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Bio-oil is a promising alternative energy source, offering a potential substitute for conventional fuels upon upgrading. This study is focused on extracting Solanum virginianum bio-oil using various solvents to compare the yields. Bio-oil derived from different feedstocks, including used cooking oil and non-edible sources, shows a calorific value of approximately 35 MJ/kg and a viscosity of 40 cP at 40°C. The energy density of this material, ranging from 20 to 25 MJ/kg, is comparable to traditional fossil fuels, making it a viable option for power generation. The ease of storage and transportation of this oil enhances its attractiveness to gaseous fuels. The applications of bio-oil include its use in gas turbines, diesel engines, and boilers and as a biofuel for transportation. Soxhlet extraction, known for its efficiency, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness, has been used to extract compounds from Solanum virginianum seeds. The proposed method is widely applied across industries, including natural products, environmental analysis, food, pharmaceuticals, and chemical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• Tagetes erecta L. components (ray, disc florets, and oil) reduces the risk of ulcers. • Higher pH, reduced acidity, and lower ulcer index confirm herb's ulcer-protective effects. • Hydro-ethanolic extract showed significant dose dependent anti-ulcer potential. • Single oil dose reduces acute ulcers by 94 % and chronic ulcers by 96.93 %. • Prepared leaf oil surpasses herbal extract for superior ulcer protection. The Tagetes erecta Linn (family: Asteraceae) herb possesses medicinal and antioxidants value. The herb is traditionally used to treat various ailments, including ulcers. In order to investigate antiulcer activity of T. erecta herb , experimental study was performed between ray and disc florets extracted with 30 parts of water and 70 parts of ethanol solvents using Soxhlet apparatus and leaf's essential oil extracted in Clevenger apparatus by steam distillation method. Two doses of the hydroethanolic extract (400 and 800 mg/kg, Per os) and single dose of essential oil (10 ml/Kg, Per os) were administered for five consecutive days. Rat's pyloric ligation and aspirin (200 mg/kg, Per os) were used to induce acute and chronic gastric ulcers respectively. Antiulcer activity of both the herb's parts was compared on gastric juice parameters (pH, free acidity, total acidity) ulcer-index and ulcer percent protection. The p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant in statistical analysis. Elevation in pH, reduction in free acidity, total acidity and ulcer-index in both the ulcer models confirm that the test drug showed the ulcer-protective activity in rats. Dose-dependent effects were observed in the antiulcer activity of the hydroethanolic extract. However, the leaf's essential oil showed 94 % and 96.93 % ulcer protection in the pyloric ligation and aspirin-induced gastric ulcer models respectively. The hydroethanolic extract and the essential oil may be capable in part, regulating gastric acid secretion pathways or stimulating the cytoprotective secretion of bicarbonate, mucus and prostaglandins. Histological studies supported the observed antiulcer activity of the herb. The essential oil has more potent and significant anti-ulcer activity than hydro-ethanolic extract and respective standard drugs: ranitidine (50 mg/kg, Per os) & pantoprazole (20 mg/kg, Per os). The herb exhibits antiulcer activity, which could be due to the presence of lead phytochemicals: Quercetin-3-methyl ether, quercetin-7-methyl-ether & kaempferol flavonoids in the extract and limonene & terpinolene in leaf's essential oil and, thus, confirmed the traditional uses of T. erecta in the treatment of ulcers. The herb may cure acid pepsin disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study objective was to analyse the phytochemical constituents in aerial extracts of these plants using an HPTLC method and optimization by quality by design. Qualitative analysis of ephedrine in hydro‐alcoholic extract was done via HPTLC, using a mobile phase of toluene–ethyl acetate–chloroform–formic acid in the ratio of 1:0.5:0.5:01 and the peaks were monitored at 366 nm. In the hydro‐alcoholic aerial part extract, ephedrine was identified using the HPTLC method and the retardation factor (Rf) value was found to be 0.69 ± 0.01 and 0.69 ± 0.01, as compared with the standard sample. The extraction of plant materials was done using different concentration of water and alcohol solvents and quality by design was applied to optimize the extraction process and to find out the best extraction in an 80:20 ratio of hydro‐alcoholic extract. In the hydro‐alcoholic extract, the ephedrine was characterized using the HPTLC method and compared with the standard solution, and this method was used in herbal as well as academic research for the identification of ephedrine in poly herbal formulations as well as the ephedrine present in different plant extracts. Response surface methodology software was utilized to predict the path or choose the best extraction method. Sida rhombifoliaand Sida cordifolia can be used as substitutes for Ephedra gerardiana based on the HPTLC profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study is to experimentally investigate the yield of extraction and the presence of wax in the extracted yield from Musa a cuminata (banana) biomass based on various functional groups that are present in natural wax. Extraction of natural wax from Musa a cuminata (banana) biomass has been done by using the Soxhlet apparatus method in the presence of both polar (ethyl acetate and ethanol) and non-polar (toluene and hexane) solvents. The extracted yield has been found as 3.58% from hexane, 5.16% from toluene, 7.03% from ethyl acetate, and 10.26% from ethanol. The wax was also found in the extracted yield only in the case of nonpolar solvents (toluene and hexane). The novelty of this work is that Musa a cuminata (banana) waste biomass has been utilized to recover the natural wax using nonpolar solvents and also compared with that of polar solvents to check the scope of wax extraction using polar solvents. Also, statistical analysis has been performed of the extracted yield using both solvents. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) methods have been used to determine the various hydrocarbon chains present in the extracted yield which is similar to that of natural wax. [Display omitted] • The extracted yield has been found to be 3.58% from hexane, 5.16% from toluene. • Beeswax is a natural product, composed of a complex mixture of non-glyceride esters. • These esters are carboxylic acids and hydroxy acids. • Chitosan and wax can be utilized for packaging applications. • The natural wax has been extracted from Musa a cuminata biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morinda reticulata Gamble is traditionally used in various diseases because of its medicinal properties. One of its uses is in musculoskeletal disorder. The aim of the study was to evaluate the skeletal muscle relaxant activity of the aqueous extract of Morinda reticulata Gamble areal parts (AEMRAP) in albino rats in comparison with diazepam. A total of 20 Swiss albino rats aged 6-7 weeks, of either sex, weighing about 100-150 g, were taken, and after acute toxicity studies two different doses were selected. The animals were divided into four different groups. The first group was kept as the control (normal saline), second as the standard (diazepam) and the remaining two groups as Test I and Test II, and given different doses of the AEMRAP. Skeletal muscle relaxant activity (motor coordination) on Rotarod and locomotor activity on photoactometer was performed. Statistical analysis was carried out by using analysis of variance, followed by Dunnett's multiple comparison tests. The result from the Actophotometer test and Rotarod test showed that the extract of AEMRAP significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the motor coordination of the tested animals. Our data indicates that AEMRAP possesses skeletal muscle relaxant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation reports the soxhlet assisted solvent extraction technique to derive the oil from seeds of the rain tree. The optimization of the factors affecting the extraction process has been carried out by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) technique, and a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) consisting of three process variables has been developed to optimize the yield of oil. Using the RSM technique, the predicted optimum oil yield of 11.15% at an optimized condition of powder weight of 20 g, volume of solvent of 380 mL, and extraction time of 6 h. The physiochemical properties of the oil showed liquid greenish-yellow with 0.88, 1.473 of specific gravity and refractive index, respectively. Similarly, the moisture content, free fatty acid, acid value, saponification value, iodine value, and peroxide value were found to be 0.16%, 13.615, 27.23, 187.1 mg KOH per g oil, 65.8 g I2 per 100 g, and 4.02 meq O2 per kg, respectively. From the obtained results, it was found that the extracted oil could be used for various applications.

• Mineral-like NZP materials M0.5Zr2(AsO4)x(PO4)3 − x (M − Sr, Ba, Cd) were synthesized. • The compounds have framework structure, M2+ ions are located in cavities. • Arsenate-phosphates can be classified as medium thermal expansion materials. • The leaching rate of Sr2+ ions from the NZP solid solution is ∼10−5 g cm−2 d − 1. Mineral-like single-phase NZP materials of variable composition M 0.5 Zr 2 (AsO 4) x (PO 4) 3 − x (M − Sr, Ba, Cd) are of interest as matrices for isolation of high-level Sr, Ba and Cd wastes generated during reprocessing of irradiated nuclear fuel. Such polycrystalline phases were synthesized by sol-gel method with subsequent heat treatment and investigated by X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and electron-probe microanalysis. Rietveld structure refinement showed that the framework is formed by ZrO 6 octahedra and mixed AsO 4 /PO 4 tetrahedra connected by vertices; Sr, Ba or Cd cations are located in extra-framework positions. Arsenate-phosphates can be classified as medium thermal expansion materials due to their average coefficient of linear thermal expansion of 2.8∙10−6 °C−1. Chemical durability test indicates that the leaching rate of Sr2+ ions from the NZP structure type solid solution is of the order of 10−5 g cm−2 d −1. Mineral-like single-phase NZP materials of variable composition M 0.5 Zr 2 (AsO 4) x (PO 4) 3 − x (M − Sr, Ba, Cd) were studied as matrices for isolation of high-level Sr, Ba and Cd wastes generated during reprocessing of irradiated nuclear fuel. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though Salvia is one of the most known genera of the Lamiaceae family, some traditionally used Salvia species are still now less investigated. To that end, the present study aims to evaluate the chemical profile and the potential bioactivities of extracts and related fractions obtained from the endemic sage Salvia haematodes L. by applying a traditional extraction method such as Soxhlet apparatus (SHS) and the rapid solid–liquid dynamic extraction (RSLDE) by Naviglio extractor® (SHN), considered among the "green techniques" operating at room temperature and with minimum solvent employment and minimum energy. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity was measured by a modified Ellman's method. The antioxidant activity was investigated by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing ability power (FRAP), and β-carotene bleaching tests. The SHN methanol fraction resulted the most active in all assays in particular in inhibiting lipid peroxidation with IC50 of 1.7 and 1.6 μg/mL, respectively, after 30 and 60 min of incubation. The SHN n-hexane fraction exhibited a selective activity against AChE with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 22.9 μg/mL, while the SHS n-hexane extract was more active against BChE (IC50 of 30.9 μg/mL). Based on these results, these fractions were subjected to further bio-fractionation by Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography (MPLC) and the relative obtained fractions were investigated for their AChE and BChE inhibitory activity. A comparative analysis with bio-activity and chemical profile was performed. The observed biological effects provided us with a good starting point for further studies on S. haematodes extracts and fractions such as agents beneficial for the treatment of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current research investigates performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder 4-S diesel engine powered by different ternary fuel blends of diesel, mango seed (potential renewable feedstock of energy generation) biodiesel (MSB) and butanol (promising, sustainable, renewable and eco-friendly) oxygenated additive at different loading conditions experimentally. For the purpose, oil is extracted from discarded mango seeds through Soxhlet apparatus and biodiesel is prepared through transesterification process. Different blending mixture of MSB (fixed in 20%), diesel (80%, 75%, 70%, and 65%) and butanol (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) additive on their volume basis are prepared through magnetic stirring. These blends are named as MSB20B0, MSB20B5, MSB20B10, and MSB20B15, respectively. Experiment reveals that MSB20B5 lowers the BSFC by 25.79% and increases the BTE by 8.46% in comparison to MSB20B0 at maximum loading and approaching diesel fuel. In addition, MSB20B5 blend reduces the exhaust pollutants such as HC, NOx, CO2, and CO by 9.16%, 17.74%, 9.92%, and 13.33%, respectively, compared to MSB20B0 biodiesel blend at maximum loading. Overall, MSB20B5 ternary blend improves engine performance and reduce emissions hence recommended for diesels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present inherent ability of an organism to human pathogenic infections compelled the need to explore new substances with antimicrobial properties from plant-based materials. Moringa oleifera seed extract was evaluated for antimicrobial effects against the selected bacteria strains - Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and selected fungi - Rhizopus stolonifera and Candida albicans. The zone of inhibition test revealed samples inhibited microbial growth to various extents with greater sensitivity against fungal as viewed in the bacterial strains. Phytochemical screening of analyzed samples revealed the presence of some metabolites (secondary) such as Alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, Anthocyanin and betacyanin, Quinones, tannins, Terpenoids and Acids. Gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis identified about 33 chemical components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation aims to evaluate the phytochemical and antibacterial potential of different parts of A. marmelos. Thousands of species are acknowledged to have medicinal value and the use of different parts of several medicinal plants to cure specific aliments has been in vogue since archaic periods. Keeping this point in view, a study was undertaken to analyze the phytochemical and biological activity of a very valuable medicinal plant ‘Aegle marmelos’. Pieces of literature were collected from various journal articles, Government institutes and other relevant reports were studied and the major findings were summarized. Leaves of Aegle marmelos has been picked and collected from the local area of Chitwan, Nepal. During the present study, the extraction of the phytochemical was performed by Soxhlet extractor. The leaves were subjected to successive extraction using methanol inclusive of hexane as a solvent to procure extra activity test. Phytochemical screening of methanol extract and hexane extract leaves revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, etc. For the antibacterial activity test, the Disc diffusion method was used which showed the presence of S. aureus and E.coli. The study concluded that Aegle marmelos plant incorporated miscellaneous phytochemicals along with the antibacterial activity. Such phytochemicals derived from plant has a great prospect in contributing effective antibacterial agents to treat against intractable life-threatening diseases. Within this view, the present study has explored the efficiency of the Aegle marmelos as a valuable natural source.

Growing demand towards to a healthy and hygienic clothing lifestyle has led to fabric finishing with plant extracts exhibiting antimicrobial activity in an eco friendly manner. Hence, in the present study, antibacterial activity of cotton fabric treated with natural plant extracts A. aspera, S. auriculata, C. caesia and H. littoralis were investigated with ethanol and water as solvents. Results revealed that ethanol extracts of all plants exhibited good antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. With increasing concentrations of plant extract, antibacterial activity is also enhanced. The zone of inhibition as measured from agar well diffusion method is discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation reports the soxhlet assisted solvent extraction technique to derive the oil from seeds of the rain tree. The optimization of the factors affecting the extraction process has been carried out by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) technique, and a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) consisting of three process variables has been developed to optimize the yield of oil. Using the RSM technique, the predicted optimum oil yield of 11.15% at an optimized condition of powder weight of 20 g, volume of solvent of 380 mL, and extraction time of 6 h. The physiochemical properties of the oil showed liquid greenish-yellow with 0.88, 1.473 of specific gravity and refractive index, respectively. Similarly, the moisture content, free fatty acid, acid value, saponification value, iodine value, and peroxide value were found to be 0.16%, 13.615, 27.23, 187.1 mg KOH per g oil, 65.8 g I2 per 100 g, and 4.02 meq O2 per kg, respectively. From the obtained results, it was found that the extracted oil could be used for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though Salvia is one of the most known genera of the Lamiaceae family, some traditionally used Salvia species are still now less investigated. To that end, the present study aims to evaluate the chemical profile and the potential bioactivities of extracts and related fractions obtained from the endemic sage Salvia haematodes L. by applying a traditional extraction method such as Soxhlet apparatus (SHS) and the rapid solid–liquid dynamic extraction (RSLDE) by Naviglio extractor® (SHN), considered among the “green techniques” operating at room temperature and with minimum solvent employment and minimum energy. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity was measured by a modified Ellman’s method. The antioxidant activity was investigated by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing ability power (FRAP), and β-carotene bleaching tests. The SHN methanol fraction resulted the most active in all assays in particular in inhibiting lipid peroxidation with IC50 of 1.7 and 1.6 μg/mL, respectively, after 30 and 60 min of incubation. The SHN n-hexane fraction exhibited a selective activity against AChE with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 22.9 μg/mL, while the SHS n-hexane extract was more active against BChE (IC50 of 30.9 μg/mL). Based on these results, these fractions were subjected to further bio-fractionation by Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography (MPLC) and the relative obtained fractions were investigated for their AChE and BChE inhibitory activity. A comparative analysis with bio-activity and chemical profile was performed. The observed biological effects provided us with a good starting point for further studies on S. haematodes extracts and fractions such as agents beneficial for the treatment of AD.

Background. Extracts of milk thistle, particularly from seeds, are used as a valuable source of natural antioxidants in different industries, for example pharmaceutical and cosmetic. The leaves and flowers are also known to be a source of biologically active compounds, as well as those with an antioxidant capacity. The selection of the extraction parameters, such as type and concentration of extractant, and extraction time, have an impact on the antioxidant capacity of the obtained extracts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activities of extracts obtained using different parts of raw material. The impact of different parameters of extraction on antioxidant capacity was also assessed. Materials and methods. The seeds, flowers and leaves were extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus, ultrasound and shaking. 96% (v/v) and 70% (v/v) ethanol, concentrated methanol, acetone and petroleum ether were applied as solvents. The impact of the extraction time was also evaluated. The extracts were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and Folin-Ciocalteu techniques. Results. The obtained extracts, except for the samples in petroleum ether, showed the antioxidant capacity. Soxhlet extraction, especially that which uses ethanol, methanol and acetone, seems to be a valuable extraction method. Conclusion. To sum up, many factors could affect the antioxidant capacity and the total polyphenol content of Silybum marianum L. extracts. The solvent and an appropriately selected extraction method seem to be important factors in the effective isolation of active substances and could lead to the more effective application of this valuable plant material in different industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, antimicrobial finishing is a primary requirement for cotton apparel products. Many synthetic antimicrobial agents were used previously, but due to the non-ecofriendly nature of synthetic antimicrobial agents, natural herbal based antimicrobial agents are used these days. The various herbs used in Indian ayurveda medicines, which possess antimicrobial properties, are often applied to textile materials to impartfunctional properties required for microbicidal effects. In this work, Gloriosa superba, Cyperus rotundus and Pithecellobium dulce were used as antimicrobial agents. The herbs were extracted with different solvent s including methanol, ethanol, benzene and water to analyse the influence of these solvents on the efficacy of antimicrobial activity. These extracts were applied on cotton fabrics by the exhaust method and the degree of antimicrobial activity analysed by the zone inhibition method. All the herbs listed in this paper showed good antimicrobial properties against various microbes. However, not all the solvents used in the extraction showed good results in antimicrobial activity against all the microbes. Methanol extracts showed better antimicrobial activity in all three herbs due to their inherent antimicrobial properties. Thus, it is proposed to use methanol as a solvent for the extraction of these herbs to obtain concentrates suitable for antimicrobial activity in cotton fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of coloring to food is widespread around the globe. Some of the artificial food colorants are highly carcinogenic. Exploration of new natural colorants has therefore been under research. The present study was aimed to evaluate Hibiscus rosasinensis flower as a potential feedstock for natural colorant. Crude anthocyanin was first extracted from Hibiscus rosasinensis flower using a Soxhlet apparatus with ethanol as the solvent. Flower to solvent ratio was found to affect the extraction largely. A ratio of 1:20 was found to give the highest fraction of extract. The cytotoxicity of crude anthocyanin extract was subsequently determined by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. The LC50 value for crude anthocyanin extract was 2332 µg/ml, which is higher than the required minimum threshold value. Hence the findings of present study would be useful towards the application of H. rosasinensis flower as a feedstock for natural colorant to food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the plants which contain the alkaloid is a plant jembirit (Tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa BL.). Sap and leaves from this plant have been used to treat skin diseases and sprain. Alkaloid from jembirit plants showed potent cytotoxicity against various human cancer cells. The goal of this research is to find out the influence of the extraction method against the level of total alkaloid jembirit leaves. Jembirit leaves were extracted by maceration method and extraction with Soxhlet apparatus used ethanol 70 % as a solvent. Standardization of extracts was conducted by test of ash content, test of drying shrinkage, and extract yield. Qualitative analysis was conducted by alkaloid test. Determination of total alkaloid was analyzed with visible spectrophotometry method using Bromocresol green as complexing agent. The results showed that jembirit leaves contained alkaloid compounds. The percentage of total alkaloid with maceration and extraction with Soxhlet apparatus was 0.727% ± 0.0032, and 0.666% ± 0.0022, respectively. The stastitical analysis showed significance differences of total alkaloid levels between maceration method and extraction with Soxhlet apparatus based on the siginificancy value (0.001

Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of three herbs (Salvadora persica ,Nigella sativa , and Elettaria cardamomum) by using three different methods of extractions (aqueous , ethanolic, and Soxhelt apparatus technique) . Materials and methods: Twenty eight subjects suffered from oral halitosis their ages range(18-65)years. Fifty eight samples were collected by sterile paper points(size 50 )or sterile cotton swab and transported in thioglycolate broth and cultured on blood agar in aerobic or anaerobic conditions for 48-72 hours. The herbal extracts were qualitatively examined against thirteen microbial strains, zones of growth of inhibition were measured as indicators of anti-microbial activity compared to chlorohexidin gluconate 0.2%(as control ). Results: Thirteen microbial species were isolated in this study : (Bacteriodes species, Viridans Streptococci, Peptostreptococci spp., Actinomyces spp., Porphymonos spp., Fusobacterium spp., Veillonella spp., Non-coagulase Staphylococcus, Prevotella spp., Propinobacterium spp., Tetragenococci spp. ,Eubacterium spp., and Staph.aureus .Ethanolic extraction of S. persica exhibited notable antimicrobial activities against most of the tested strains(85%to the control), N. sativa was (6.3% of the control) and E cardamomum was (22.9% of the control),aqueous extraction of S. persica was (13.5%of the control), N. sativa was ( about 0%of the control)and E cardamomum was (6.8%of the control), Soxhelt apparatus extraction method of S. persica was (14% of the control), N. sativa was (8.5% of the control), and E. cardamomum was (12.6% of the control) . Conclusion: Ethanolic extraction of S. persica has the first inhibitory effect compared to the control in the species of Peptostreptococci, Actinomyces, and Staphylococcus aureus. So , S persica can be considered as an effective antimicrobial agent in inhibiting the growth of oral halitosis including pathogens, while neither E. cardamomum nor N. sativa can be considered as effective antimicrobial agents in inhibiting the growth of oral bacteria causing halitosis.

This paper presents the production of biodiesel fromBauhinia variegataseeds using the solvent extraction technique. This process has attracted considerable attention recently in the renewable energy sector because it can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and subsidize energy security. The solvent extraction technique has a low production cost and low oil residue compared with the other methods. Six different solvents were employed for the separation process; among them, hexane proves to be the best solvent for bio-oil extraction (yield −28.43%) at the temperature of 68°C. The caloric value ofB. variegataseeds is 4800 kcal/kg, which makes it a better choice of fuel. Its physicochemical properties such as acid value, calorific value, flash point, saponification value, iodine number, specific gravity, fire point, and kinematic viscosity were determined for bio-oil and compared with diesel. This result supports the production of biodiesel fromB. variegataseeds oil as a viable alternative fuel to diesel in an eco-friendly manner. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Today most of the countries in the world are the importers of energies. The largest demand occurred in the energy system, especially for petroleum and its products. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly, renewable source, non-toxic and biodegradable matter. It contains monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty matters, and it is collected from vegetable oil, animal fats, algae, and non-edible oils. In this work, bio oil was extracted fromCatharanthus roseusseed using Soxhlet apparatus. During the study of extraction, a better yield of bio oil 31.50% was obtained from a polar solvent like Methanol at 65°C, with the time of 3 h. The fuel parameters such as flash and fire point, cloud and pour point, and carbon residue 0.1% were studied. The parameters of physico-chemical properties and fuel properties are analyzed by AOCS and ASTM standard methods. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Valuable oil within the seeds ofSenna occidentalisis extracted by completely different strategy. However, ancient Soxhlet extraction was compared with microwave-assisted extraction. Soxhlet extraction was known to enhance the yield of bio-oil production. Three polar solvents specifically methanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol and three non-polar solvents specifically chloroform, hexane, toluene were used. Soxhlet equipment has been established to be the simplest technique with the highest oil yield. Parameters like size fractions of the crushed seeds, extraction time, aging of seeds, and selection of solvents have been optimized in order to enhance oil yield. The bio-oil was characterized using (FT-IR) and GC/MS. Chemical reaction price, iodine variety, relative density, carbon residue content, flash purpose, fire point, hot price, and kinematic consistency were investigated to characterize fuel quality of the bio-oil. The maximum oil yield of 23.46% was obtained with isopropanol at 82.6°C and 3.5 h of optimum extraction time. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Seaweeds or marine algae are potential renewable resources in the marine environment. They are also one of the nature's richest sources of antioxidants such as carotenoids, pigments, polyphenols, enzymes and diverse functional polysaccharides in large quantities. Increase in human population and illogical exploitation of resources has led to a constant search for new resources to meet the growing demand for food, medicine and energy. Seaweeds is being used as anti-oxidant, anti-coagulant anti-microbial and anti-tumor agent due to the presence of metabolites such as fatty acids, steroids, carotenoids and amino acids. Majority of their antioxidant activity is due to flavonoids, anthocyanin and coumarin. The carbohydrate content was found to be the highest in G. corticata followed by protein content while lipid content was found to be minimum. The main objective of the present study was to determine the biochemical composition and phytochemical composition of G. corticata collected from Surathkal beach of Karnataka in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The higher areal productivity and lipid content of microalgae and aquatic weed makes them the best alternative feedstocks for biodiesel production. Hence, an efficient and economic method of extracting lipid or oil from aquatic weed, Salvinia molesta is an important step towards biodiesel production. Since Salvinia molesta is an unexplored feedstock, its total lipid content was first measured as 16 % using Bligh and Dyer's method which was quite sufficient for further investigation. For extracting more amount of lipid from Salvinia molesta, methanol: chloroform in the ratio 2:1 v/v was identified as the most suitable solvent system using Soxhlet apparatus. Based on the literature and the preliminary experimentations, parameters such as solvent to biomass ratio, temperature, and time were identified as significant for lipid extraction. These parameters were then optimized using response surface methodology with central composite design, where experiments were performed using twenty combinations of these extraction parameters with Minitab-17 software. A lipid yield of 92.4 % from Salvinia molesta was obtained with Soxhlet apparatus using methanol and chloroform (2:1 v/v) as solvent system, at the optimized conditions of temperature (85 °C), solvent to biomass ratio (20:1), and time (137 min), whereas a predicted lipid yield of 93.5 % with regression model. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis of S. molesta lipid using gas chromatograph mass spectroscopy (GCMS) with flame ionization detector showed that fatty acids such as C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, and C18:2 contributed more than 9 % weight of total fatty acids. FAME consisted of 56.32, 28.08, and 15.59 % weight of monounsaturated, saturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Higher cetane number and superior oxidation stability of S. molesta FAME could be attributed to its higher monounsaturated content and lower polyunsaturated content as compared to biodiesels produced from C. vulgaris, Sunflower, and Jatropha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid extraction is an important component of many ecological and ecotoxicological measurements. For instance, percent lipid is often used as a measure of body condition, under the assumption that those individuals with higher lipid reserves are healthier. Likewise, lipids are depleted in 13 C compared with protein, and it is consequently a routine to remove lipids prior to measuring carbon isotopes in ecological studies so that variation in lipid content does not obscure variation in diet. We provide detailed methods for two different protocols for lipid extraction: Soxhlet apparatus and manual distillation. We also provide methods for polar and non-polar solvents. Neutral (non-polar) solvents remove some lipids but few non-lipid compounds whereas polar solvents remove not only most lipids but also many non-lipid compounds. We discuss each of the methods and provide guidelines for best practices. We recommend that for stable isotope analysis, researchers test for a relationship between the change in the carbon stable isotope ratio and the amount of lipid extracted to see if the degree of extraction has an impact on isotope ratios. Stable isotope analysis is widely used by ecologists, and we provide a detailed methodology that minimizes known biases., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Oil separation fromPutranjiva roxburghiiseeds (non-edible urban waste) was carried out by solvent extraction method. The parameters of solvents suitability, extraction time, and aging of seeds were optimized in order to enhance the yield of bio-oil. The properties like acid value, calorific value, flash point, saponification value, iodine number, specific gravity, fire point, and kinematic viscosity were characterized. Bio-oil composition and functional groups were characterized using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Maximum bio-oil yield of 43% was obtained with hexane at 61°C and up to the time extent of 3.5 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Nerium oleander is traditionally used in various diseases because of its medicinal properties. One of its uses is in musculoskeletal disorder. The aim of the study was to evaluate the skeletal muscle relaxant activity of the aqueous extract of Nerium oleander flowers (AENOF) in albino rats in comparison with diazepam. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 Swiss albino rats aged 6-7 weeks, of either sex, weighing about 100-150 g, were taken, and after acute toxicity studies two different doses were selected. The animals were divided into four different groups. The first group was kept as the control (normal saline), second as the standard (diazepam) and the remaining two groups as Test I and Test II, and given different doses of the AENOF. Skeletal muscle relaxant activity (motor coordination) on Rotarod and locomotor activity on photoactometer was performed. Statistical analysis was carried out by using analysis of variance, followed by Dunnett's multiple comparison tests. Results: The result from the Actophotometer test and Rotarod test showed that the extract of AENOF significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the motor coordination of the tested animals. Conclusions: Our data indicates that AENOF possesses skeletal muscle relaxant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The different extraction method such as, maceration, percolation and soxhlet apparatus was studies on Amla and Durva plants respectivelyand the extractive value or both plants Amla & Durva was found to be 29.5%, 35.15% & 42.85& respectively & 20.45%, 31.85% & 58.05% respectively. From the result. it was conclude that Soxhlet. apparatus shows better extractive value of capable for other method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) represents the largest readily available bioresource of alkenyl phenolic compounds. (CNSL) and its derivatives are widely used in polymer-based industries, synthesis of chemicals and intermediates, including bactericides, insecticides and surface active agents. In this work extraction of cashew nut shell liquid from cashew nut shell (CNS) was carried out by using the Soxhlet extraction method in the presence of polar & non-polar solvents. From the extracted CNSL, anacardic acid was selectively isolated and acid free CNSL was treated with liquor ammonia to separate the cardanol and cardol in the stepwise manner. Comparative study for the extracted CNSL and S-was performed. Higher amount of extracted CNSL was obtained from polar solvents. They were all characterized using quantitative analysis by HPLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fumaria officinalis (common fumitory, drug fumitory or earth smoke) of family Papaveraceae is the most common species of Western and Central Europe. Extracts of Fumaria officinalis have been traditionally used for treatment of some skin diseases (rashes or conjunctivitis), rheumatism, stomachache, abdominal cramps, fever, diarrhea, syphilis and leprosy. The study aimed to investigate the in-vitro antioxidant and antiaging potential of MEOH extract of Fumaria officinalis by various enzymatic models. Powdered crude drug 100 g were extracted in a soxhlet apparatus with petroleum ether (60-80°C), chloroform and methanol. After successive solvents extraction, methanolic extract was used for testing of antioxidant potential using DPPH assay. Further, antiaging potential of extract was investigated by inhibitory effect of various enzymatic estimations i.e. Col-I, Ela-I and Hya-I inhibitory assays on early aging human skin fibroblasts. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of glycosids, alkaloids flavonoids, and triterpenoids and phenolic compounds in higher concentration. Extract showed inhibitory concentration (IC50 = 20.10) and ascorbic acid the standard showed inhibitory concentration (IC50 = 35.33). In enzymatic estimations assay, the Col-I, Ela-I and Hya-I of extract were assessed showing inhibitory concentration as Col-I (IC50: 41.25), Ela-I (IC50:35.05) and Hya-I (IC50: 30.55) respectively. Thus, MEOH extract of Fumaria officinalis able to inhibit 50% of the activity of aging related enzymes Col-I, Ela-I and Hya-I. This study concluded that MEOH extract of Fumaria officinalis has confirmed the high antioxidant potential and in vitro inhibitory potential of antiaging enzymes assessed, thus they could be used for further development of anti-aging products and nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an investigation of the W.I.R.A. rapid grease-extraction apparatus, it was found that up to 20% of the methylene chloride extract of scoured wool could evaporate away at the heater mantle. This loss and others contributed to the low, and erratic results usually obtained when using the W.I.R.A. apparatus with scoured wool.An improved instrument (R5) has been devised with features which reduce or eliminate the main faults of the W.I.R.A. apparatus.The experimental investigations consisted of the extraction (with methylene chloride) of residual wool grease from scoured wool. Using four types of wool having residual wool-grease contents in the range 0.3-7%, the percent extrac tion from the Soxhlet, R5, and W.I.R.A. instruments have been compared. Highly significant linear relationships were found between the extract amounts from the R5 and Soxhlet apparatuses. The R5 instrument is sufficiently sensitive to distinguish between small discrepancies in residual wool grease found on different sections of a tuft of scoured wool. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background and Objective: Contraceptive pills are chemical substances used as a means to prevent pregnancy, but they have several effects, including high lipid profile and in many cases, patients with heart and blood diseases cannot use it as a contraceptive helps in increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). A Stevia extract with high sweetening capacity due to its content of glycosides is used to reduce lipid profile and this study aimed to decrease lipid profile levels and lowering the risk factor in women using contraceptive drugs by stevia extracts., Materials and Methods: Sixteen rabbits have been used as a case-control study design due to their anatomical and physiological similarity to humans. The stevia leaves are extracted using Soxhlet apparatus of ethanol solvent. Statistical package (SPSS), were used for data analysis and management using independent sample t-test, test, comparison of means for lipid profile of Triglyceride (TG), Cholesterol, High-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) between (di-contraceptive, mono-contraceptive and control groups)., Results: The results showed increasing cholesterol and LDL-C during the combined oral contraceptive (COCP) and progesterone-only pills with decreased HDL-C level. A comparison of means before and after stevia used explains the elevated HDL-C and decreased LDL-C., Conclusion: The lipid profile levels should continuously be monitored during oral contraceptive intake and Stevia leaf powder extraction is suggested to reduce the risk of CVD.

Lipid extraction is an important component of many ecological and ecotoxicological measurements. For instance, percent lipid is often used as a measure of body condition, under the assumption that those individuals with higher lipid reserves are healthier. Likewise, lipids are depleted in 13 C compared with protein, and it is consequently a routine to remove lipids prior to measuring carbon isotopes in ecological studies so that variation in lipid content does not obscure variation in diet. We provide detailed methods for two different protocols for lipid extraction: Soxhlet apparatus and manual distillation. We also provide methods for polar and nonpolar solvents. Neutral (nonpolar) solvents remove some lipids but few non-lipid compounds, whereas polar solvents remove most lipids but also many non-lipid compounds. We discuss each of the methods and provide guidelines for best practices. We recommend that, for stable isotope analysis, researchers test for a relationship between the change in carbon stable isotope ratio and the amount of lipid extracted to see if the degree of extraction has an impact on isotope ratios. Stable isotope analysis is widely used by ecologists, and we provide a detailed methodology that minimizes known biases.

Citrus × limon cv. Femminello Comune (Rutaceae) from Rocca Imperiale (Italy), one of the six Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) Italian lemon crops, has been recently received renewed interest. In this work, fresh and dried peels and leaves were extracted by hydrodistillation, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and Soxhlet apparatus. Chemical profile was assessed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Except for leaves extracts obtained by Soxhlet apparatus, the monoterpene hydrocarbons fraction dominated. Limonene, γ-terpinene, and β-pinene were the main identified compounds. The antioxidant activity was investigated using different in vitro assays namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS, ferric reducing ability power (FRAP), and β-carotene bleaching test. In DPPH test, the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of fresh peel exhibited the highest activity (IC50 of 1.17 mg/ml). Leaves extracted by SFE showed a good activity in both DPPH and β-carotene bleaching test with IC50 values of 2.20 and 6.66 mg/ml, respectively. Monoterpene hydrocarbons fraction exhibited a positive Pearson's correlation coefficient with all antioxidant assays. Leaves, often considered waste material, should be considered from a different point because they represent a matrix of indisputable interest., (© 2016 Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta AG, Zürich.)