Search

Since 2011, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) has implemented the Strategic Priority Program on Space Science (SPP). A series of scientific satellites have been developed and launched, such as Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE), Quantum Experiments at Space Scale (QUESS), Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory (ASO-S), Einstein Probe (EP), and significant scientific outcomes have been achieved. In order to plan the future space science missions in China, CAS has organized the Chinese space science community to conduct medium and long-term development strategy studies, and summarized the major scientific frontiers of space science as “One Black, Two Dark, Three Origins and Five Characterizations”. Five main scientific themes have been identified for China’s future breakthroughs, including the Extreme Universe, Space-Time Ripples, the Panoramic View of the Sun and Earth, the Habitable Planets, and Biological & Physical Science in Space. Space science satellite missions to be implemented before 2030 are proposed accordingly.

Space science is one of the important space activities of China together with space technology and space application. Although it is a space program aimed at scientific discovery and breakthrough, with the development of technology and the increasing number of achievements received in the past, space science missions require more and more technological innovation to achieve their goals. This study first reviews the development trend of space science missions since their birth, then analyzes the cultivation process of space science mission proposals with technological innovation and the responsibilities of the chief scientist leading such tasks, and finally analyzes and proposes several important fields of technological innovation related to future space science missions. Analysis shows that with more and more competition in science and technology, the decisive factor to get breakthrough and sustainable development, will exist in whether the mission has unique innovative approach in technology that can help to obtain new data, or whether the mission can still reach a unique site in the solar system, creating their own discovery the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various astronomical discoveries and events that occurred in 2023 and provides a preview of what to expect in 2024. Some of the highlights from 2023 include the verification of gravitational waves, the return of the OSIRIS-Rex spacecraft from its mission to Asteroid Bennu, the discovery of a planet in the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri, and the launch of lunar missions by Russia, India, and China. Looking ahead to 2024, there will be several celestial events to look forward to, as well as planned space missions by NASA and other space agencies, including the Artemis missions and the Europa Clipper mission. [Extracted from the article]

To address the lack of user-friendly software needed to simplify the utilization of model data across Heliophysics, the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center has developed a model-agnostic method via Kamodo for users to easily access and utilize model data in their workflows. By abstracting away the broad range of file formats and the intricacies of interpolation on specialized grids, this approach significantly lowers the barrier to model data access and utilization for the community while adding exciting new capabilities to their tool boxes. This paper describes the direct interfaces to the model data, called model readers, and a basic introduction on how to use them. Additionally, we detail the planned approach for including custom interpolation codes, and include current progress on specialized visualization developments. The CCMC is maintaining Kamodo as an official NASA open-sourced software to enable and encourage community collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to historical reasons and investment restrictions, China’s aerospace industry initially focused on space technology and application, with insufficient emphasis on space science; therefore, space science, technology, and application developed independently. The development of space technology should be deeply integrated into space science and application, thus to strengthen China’s aerospace industry and create new opportunities and achievements. This study explores the implications of space science, space technology, and space application and clarifies their interrelationships. Moreover, it systematically analyzes the development trend in space science, technology, and application worldwide and reviews the development situation of space-related fields in China. Based on this, it examines the necessity for coordinating the development of space science, technology, and application in China and summarizes the major challenges. Considering their overlapping needs and mutual promotion, space science, technology, and application should be coordinated throughout the process of planning, deployment, and implementation. First, the advantages of the new national system should be exploited to conduct top-level planning under unified management. Second, the innovation-driven development strategy should be insisted to promote the international competitiveness of China’s aerospace industry through technological progress. Third, basic research in the space field should be strengthened and high-level scientists and engineers should be cultivated. Lastly, resource planning and coordination should be strengthened to promote the rational opening and full utilization of space application data.

In the domain of space science, numerous ground-based and space-borne data of various phenomena have been accumulating rapidly, making analysis and scientific interpretation challenging. However, recent trends in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) have been shown to be promising in the extraction of information or knowledge discovery from these extensive data sets. Coincidentally, preparing these data for use as inputs to the AI algorithms, referred to as AI-readiness, is one of the outstanding challenges in leveraging AI in space science. Preparation of AI-ready data includes, among other aspects: 1) collection (accessing and downloading) of appropriate data representing the various physical parameters associated with the phenomena under study from different repositories; 2) addressing data formats such as conversion from one format to another, data gaps, quality flags and labeling; 3) standardizing metadata and keywords in accordance with NASA archive requirements or other defined standards; 4) processing of raw data such as data normalization, detrending, and data modeling; and 5) documentation of technical aspects such as processing steps, operational assumptions, uncertainties, and instrument profiles. Making all existing data AI-ready within a decade is impractical and data from future missions and investigations exacerbates this. This reveals the urgency to set the standards and start implementing them now. This article presents our perspective on the AI-readiness of space science data and mitigation strategies including definition of AI-readiness for AI applications; prioritization of data sets, storage, and accessibility; and identifying the responsible entity (agencies, private sector, or funded individuals) to undertake the task.

The impact crater detection offers a great scientific contribution in analyzing the geological processes, morphologies and physical properties of the celestial bodies and plays a crucial role in potential future landing sites. The huge amount of craters requires automated detection algorithms, and considering the low spatial resolution provided by the satellite jointly with, the solar illuminance/incidence variety, these methods lack their performance in the recognition tasks. Furthermore, small craters are harder to recognize also by human experts and the need to have a sophisticated detection algorithm becomes mandatory. To address these problems, we propose a deep learning architecture refers as "YOLOLens5x", for impact crater detection based on super-resolution in a unique end-to-end design. We introduce the entire workflow useful to link the Robbins Lunar catalogue with the tiles orthoprojected from the Lunar mosaic LROC mission in order to train our proposed model as a supervised paradigm and, the various optimization due to provide a clear dataset in the training step. We prove by experimental results a boost in terms of precision and recall than the other state-of-the-art crater detection models, reporting the lowest error estimated craters diameter using the same scale factor given by LROC WAC Camera. To simulate the camera satellite at the lowest spatial resolution, we carried out experiments at different scale factors (200 m/px, 400 m/px) by interpolating the source image of 100 m/px, bringing to light remarkable results across all metrics under consideration compared with the baseline used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Face to face activities designed to increase interest in space science through the use of engaging, hands-on innovative technologies declined in 2020 and 2021, due to COVID-19. In response, the development team at a large university created an online challenge in which students who may be restricted from returning to the classroom can participate in space science content in an interactive way. The challenge uses augmented reality, virtual reality, brief informational videos, as well as programming activities for drones and robots. This paper focuses on groups who have been shown to be underrepresented in STEM careers in the US including Hispanics, Native Americans and women. Findings from 209 6th grade students from a rural school district in the midwestern US indicated that Hispanic students reported higher means in many areas than the group of participants as a whole and especially in their dispositions toward space science following the activity. Native American students, although small in number, displayed high dispositions toward space science as well. Gender by ethnicity differences emerged and are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, originally submitted in answer to ESA's "Voyage 2050" call to shape the agency's space science missions in the 2035–2050 timeframe, we emphasize the importance of a Venus exploration programme for the wider goal of understanding the diversity and evolution of habitable planets. Comparing the interior, surface, and atmosphere evolution of Earth, Mars, and Venus is essential to understanding what processes determined habitability of our own planet and Earth-like planets everywhere. This is particularly true in an era where we expect thousands, and then millions, of terrestrial exoplanets to be discovered. Earth and Mars have already dedicated exploration programmes, but our understanding of Venus, particularly of its geology and its history, lags behind. Multiple exploration vehicles will be needed to characterize Venus' richly varied interior, surface, atmosphere and magnetosphere environments. Between now and 2050 we recommend that ESA launch at least two M-class missions to Venus (in order of priority): a geophysics-focussed orbiter (the currently proposed M5 EnVision orbiter – [1] – or equivalent); and an in situ atmospheric mission (such as the M3 EVE balloon mission – [2]). An in situ and orbital mission could be combined in a single L-class mission, as was argued in responses to the call for L2/L3 themes [3–5]. After these two missions, further priorities include a surface lander demonstrating the high-temperature technologies needed for extended surface missions; and/or a further orbiter with follow-up high-resolution surface radar imaging, and atmospheric and/or ionospheric investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on the annual reports presented by the Head of the Physical Sciences Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the General Meetings of the Division in April 2021 and April 2022. It describes some scientific results in physics obtained in 2020–2021 at the research institutions (institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences) under the individual powers of the Russian Academy of Sciences stipulated by the regulations of the Government of the Russian Federation no. 521 dated June 5, 2014, and no. 1652 dated December 24, 2018. The information about the research in different fields of physics carried out at these institutions is summarized briefly and illustrated by examples of some bright scientific breakthroughs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of a myriad of exoplanets in the past decades has revolutionized the understanding of our place in the Universe. How different are exoplants and do some of them harbor life, just like Earth? To do so, their parent stars must drive a stellar wind and carve what we call astrospheres into the surrounding interstellar medium. Astrospheres are ubiquitous in our immediate neighborhood and show similar structure to our heliosphere. Voyager 1 and 2, Ulysses, Cassini, and IBEX have shown that the interaction between interstellar medium and solar wind is much more complex and involved than previously believed. This stellar-interstellar interaction is key to understand astrospheres and the shielding they provide to the planetary systems they harbor. This article summarizes a whitepaper that was submitted to NASA’s 2023/2024 decadal survey which is being conducted by the US National Academies. It is based in parts on a proposal submitted to the European Space Agency (ESA) in response to its 2021 call for medium-class mission proposals. The whitepaper and this article propose to study the interaction described above in situ at the heliospheric boundaries and to explore the very local interstellar medium beyond. Furthermore, they highlight possible European contributions to a NASA-led Interstellar Probe (ISP).

Major achievements of space science and technology are important symbols of a country's scientific and technological level and ability. The basic consensus of the aerospace community is that China's space technology has been well-developed, space applications need to be strengthened, and space science is relatively the less-developed. Thus, it is extremely urgent for China to build a strong country in space science and tackle the "bottleneck". Here we elaborate the internal logic among the strength of S&T, aerospace, and space science, expound the connotation of space science strength, investigate the index system, and suggest the three-tier system scientifically for the first time. On this basis, this study analyzes China's world position, finds the main gap, and puts forward several suggestions for its future development. Although this outcome indicates that China is in the third place in global space science, it should not be over interpreted. On the contrary, the core aim lies in that we should accelerate the development of space science with 15% growth of the national space science investment in the limited time window period of the next 15~30 years, and build up the leading space science and accomplish major original breakthroughs, the primary sign of China as an aerospace strength and S&T strength in the middle of 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strengthening the basic scientific research in an all-round way and achieving more breakthroughs from zero to one as soon as possible are the major strategic needs of building a world leading power in science and technology in the new era. As the main channel funding basic research in China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) has always focused on the basic frontiers and major scientific issues in space science, carried out strategic research on the planning of relevant disciplines, sorted out key scientific questions, defined the priority development direction, and provided continuous and stable funding through major, key, general, talent, and other programs and the development of major scientific instruments and equipment. Chinese space scientists have achieved a number of original achievements with important international influence with the above supports. Utilizing the comprehensive implementation of the systematic reform of NSFC, it will strengthen top-level design and forward-looking layout, focus on the scientific research of China's major space science tasks, connect the last mile of space science development, support Chinese scholars to conduct cutting-edge research using the first-hand scientific data obtained by scientific satellites, deep space probes and space station platforms, and continue to produce milestone scientific breakthroughs, which are leading landmarks in building a strong aerospace and scientific powerhouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space science is a frontier interdisciplinary subject that probes the macroscopic and microscopic worlds with spacecraft as a platform. Since the 1960s, many Nobel Prize-level discoveries and original achievements have been spawned in related basic science, breaking through the boundaries of human cognition of the nature, and expanding the human knowledge graph continuously. In the 21st century, with a new round of scientific and technological revolution brewing, space science has also entered a new era of revolutionary advancements. Here we review the major progress in global space science in the past ten years, as well as the trend of space science and the future layout of flight missions in major spacefaring countries and regions, forecasting the possible breakthroughs in the next 10 to 15 years. With a series of strategic missions and projects focused on key scientific goals, major advances are expected in the fields of physics laws under extreme conditions, gravitational waves of medium and low frequency, the dark age and dawn of the universe, solar eruption mechanism, coupling of the solarterrestrial system, fingerprints of extraterrestrial life in the solar system and beyond. We will carry out cutting-edge exploration on four major themes: the extreme universe, ripples in time and space, the panoramic view of the Sun and Earth, and the search for habitable exoplanets, aiming to make significant contribution to China's goal of building of a space power and world leader in science and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space science is a large-scale activity by using space vehicles to explore the universe and natural laws and carry out special experiments, which has made great contributions to the development of contemporary science. This paper outlines the major breakthroughs in international space science, analyzes the context and new trends of space science and manned exploration activities, reviews the development achievements of space science in China in the past 20 years, puts forward existing problems and gaps, and emphasizes the strategic position of space science and its importance to China's science and technology, aerospace and the national long-term development. It is proposed that increasing investment on space science, formulating national space science plans and establishing a stable budget system are the guarantee for the long-term and stable development of space science in China. It is suggested that in order to form an innovative path of space science development with Chinese characteristics, we shall make full use of scientific balloons, sounding rockets and other ways to consolidate the research foundation, strengthen the combination of theory, experiment and technology, cultivate a large number of high-quality scientists, promote international cooperation, and improve scientific program management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Strategic Priority Program (SPP) on space science is a series scientific satellites program implemented by Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) since 2011. Since then, it has become the only and systematic space science satellite series of China. The article reviews the major scientific outcomes and technological breakthroughs in its first phase (2011-2016), the ongoing mission developments of its second phase (2017-2024), and the selected mission proposals for future space science program up to 2030. In 2016, President Xi has addressed: "to promote full developments of space science, space technology and space application," where he put space science in the first place of all other space programs. Looking ahead, we must continue to aim at the most important scientific frontiers in the field of space science, achieving from 0 to 1 breakthroughs, making space science play an irreplaceable role in building China into one of the strongest scientific and technological country in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carl Størmer was a pioneer in the study of the aurora borealis, a mathematician who derived the conditions for the formation of aurora and their trajectories in the atmosphere, making seminal contributions to auroral and space science. He was the first to develop precise photographic methods to calculate the heights and morphologies of diverse auroral forms from observations over four solar cycles (45 years). Størmer independently devised numerical techniques to determine the allowed and forbidden trajectories of high-energy charged particles in the Earth's magnetic field. His theoretical calculations also explained cosmic ray access to the upper atmosphere, 20 years before this was identified by other scientists. His interactions and contributions in the nascent stages of modern geomagnetism are outstanding. The breadth and scope of his theoretical and observational achievements are monumental even by modern standards. His major work, The Polar Aurora [1], published in two volumes when he was 81 years old, stands to this day as a valued resource in graduate-level courses on space physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining astronaut health throughout long-duration spaceflight is essential to the feasibility of a manned mission to Mars. The ground-based Mars500 experiment investigated long-duration health by isolating six astronauts for 520 days, the longest controlled human confinement study conducted to date. After 520 days, astronauts had uniform strength and lean body mass losses, and increased fasting plasma glucose, calprotectin, and neutrophil levels characteristic of intestinal inflammation but previous analyses revealed no common significant changes in gut microbiota. This study reanalysed data from early (days 7–45) and late (days 420–520) faecal samples and identified 408 exact sequence variants (ESVs), including 213 shared by all astronauts. Thirty-two ESVs were significantly differentially abundant over time, including depletion of keystone resistant starch degrading, anti-inflammatory and insulin sensitivity-associated species, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Ruminococcus bromii, Blautia luti, Anaerostipes hadrus, Roseburia faecis, and Lactobacillus rogosae, and enrichment of yet-to-be-cultured bacteria. Additionally, the extraordinary experimental confinement allowed observation of microbiota potentially shared between astronauts and their habitat. Forty-nine species were shared, representing 49% and 12% of the human and environmental microbiome diversity, respectively. These findings reveal the microbiota which significantly altered in relative abundance throughout confinement, including species known to influence inflammation and host glucose homeostasis consistent with astronaut symptoms. Identification of microbiome alterations after 520 days of isolation represents a missing piece connecting Mars500 astronaut physiological studies. Knowledge of the impact of long-term confinement upon the human microbiome helps to improve our understanding of how humans interact with their habitats and is a valuable step forward towards enabling long-duration spaceflight.

Subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) are regions in the subauroral ionosphere with lower plasma density and large westward flow driven by a poleward electric field. Density irregularities have been observed in the SAPS region; these irregularities can negatively impact radio signals by causing phase and amplitude fluctuations. Previous work identified the gradient drift instability (GDI) as a generation mechanism of such ionospheric irregularities in SAPS and investigated the impact of the velocity profile on the GDI development. The turbulence spectra of the GDI are important to understand as they can provide insight into spatial scales associated with the turbulent evolution that may impact radio propagation. We hypothesize that the background electric field, through the neutral wind, and the nature of the velocity shear have an impact on the power laws from the turbulence spectra. A 2D fluid model is used to investigate the turbulence spectra of GDI in SAPS with a fixed background density profile and different latitudinal velocity profiles. Data from Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar and Global Positioning System (GPS) provide the background ionospheric conditions. The neutral wind direction is chosen to be in the equatorward direction, which is in line with typical observations; however, this can be used to modify the electric field to consider new possibilities in the SAPS region. The angle of the electric field is manifested through the combination of the background velocity profile ( E × B drift) and the neutral wind. The turbulence spectra of cases with no velocity profile and with different neutral wind directions are analyzed. The impact of velocity shear is studied by translating the velocity shear location relative to the density gradient. Numerical spectral analysis results are presented and compared to recent experimental observations. Results of spectral slopes of GDI simulations with no background velocity ( E × B drift) were found to be − 5 / 3 and − 3 for the normalized density and the perturbed electric potential, respectively. Spectral slopes for simulations with different velocity shear locations were found to follow power laws of − 6 and − 8 for the normalized density and perturbed electric potential (inside SAPS region), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We can learn most about how science funding works when it stops working. Like moments of breakdown surfacing the inner workings of infrastructure, periodic fiscal crises reveal the social life of science funds at the level of everyday practice. Through a case study of NASA-funded planetary science in an era of austerity, the article explores how scientists navigate uncertain funding environments and articulate financially defensible projects. Examining the development of the Mariner 10 mission to Venus and Mercury in the aftermath of a significant downturn in science support, the article offers a middle path between the macro-politics of government funding and the micro-politics of doing science. In shaping how the mission was conceived and later operated, Mariner 10's cost-driven paradigm translated the austerity of the period into the projectized work of robotic spaceflight missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of História Unisinos is the property of Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many people with strong religious beliefs in the United States struggle with trusting the pronouncements of scientists. This is primarily because they have come to believe that science offers a perspective on ultimate questions such as origins and life after death that conflicts with their own. Education and public outreach efforts by scientists can go a long way towards persuading religious believers that they can trust the results of the scientific process, especially if that outreach is led by scientists who share their beliefs. In this article, I discuss how astronomy and space science can be an ideal entry point for religious believers to understand how science works, why it can be trusted to yield true information about the world, and to engage in critical thinking about how to understand their faith in light of scientific discoveries, and vice-versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Aeronautical Science Bulletins / Repüléstudományi Közlemények is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Space elevators studied thus far have been mainly the climber type, in which a cable connects the ground to a space station and the payload is transported by climbers ascending and descending along the cable. However, this type of system has problems, such as the difficulty of supplying energy to climbers and a short lifespan owing to the abrasion of the cable and climber wheels during operation. To avoid these problems, in this study, we investigate a novel counterweight-type space elevator. This system consists of two cables: a guide cable that withstands the tension applied to the structure and a moving cable that connects two gondolas, one at either end of the cable, attaches to a driving wheel in the space station, and transports the payload in the gondolas by driving the wheel. In this study, we analyzed the cable dynamics by using the point mass cable model developed by our group when the counterweight type is applied between the station and the ground, and we calculated the energy necessary for actual operation. As a result, when the counterweight type is applied between the Mars gravity center (altitude 3900 km) and the ground, while the climber type is applied at altitudes above that, the system uses less energy than conventional climber-type space elevators. • We investigate new type of space elevator, the counterweight type, which may avoid the problems with the climber type. • We analyzed the cable dynamics of the counterweight type space elevator and calculated the power required for the operation. • The result shows that the cable libration becomes three-dimensionally complicated, and there is a risk of cable interface. • We found that the total power for transportation was reduced by using the counterweight type in the low altitude range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author of the article shows that the planning of administration of space programs in Germany is at a high level. However, the implementation of space programs requires improvement in order to attract investments from private businesses to this process. The authors prove that it is for this purpose that the system of sources of space law, on which the implementation of space programs is based, requires systematic improvement. The authors prove that in the context of globalization and the reduction of the Asian space powers lag from the European ones, only the wide involvement of private capital in the German space industry will provide competitive advantages in the market of space services.

Summary: Monitoring microbial communities aboard the International Space Station (ISS) is essential to maintaining astronaut health and the integrity of life-support systems. Using assembled genomes of ISS-derived microbial isolates as references, recruiting metagenomic reads from an astronaut's nasal microbiome revealed no recruitment to a Staphylococcus aureus isolate from samples before launch, yet systematic recruitment across the genome when sampled after 3 months aboard the ISS, with a median percent identity of 100%. This suggests that either a highly similar S. aureus population colonized the astronaut's nasal microbiome while the astronaut was aboard the ISS or that it may have been below detection before spaceflight, instead supporting a shift in community composition. This work highlights the value in generating genomic libraries of microbes from built-environments such as the ISS and demonstrates one way such data can be integrated with metagenomics to facilitate the tracking and monitoring of astronaut microbiomes and health.

On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin proclaimed the arrival of a new space age. The rapid advances in the different space sciences and technologies began after the first human spaceflight. Then fundamentally new sciences and technologies appeared. At present, space science covers a broad range of disciplines. The following outline is provided as an overview and topical guide to space sciences: Astronomy and Space Astronomy, Cosmology, Astrophysics, Space Physics, Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Aeronomy, Solar physics, Heliospheric Physics, Cosmic Ray Physics, Space Weather and Space Climate (Earth-Space Climatology), Space Dosimetry, Space Chemistry or Cosmochemistry, Remote Sensing of the Earth and Planets, Planetary Science, Planetary Geology, Astrogeology or Exogeology, Exoplanetology, or Exoplanetary Science (Science for Extrasolar Planetary Systems), Intelligent Life in the Universe; Astronautics (or Cosmonautics), Orbital mechanics or Astrodynamics, Space life sciences: Bioastronautics, Space Medicine, Space Neuroscience, Space Biology, Radiation Biology, Biotechnology, Space Botany or Astrobotany, Microgravity Environment Research; Archaeoastronomy, Space Anthropology, Xeno-anthropology (Exo-anthropology), Space Law, Space Technology, Space Navigation, Space Communications, Space Architecture, Space Logistics, Space Robotics, Space Robotic Colonies, Space Colonization (also called Space Settlement or Extraterrestrial Colonization), Planetary Habitability, Space Manufacturing, Space Materials Science, Satellite Industry, Space Business, Space Tourism, Space Hardware, Space Industry, Space Ecology. With the help of these advanced space sciences humanity began confidently the exploration of space. But these studies led also to numerous new technologies and applications to improve people's lives. Finally again mention of Yuri Gagarin and his cosmic heritage. He left behind an inspirational legacy, which even today still continues to motivate millions of people worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]