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Renewable lignocellulosic biomass is a favorable energy resource since its co-pyrolysis with hydrogen-rich plastics can produce high-yield and high-quality biofuel. In contrast to earlier co-pyrolysis research that concentrated on increasing product yield, this study comprehends the synergistic effects of two distinct feedstocks that were not considered earlier. This work focuses on co-pyrolyzing wheat straw (WS) with non-reusable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) for the production of pyrolysis oil. WS and PET were blended in different ratios (100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, and 0/100), and pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed reactor under different temperatures to assess their synergistic effect on oil yield. Synergy rates of up to 7.78 % were achieved on yield for the blends of plastic and biomass at a temperature of 500 °C. In comparison to individual biomass or plastics, co-pyrolyzing PET-biomass blends demonstrated good process interaction and promoted the yields of value-added products. The heating value of the pyrolysis oils was in the range of 16.45–28.64 MJ/kg, which depends on the amount of plastic present in the feedstock. The physical analysis of the oils shows that they can be used for heat production by direct combustion in boilers or furnaces. The correlation between WS and PET was validated with the aid of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The GC-MS result demonstrated the presence of different compounds such as O-H compounds, esters, carbonyl group elements, acids, hydrocarbons, aromatics, and nitrogenated compounds in the pyrolysis oil, which differed based on the proportions of PET in the feedstock. The increased hydrocarbon and reduced oxygen percentages in the pyrolysis oil were implicitly caused by enhanced hydrocarbon pool mechanisms, in which the breakdown of PET may be supplied as a hydrogen donor. Overall, waste lignocellulosic biomass and plastics can be used to produce biofuels, which helps reduce the amount of solid waste that ends up in landfills. This study also revealed that future research should be focused on the reaction mechanisms of WS and PET co-pyrolysis in order to examine the synergistic interactions.

The aim of this work is to assess the effect of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles on performance and emission characteristics of a ceramic coated diesel engine fuelled with ternary blends of pyrolysis oil-methyl ester-diesel. Tyre pyrolysis oil and hemp oil methyl ester (biodiesel) have been produced and PBD20 (10%pyrolysis oil + 10%biodiesel + 80% diesel) blend has been prepared for engine analysis. This work also evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of the engine operated with PBD20 with different dosage of GO in both conventional and partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) coated engines. Initially, base diesel, 20% blend and 20% blend with different GO dosage level are tested in a standard engine and later, the same fuels are tested in a ceramic coated engine under varying load conditions from 0 to 100%. The performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), emission parameters such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are all measured. The results showed that the engine is able to run on blends of tyre pyrolysis oil and hemp oil at different loads, showing similar performance to diesel. From the research, it is noted that PBD20 with 50 ppm GO in a coated engine showed 4.41% higher performance than diesel operated in a standard engine. The BSFC of the engine running on the same blend showed similar trend to diesel. The emission of CO and HC are reduced by 40% and 25.58%, respectively, when the engine operated using PBD20GO50 in coated engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, wood bark of neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is transformed into liquid (bio-oil), solid (char) and gaseous products via pyrolysis method. The main aim of this study is to analyze the effect of process parameters on pyrolysis yield, physical and chemical characterization of bio-oil, char, and gaseous products to find its feasibility as a commercial fuel as well as chemical feedstocks. The flash pyrolysis experiments were carried out in a laboratory scale fluidized bed reactor at a temperature ranging from 350 to 550°C, different particle sizes from 0.71 to 1.25 mm with a sweep gas flow rate of 1.25 to 2.25 m3/hr. The highest liquid product yield was obtained as 49.5 wt% at the pyrolysis temperature of 450°C, 1.0 mm particle size and at the sweep gas flow rate 2.0 m3/hr. The obtained bio-oil, char, and gaseous products were examined with FT-IR, GC-MS and Elemental analysis methods. Based on the elemental analysis of the bio-oil, the calorific value was found as 22.7 MJ/kg. GC-MS analysis of the bio-oil indicates that it mostly consists of phenolic and oxygenated compounds with alkanes, alkenes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. The pyrolysis gas fraction contains hydrogen, methane, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The obtained bio-oil and gas can be used as a bio-fuel and bio-oil can be used as a valuable chemical feedstock. The char obtained are carbon-rich and are nearly equal to the standard fuel properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis is one of the potential routes to harmless energy and useful chemicals from biomass. The pyrolysis of Albizia amara was studied for determining the main characteristics and quantities of liquid products. Particular investigated process variables were temperature from 350 to 550°C, particle size from 0.6 to 1.25 mm, and heating rate from 10 to 30 °C/min. The maximum bio-oil yield of 48.5 wt% at the pyrolysis temperature of 450°C was obtained at the particle size of 1.0 mm and at the heating rate of 30 °C/min. The bio-oil product was analyzed for physical, elemental, and chemical composition using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography spectroscopy. The bio-oil contains mostly phenols, alkanes, alkenes, saturated fatty acids and their derivatives. According to the experimental results, the pyrolysis bio-oil can be used as low-grade fuel having heating value of 18.63 MJ/kg and feedstock for chemical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]