozygosity was found to be a predisposing risk factor, and HLA-C1C2 heterozygosity was protective towards T1D along with either the activating KIR2DS2 or inhibitory KIRs 2DL1, 2DL2, 2DL3. However, the frequency of inhibitory KIR3DL1 significantly increased in the presence of HLA-B Bw4 Ile80 in parents when compared to patients showing a protective effect on T1D. Two pairs of KIR genes, 2DS4-3DL1 and 2DS1-2DL5, showed strong LD in patients, siblings and parents. The KIR-HLA ligand combinations have a significant effect on T1D aetiology among the South Indian population. This study defines a pattern for family-based association studies with genotypic information about KIR genes and their HLA-ligands, providing the first evidence towards T1D among the South Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Traditional risk factors causing oral and oropharyngeal cancers have been extensively studied in elderly populations. But recent evidences have shown it to be rising in young individuals with no known risk factors. Human Papilloma virus (HPV) is a proven etiologic factor for cervical cancer and has been suggested in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Hence the objective of the study was to evaluate the role of HPV as a risk factor in OSCC and OPSCC patients of less than 40 years of age without known risk factors. Material and Methods: Fifteen years of retrospective data were used for recording the age, gender, site, and various risk factors in patients ≤40 years of age diagnosed histopathologically with primary OSCC and OPSCC. Role of HPV in patients without any known risk factors were evaluated with p16 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Ninety eight patients aged ≤40 years of age were obtained with known and no known risk factors. Among the habitual risk factors, alcohol did not prove to be a significant factor. Female patients with mean age of 34 years were more prone, though they were not subjected to any of the known risk factors. Tongue and buccal mucosa were the most common sites affected. Role of HPV as a risk factor was found positive. All cases of PCR positive were IHC positive and IHC showed 100% sensitivity and 68.4% specificity. Conclusion: A strong correlation of HPV with OSCC and OPSCC in adults ≤40 years of age was established in the present study.

Background: The present study was aimed to study the frequencies of HLA-DRB1/-DQB1 alleles and haplotypes of three endogamous groups of Tamil Nadu state, South India. PCR-SSP typing of HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles were performed on 111 Kallars of Thanjavur, 80 Piramalai Kallar of Madurai and 119 Vanniyar. Genetic distances, neighbor-joining phylogenetic dendrograms and correspondence analysis have been performed. Results: The HLA class II alleles, DRB1*07 (25.2%), DRB1*15 (15.7%), DRB1*14 (11.7%) and DRB1*12 (9.90%) among Kallars of Thanjavur; DRB1*15 (28.7%), DRB1*04 (15.6%), DRB1*10 (14.3%), DRB1*13 (11.2%) and DRB1*03 (9.37%) among Piamalai Kallar and DRB1*15 (24.7%), DRB1*04 (15.9%), DRB1*07 (11.7%), DRB1*12 (11.3%) and DRB1*10 (10.0%) among Vanniyar were more frequent. Similarly, alleles DQB1*06 (31.0%), DQB1*02 (26.5%) and DQB1*05 (24.7%) among Kallars of Thanjavur; DQB1*05 (32.5%), DQB1*06 (31.8%), DQB1*02 (16.2%) and DQB1*03:02 (12.5%) among Piramalai Kallar and DQB1*05 (52.9%), DQB1*06 (22.6%) and DQB1*02 (11.3%) among Vanniyar were more frequent. We genotyped the two most frequent two-locus haplotypes, such as DRB1*15-DQB1*06 and DRB1*07-DQB1*02 for HLA-A/-B/–C alleles to identify the 5-locus extended haplotypes to extrapolate global affinities. We identified a number of five locus extended haplotypes among south Indian population with stronger global affinities. Further, we identified the presence of a highly unique extended haplotypes such as A*11-B*35-C*12-DRB1*07-DQB1*02 (HF:0.1458) in Kallars of Thanjavur, A*03-B*35-C*04-DRB1*15-DQB1*06 (HF:0.1833) in Piramalai Kallar and A*03-B*07-C*07-DRB1*15-DQB1*06 (HF: 0.1800) in Kallars of Thanjavur and (HF: 0.1081) in Vanniyar population. Conclusions: Allele distribution and haplotype analysis have demonstrated that the Kallars of Thanjavur, Piramalai Kallar and Vanniyar populations shared HLA alleles with other ethnic and other Indian populations, while showing population specific haplotypes. Analysis of population-specific distribution of HLA alleles is proved to be important in finding out the relatedness of the ethnic groups across continents. The extensive polymorphism of the HLA system also has useful application in the study of the origin, evolution and migration patterns of human populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to establish the most and least pleasing lip position and to evaluate esthetic preference in profile view among the South Indian population with diverse facial divergence. Materials and Methods: Photographs of 12 participants with an average lip position were taken, and original lip position (Image C) was altered by ± 2 mm and ± 4 mm from the original position of upper and lower lips using Adobe Photoshop 7.0 version. Image A and Image B comprised photographs with retrusive lips of 4 mm and 2 mm, respectively, and Image D and Image E comprised photographs with protrusive lips of 2 mm and 4 mm, respectively. The altered photographs were evaluated for pleasing lip positions by 300 examiners which comprised 102 orthodontists, 107 general dentists, and 91 laypersons. Results: A questionnaire was conducted through Google Forms, and the examiners favored Image C with an average lip position as the most desired lip position, whereas Image E with 4-mm lip protrusion and Image A with 4-mm lip retrusion were the least desired irrespective of gender or facial divergence. Conclusion: Importance to establish appropriate soft-tissue esthetics is the primary concern of an orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Traditional risk factors causing oral and oropharyngeal cancers have been extensively studied in elderly populations. But recent evidences have shown it to be rising in young individuals with no known risk factors. Human Papilloma virus (HPV) is a proven etiologic factor for cervical cancer and has been suggested in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Hence the objective of the study was to evaluate the role of HPV as a risk factor in OSCC and OPSCC patients of less than 40 years of age without known risk factors. Material and Methods: Fifteen years of retrospective data were used for recording the age, gender, site, and various risk factors in patients ≤40 years of age diagnosed histopathologically with primary OSCC and OPSCC. Role of HPV in patients without any known risk factors were evaluated with p16 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Ninety eight patients aged ≤40 years of age were obtained with known and no known risk factors. Among the habitual risk factors, alcohol did not prove to be a significant factor. Female patients with mean age of 34 years were more prone, though they were not subjected to any of the known risk factors. Tongue and buccal mucosa were the most common sites affected. Role of HPV as a risk factor was found positive. All cases of PCR positive were IHC positive and IHC showed 100% sensitivity and 68.4% specificity. Conclusion: A strong correlation of HPV with OSCC and OPSCC in adults ≤40 years of age was established in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Stargardt disease 1 (STGD1; MIM 248200) is a monogenic form of autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by mutation in ABCA4. This gene has a major role in hydrolyzing N-retinylidene-phosphatidylethanolamine to all-trans-retinal and phosphatidylethanolamine. The purpose of this study is to identify the frequency of putative disease-causing mutations associated with Stargardt disease in a South Indian population. Methods A total of 28 clinically diagnosed Stargardt-like phenotype patients were recruited from south India. Ophthalmic examination of all patients was carefully carried out by a retina specialist based on the stages of fundus imaging and ERG grouping. Genetic analysis of ABCA4 was performed for all patients using Sanger sequencing and clinical exome sequencing. Results This study identified disease-causing mutations in ABCA4 in 75% (21/28) of patients, 7% (2/28) exhibited benign variants and 18% (5/28) were negative for the disease-causing mutation. Conclusion This is the first study describing the genetic association of ABCA4 disease-causing mutation in South Indian Stargardt 1 patients (STGD1). Our findings highlighted the presence of two novel missense mutations and an (in/del, single base pair deletion & splice variant) in ABCA4. However, genetic heterogeneity in ABCA4 mutants requires a larger sample size to establish a true correlation with clinical phenotype.

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze root form and morphology of human maxillary first permanent premolars of an Indo-Dravidian population from southern India. Materials and Methods: Eight hundred and twenty-two maxillary first permanent premolars were cleansed and stored appropriately. Morphology and root form analysed, segregated into Groups (Gps): Gp I, Gp II, and Gp III, and later divided into subgroups (SGs) based on specific criteria. Gp I was divided into two SGs: SG A (minimal or absence of grooving in the root) (n = 252) and SG B (clear and defined longitudinal groove in the root) (n = 104), and Gp II was divided into SG C (roots dividing in coronal one-third) (n = 154), SG D (roots dividing in the middle one-third) (n = 158), and SG E (roots dividing in the apical one third) (n = 138). Gp III consisted of only one SG F (teeth with three roots) (n = 16). The groups were analyzed separately, their external root form and morphology were recorded. Root form was analyzed, and results were tabulated. This study was compared with other studies and statistically analyzed. Results: Gp II was common with an incidence of 54.74%. Gp I was the next most common with an incidence of 43.3%. Gp III was the least common with an incidence of 1.94%. The number and distribution of roots was also computed. Six types of root form were identified (Type [Ty] A = 30.65%, Ty B = 12.65%, Ty C = 18.73%, Ty D = 19.22%, Ty E = 16.78%, and Ty F = 1.94%). Conclusion: Awareness and assessment of root form, number preoperatively with regard to specific populations before initiation will pave way for successful outcome of therapy.

Introduction The pericardial fat pad, located anteriorly to the heart between the pericardium and myocardium, has garnered significant interest in cardiovascular research due to its potential role in the pathophysiology of various cardiac conditions. Despite its proximity to the myocardium, it is distinct from the epicardial fat depot found between the myocardium and the visceral layer of the pericardium. Studies have shown that excess pericardial fat is associated with an increased risk of heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases. Non-contrast computed tomography (CT) is a reliable, non-invasive method for assessing pericardial fat pad thickness, offering less radiation exposure compared to other imaging modalities. Establishing standardized measurements for pericardial fat pad thickness is essential, particularly for the South Indian population, which may exhibit unique genetic, dietary, and lifestyle influences on these measurements. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 participants from South India, stratified into three age groups: 18-35, 36-50, and 51-70 years, with body weights ranging from 45 kg to 120 kg. Participants were recruited from outpatient departments and community outreach programs, ensuring equal representation from each age group. Non-contrast CT imaging was performed using a Siemens Somatom goTop 128 Slice CT scanner to measure pericardial fat pad thickness and correlate it with age, gender, body weight, and body mass index. Exclusion criteria included diagnosed cardiac or pericardial diseases, prior chest surgery or trauma, pregnancy, and contraindications to CT scans. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was collected from all participants. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, employing descriptive statistics, ANOVA, t-tests, and Pearson's correlation. Results The study included 300 participants, with an equal gender distribution of 150 males and 150 females. Pericardial fat pad thickness increased with age, averaging 4.2 mm in the 18-35 age group, 5.1 mm in the 36-50 age group, and 6.4 mm in the 51-70 age group. Males exhibited a higher average thickness (5.6 mm) compared to females (5.0 mm). Body weight also showed a positive correlation with pericardial fat pad thickness, with mean values increasing from 4.5 mm in the 45-60 kg range to 6.7 mm in the 106-120 kg range. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences in pericardial fat pad thickness across age groups, genders, and weight categories, emphasizing the importance of these factors in assessing cardiovascular risk. Conclusion This study provides a benchmark for pericardial fat pad thickness in the Kancheepuram Population of South India, highlighting its correlation with age, gender, body weight, and body mass index. The findings underscore the significance of non-invasive CT imaging in evaluating cardiovascular risk factors. Further research should focus on longitudinal studies and advanced imaging techniques to enhance the diagnostic accuracy and clinical relevance of pericardial fat pad measurements. The established reference values can aid clinicians in identifying individuals at higher risk for cardiovascular diseases, facilitating early intervention and management., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University issued approval SMCH/SIMATS/2023-CT04. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Ramakrishnan et al.)

The life on earth is driven by energy, supplied by the tiny organelles of the cell called mitochondria and they are usually stated as the powerhouses of the cell. In population genetics, Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is used extensively to categorize individuals or populations. The mutation sites observed in human mtDNA by comparing with the reference sequence (rCRS) are termed into definite human mtDNA haplogroups. Previous studies showed that mtDNA specific haplogroups and polymorphisms were established to be linked with various human diseases, including cancer in numerous populations. Furthermore, it is also known that several mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms are implicated in enhanced production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which are known to be an increased risk cause for several cancers, including colorectal cancer in Indian patients. Hence in our study, we made high resolution examination on mtDNA hypervariable region to trace the association of specific mtDNA haplogroup with colorectal cancer in south Indian populations. We report that mtDNA Haplogroup M was observed in 60% of the colorectal cancer patients and around 55% in the studied control samples. Haplogroup M is the most frequent mtDNA cluster found among south Indian populations. We further sub-lineated macro haplogroup M and found sub haplogroups (M8, M7, M6, M5, M3 and M2) in varied frequencies. In particular, we found significant association of haplogroup M5 with colorectal cancer patients (p = 0.026). Haplogroup M5 was observed in 12% of colorectal cancer patients in south Indian patients and in 3.3% of the control populations. These results suggest that individuals with haplogroup M5 may have significant risk to develop colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Indians are a heterogeneous population who speak different languages and differ in their life style and physical appearance. Major population movements, social structure and caste endogamy have influenced the genetic structure of Indian populations. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system of populations is highly informative because of the high level of polymorphisms. Knowledge of allele and haplotype frequencies of the HLA system is important in the search for unrelated bone marrow donors. We investigated the distribution of HLA A, B, C, DRB1 and DQB1 loci in five linguistic groups from South India. HLA–A*01:01:01~B*57:01:01:01~C*06:02:01~DRB1*07:01:01~DQB1*03:03:02 was the common haplotype with highest frequency in all the five populations studied. A few relevant haplotypes were identified as most common haplotypes in each linguistic group. Comparison of HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐DRB1 allele distribution in these five linguistic groups with the other Asian population showed that the South Indian populations were closely related to Sri Lankan populations. A large South Indian donor registry might serve as good source of donors for patients from Sri Lanka and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capability of determination of gender from unknown human skeletal remains is indispensable and the techniques to find out this from different bones of human skeletal remains have been researched tremendously. Several investigators have asserted the necessity for population specific statistical data for methods that are dependent on specific measurements as there exist ample variations in body size among diverse ethnic populations. Most reliable bone exhibiting sexual dimorphism in human body is the pelvis and we have chosen it for derivation of population and sex specific data with respect to diameter of acetabulum and acetabulopubic index. 72 adult, dry innominate hip bones without any morphological deformities and defects (38 of male and 34 of female sex) belonging to South Indian population were carefully studied with respect to diameter of Right acetabulum and acetabulopubic index derived from the maximum distance between pubis symphysis and the anterior rim of acetabulum i.e. cotylopubic length or acetabulum-pubis symphysis length. All measurements were accurately taken with the aid of digital Vernier caliper and results were analyzed by means of SPSS software version 26 and the results including the demarking point, standard deviation, sectioning point etc. were found to be statistically significant and therefore acetabulum diameter and acetabulopubic index can be authentically applied for sex determination from dry adult hip bones belonging to the South Indian population. From the analysis of demarking point, AP index of >94.13 identified 73.84% of male sex and <87.15 identified 84.97% of females and therefore AP index can definitely be considered as the positive and decisive indicator for sex determination from adult hip bones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to use the Ischiopubic index to explore the sex differences in the pelvis between the male and female bones. The pelvis is characterized by sexually dimorphic features and thus it can be used for sex determination while establishing the biological profile in unknown skeletal remains. In this study we have assessed the sex prediction potential of the Ischiopubic index using 72 dry innominate hip bones (38 male and 34 female) belonging to South Indian population. The lengths of the pubis and ischium were measured in these bones and the Ischiopubic index was calculated as per Washburn’s formula. The Ischiopubic index was calculated to be 85.46 ± 3.63 mm. in males (Range 74.15 - 95.28 mm.) and 97.75 ± 4.10 mm. in females (Range 89.56 - 116.37 mm.). Application of the Student’s t test showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the Ischiopubic index between the male and female pelvic bones with a p <0.001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to study HLA-DRB1, -DQB1 alleles and haplotypes of two endogamous groups of South India. PCR-SSP typing of HLA-DRB1, -DQB1 alleles were performed on 63 Mukkuvar, primarily a coastal population and 101 Valayar, a population primarily living on the fringes of forest areas. Genetic distances, neighbor-joining dendrograms and correspondence analysis have been performed. The HLA class II alleles, DRB1*07 (32.5%), DRB1*15 (23.0%), DRB1*13 (11.1%) and DRB1*12 (10.3%) were more frequent among Mukkuvar. Among Valayar, DRB1*12 (18.8%), DRB1*15 (17.3%), DRB1*04 (15.4%), DRB1*07 (13.4%) and DRB1*10 (10.9%) were more frequent. Similarly, DQB1*06 (38.1%), DQB1*02 (26.2%) and DQB1*05 (20.5%) alleles among Mukkuvar and DQB1*06 (40.2%) and DQB1*05 (28.9%) among Valayar were more frequent. We genotyped the two most common South Indian two-locus haplotypes, such as DRB1*15-DQB1*06 and DRB1*07-DQB1*02 for HLA-A, -B and -C alleles to identify the 5-locus extended haplotypes. We identified the presence of a highly unique extended haplotype A*03-B*35-C*12-DRB1*07-DQB1*02 in Valayar (HF: 0.2777) and Mukkuvar (HF: 0.1666) hitherto not reported in any of the world populations. The HLA-DRB1 allele based phylogenetic analysis have demonstrated the unique and distinct phylogenetic relatedness of Mukkuvar and Valayar with other ethnic populations. The coastal population Mukkuvar is more closely related to Hispanic and Guanche populations. However, the Valayar revealed phylogenetic relatedness with Austronesian and Micronesian populations supporting the theory of coastal migrations of Out-of-Africa ancestral founding populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health insurance is an insurance that covers a part of the medical expenditure incurred by a person. Health insurance is a policy that an individual should take in care of him and his family with the help of various Insurance providers which can come under a private or government sector. The premiums to be paid are fixed by the insurance provider with the promise to cover a full or part of the medical expenses. Thus, health insurance can be treated as an effective tool of personal protection against medical emergencies. The survey was done to evaluate the awareness on health insurance among the urban adult population of Chennai. An online survey was carried out with the help of google forms. The questions were self administered and they were designed based on awareness and distributed among 109 adults of Chennai. The results were obtained and statistically analysed through SPSS software, chi square test was done to check the association and a p value of < 0.05 was said to be statistically significant. The survey was conducted in the month of May 2020. From the survey, it was evident that the majority of the urban adults were aware of health insurance. 64% of the study participants already have health insurance, however it was found that the majority of the female participants felt that health insurance was essential than male participants and it was statistically significant (p-value <0.05).The survey has created an awareness on the importance of health insurance among the urban population of Chennai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caffeine is a drug, which is consumed by the majority of the world population. It is available in various ingestible forms which makes it easier to consume. Caffeine is considered to be one of the major and most widely consumed stimulating drugs in this world. The effects of caffeine on the human body include cardiovascular diseases, insomnia, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and cancer lines etc. The withdrawal symptoms of caffeine include headache, flu like symptoms, fatigue etc. A questionnaire was distributed through an online google forms link to about 100 people of South Indian population belonging to all age groups. The study population were asked to fill out the forms. The results were collected and the data was analysed using SPSS version 20. When the study population was asked if they were aware about caffeine addiction and its effects, about 79.21% of the total respondents answered positively. 61% respondents were not aware of the fact that increased caffeine consumption might lead to diseases such as coronary heart disease, insomnia, high blood pressure etc. Conclusion: By this survey it is concluded that a more severe approach on the awareness of caffeine addiction and its various ill effects could be administered among the South Indian population for the betterment of lifestyle and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The base of the skull base was quite a complex region having many neural and vascular structures that are connected with the cranial fossae, paranasal sinus, nasal cavity, orbit and the neck.Foramen spinosum is a small circular foramen placed within the greater wing of the sphenoid near or at the foundation of the spine of the sphenoid, posterolateral to foramen ovale. Foramen ovale and spinosum are foramen in the middle cranial fossa. Foramen ovale is located within the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, posterior to the foramen rotundum and lateral to the lingula and posterior cease of the carotid groove. The jugular foramen is another important foramina. It is a compound bony canal, many vital structures, including nerves and vessels are transmitted through it.The present study has adopted 64 dry skulls from the Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. The present study thus concluded that the prior study of morphometric analysis cranial base foramina is of utmost importance in the during cranial base surgical procedures and also useful in anthropological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze root form and morphology of human maxillary first permanent premolars of an Indo-Dravidian population from southern India. Materials and Methods: Eight hundred and twenty-two maxillary first permanent premolars were cleansed and stored appropriately. Morphology and root form analysed, segregated into Groups (Gps): Gp I, Gp II, and Gp III, and later divided into subgroups (SGs) based on specific criteria. Gp I was divided into two SGs: SG A (minimal or absence of grooving in the root) (n = 252) and SG B (clear and defined longitudinal groove in the root) (n = 104), and Gp II was divided into SG C (roots dividing in coronal one-third) (n = 154), SG D (roots dividing in the middle one-third) (n = 158), and SG E (roots dividing in the apical one third) (n = 138). Gp III consisted of only one SG F (teeth with three roots) (n = 16). The groups were analyzed separately, their external root form and morphology were recorded. Root form was analyzed, and results were tabulated. This study was compared with other studies and statistically analyzed. Results: Gp II was common with an incidence of 54.74%. Gp I was the next most common with an incidence of 43.3%. Gp III was the least common with an incidence of 1.94%. The number and distribution of roots was also computed. Six types of root form were identified (Type [Ty] A = 30.65%, Ty B = 12.65%, Ty C = 18.73%, Ty D = 19.22%, Ty E = 16.78%, and Ty F = 1.94%). Conclusion: Awareness and assessment of root form, number preoperatively with regard to specific populations before initiation will pave way for successful outcome of therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each functional gene illustrates the complexity of genetic predisposition to disease; however, it is difficult to bring out these traits with reference to autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes (T1D). To find out the genetic contribution of CTLA-4 + 49A/G, CTLA-4 −318C/T and CD28 + 17T/C polymorphisms toward T1D, the present study was performed with 124 T1D patients, 54 siblings and 125 parents including 39 trios in South Indian population. The association and linkage of CTLA-4 + 49A/G, CTLA-4 −318C/T and CD28 + 17T/C polymorphisms with T1D were analyzed and transmission disequilibrium test was performed. CTLA-4 G allele carrying genotypes (GG+AG) showed a higher risk association and can be considered as susceptible to develop T1D among patients with age at diagnosis from 0 to 10 years as compared to siblings (OR = 2.9; pc = 0.047) and parents (OR = 2.7; pc = 0.036). On the other hand, a strong protection against the disease (age at diagnosis; 0–10 years) was observed with CTLA-4 + 49AA genotype (OR = 0.37; pc = 0.036) and combined AA/CC genotype (OR = 0.31; pc = 0.034) of CTLA-4 + 49A/G and CTLA-4 −318C/T polymorphisms. However, a significant association was not observed between CTLA-4 −318C/T and CD28 + 17T/C polymorphisms and T1D. This family-based study reports a strong association between possible genotypes of CTLA-4 gene polymorphism and T1D in South Indian population, particularly in younger individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The act of taking one's own life intentionally is called Suicide. Widely prevalent, the suicide rates vary from place to place and there is no nation that has an escape from it. Every year all over the world, according to the WHO, one million people attempt to commit suicide. In the entire world, every year about eight lakh people commit suicide. With 17.5 percent of world population, 1,35,000, i.e, 17 percent are those who reside in India. Ministry of health has estimated that every year in the country around 1, 20,000 people kill themselves by committing suicide. Of these 40% of them are less than 35 years of age. Variations in pattern of seasons seem to influence the timing of suicide. Alterations in length of the day and temperature variations also affect when maximum suicides take place. A rise in the suicide behavior can also be due to abnormal biology as suggested in several studies. Some markers like Cholesterol and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are measured in the plasma or blood serum. These low serum biomarkers levels are seen implicated with impaired resilience of the brain among individuals having suicidal tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronary artery disease (CAD) also known as coronary heart disease is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Genetic and environmental factors play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of CAD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined contribution of 3 gene polymorphisms to the risk of CAD and gene–gene interaction in the south Indian population. In this case-control study, 200 cases of CAD and 200 healthy controls were recruited. We studied 3 well known genetic polymorphisms of MTHFR (C677T; rs1801133), PON1 (Q192R; rs662) and ACE (I/D: rs4646994) in relation to CAD in South Indian population. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out and followed by the restriction fragment length polymorphism and agarose gel electrophoresis. Genotypes of MTHFR C677T, CT and CT+TT, and PON1 Q192R QR were associated with the risk of CAD (C677T CT+TT vs CC: odds ratio [OR] = 3.3, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.8–6.2; p = 0.00001), (CT vs CC: OR = 3.2, 95%CI = 1.8–5.6; p = 0.00003), and (Q192R QQ vs QR: OR = 2.1, 95%CI = 1.1–3.9; p = 0.03). The allele frequencies for T vs C: OR = 3.1, 95%CI = 1.8–5.3; p = 0.00001 and R vs Q: OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.0–1.7 p = 0.03. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis was carried out with the combination of three genes and the results indicate that MDR analysis showed that, PON1 gene polymorphism formed a significant model in predicting the CAD risk in south Indian population.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate, the condyle-fossa relationship, in clinically asymptomatic orthodontically untreated south Indian female volunteers, by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 13 clinically symptom-free and orthodontically untreated angle′s Class I female subjects with the mean age of 18 years (ranges from 17 years to 20 years). The normal disc position of the 13 subjects was confirmed by history, clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging scan. Then, the images of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of the subjects were taken using CBCT to evaluate the optimal condylar position. Posterior joint space (PS), superior joint space (SS) and anterior joint space (AS) were measured, and the values were subjected to statistical analysis. Mean PS, SS and AS of right and left side TMJ′s were calculated. Paired samples t-test were used for each measurement to evaluate the average differences between the right and left side for each element of the sample. Results: The mean value of PS, SS and AS of right side TMJ′s were 2.1385, 2.2769 and 1.7615, respectively. The mean value of PS, SS and AS of left side TMJ′s were 2.1385, 2.5308 and 1.8538, respectively. Statistical analysis with the t-test indicated no significant differences in the AS, SS, or PS values between the right and left side. TMJ′s mean PS, SS, and AS measurements were 2.1 mm (standard deviation [SD] ±0.65 mm), 2.4 mm (SD ± 0.58 mm), and 1.8 mm (SD ± 0.52 mm), respectively. The ratios of SS and PS to AS, with AS set to 1.0, were 1.3 and 1.2, respectively. Conclusion: These data from optimal joints might serve as norms for the clinical assessment of condylar position obtained by CBCT.

Background and aim Insulin resistance plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, paraoxonase-1(PON1) is reported to have an ability to reduce insulin resistance by promoting glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) expression in vitro. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PON1 is associated with variability in enzyme activity and concentration. Based on this we aimed to investigate the association of PON1 (Q192R and L55M) polymorphisms with the risk of developing insulin resistance in adult South Indian population. Methods Two hundred and eighty seven (287) Type 2 diabetes patients and 293 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. All the study subjects were genotyped for PON1 (Q192R and L55M) missense polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) method. Fasting serum insulin level was measured by ELISA. Results The distribution of QR/RR and LM/MM genotypes were significantly higher in type 2 diabetes patients compared with healthy controls. Moreover, the R and M alleles were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes with an Odds Ratio of 1.68 (P < 0.005) and 2.24 (P < 0.005) respectively. SNP 192 Q > R genotypes were found to be significantly associated with higher BMI, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, fasting serum insulin and HOMA-IR. Further, the mutant allele or genotypes of PON1 L55M were associated with higher BMI, triglycerides, VLDL, fasting serum insulin and HOMA-IR among adult type 2 diabetes patients. Conclusion PON1 (Q192R and L55M) polymorphisms may play a crucial role in pathogenesis and susceptibility of insulin resistance thus leads to the development of type 2 diabetes in South Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) is a multifactorial and polygenic cardiovascular disease with high mortality rate. Early diagnosis could help in precautionary measures and change in life style. Many studies used dermatoglyphics as noninvasive technique to predict the incidence of genetic diseases. Here, we tried to assess the association of dermatoglyphic pattern between MI and controls. Methods: We investigated dermatoglyphic patterns among 800 participants (n=400 MI cases and n=400 control groups) representing South Indian population. Patients with MI were compared with control groups who did not have any history of MI. Results: Showed higher frequency whorls in MI patients and loops in control group (p<0.001). The study showed significant difference in distribution of whorl (OR = 0.298, 95%CI=0.223- 0.399, p=0.0001), loop (OR = 3.537, 95%CI=2.639-4.741, p=0.0001), arch (OR = 0.545, 95%CI=0.405-0.733, p=0.0001). Further, mean values of A-B ridge count (OR = 1.421, 95%CI=1.167-1.731, P=0.0001) of MI and control groups were significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study showed that there is an association between dermatoglyphic patterns and MI cases. Further, findings suggest that dermatoglyphic patterns may contribute to etiology of early prediction of MI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]