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The space sector is evolving from the "Legacy Space" to the "New Space". Along with the space sector, space program governance is transitioning to support an environment where legacy and New Space actors co-exist. The aforementioned transitions and the entry of New Space players result in new governance models, as space agencies aim to exploit contributions from non-space sectors, leveraging on collaborative opportunities. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) become a new golden rule, disclosing unprecedented achievements. However, the existing body of knowledge lacks a framing of models of space program governance, covering both Legacy Space programs and New Space ones. It is not clear how the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders change from the Legacy Space to the New Space, alongside the related changes in contract structures and the practices space agencies favour in current space programs and projects. Therefore, our paper aims to investigate how space program governance evolved. We performed a single-case study on NASA-led space exploration programs to investigate the transition of space program governance and its actual state-of-the-art. We co-developed and validated three governance models for space programs through semi-structured interviews with senior experts. Furthermore, we present key drivers and barriers behind the evolution towards New Space governance models. We found and discussed three program governance models corresponding to the evolutionary stages of space exploration programs. In the Legacy Space model, the government owns space infrastructures to demonstrate technological supremacy. In the Transitional model, lumpsum contracts, transitioning between cost-plus and fixed-price, replace the legacy EPC (Engineering, Production, Construction) ones. In the New Space model, collaborative efforts and PPPs enable alignment between public and private expertise. Finally, we examine the factors that promote and impede the evolution of space governance, leading to the emergence of a polycentric governance structure observed in current space programs. The three models enable managers to visualize space programs from a governance perspective, where stakeholders' roles and responsibilities in PPPs are clearly identified. Moreover, managers can leverage and innovate existing practices for transitioning across different models of governance in space programs and projects. We contribute to research by introducing a transitional governance model that enables the smooth transition between the Legacy Space and the New Space paradigms. We justify the concurrent adoption of multiple governance models within the same space program, as in the current Artemis program. • Diverse space program governance models can be found in the Apollo, ISS, and Artemis programs. • The New Space ecosystem is characterized by collaborative efforts between the public and private sectors. • Cooperation and partnerships in space activities enable the sharing of risks, costs, and resources. • Adoption of innovative program management practices is supported by cost-effectiveness but limited by organizational culture. • According to polycentric governance structures, some projects follow legacy practices, and some follow a New Space approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a study of the interaction peculiarities between the public and private sectors in the field of space exploration in Ukraine. The purpose of the study was to identify five key weaknesses and strengths of the Ukrainian space industry, which are a catalyst or inhibitor of further successful development of the industry. It is established that Ukraine has taken several necessary steps to implement a system of relations between the private and public sectors in space exploration. The authors identify five key weaknesses and strengths in the development of the Ukrainian space industry: 1) Russia’s war against Ukraine; 2) lack of a systemic vision for the development of Ukraine’s space industry; 3) legal unregulated interaction between the public and private sectors in space exploration; 4) the unviability of the existing model of stakeholder interaction in space exploration; 5) vested interests and the functioning of financial-political groups. It was noted that, in addition to significant shortcomings, Ukraine’s domestic space industry has a few advantages. And as is often the case, strengths stem from weaknesses: 1) availability of qualified personnel; 2) existence of national space legislation; 3) investment attractiveness of the Ukrainian market; 4) Russia’s war against Ukraine; 5) space brand of Ukraine. It is substantiated that understanding the strengths and weaknesses on the way to implementing an effective model of relations in the triangle “state – business – academic environment” is a prerequisite for reviving Ukraine’s space potential and strengthening its competitiveness on the world scene.

This paper highlights the role of government in boosting the private space sector and proposes that public-private linkages and state support are critical for the success of private space endeavours, such as the fledgling asteroid mining one. The economics of high costs in tandem with outsized risks, and the long time-horizon for the investment to reap a return, have been big obstacles for companies that want a stake in asteroid resource extraction. Such factors necessitate the state stepping in to share the burden. Government funding, technological help, and the state's underwriting of high-level risks, along with ensuring private property rights, are critical for the viability of the asteroid mining infant industry. This paper shows that without enough government backing, the possibility of success for such an enterprise is compromised, as seen in the dismal outcomes of the asteroid mining companies that emerged in recent times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space exploration, with its enormous distances and extreme environments, is a challenge to technology, human habitation, sustainability, and supply chains. On the flip-side, however, it can provide a new vantage point on how to improve human life and planetary prosperity. This objective requires the development of economic and sustainable supply chains and a governance framework to guarantee fundamental human needs and well-being under the limitations of distant and inhospitable environments. This review describes learnings for human habitation in space from remote communities on Earth that have developed and survived over generations. These include a long history of human survival strategies on Tristan da Cunha, Pitcairn Islands, Nauru, and Easter Island. Their supply chain management solutions and their problems can guide the implementation of logistics systems for the efficient use of resources in space, to satisfy vital needs of human survival but also to ensure social and governance in space, e.g., build-up of thriving communities, mobility, and industrial activities. This review demonstrates that there are significant gaps in recent space supply chain studies with respect to the space environment, social and governance. Analysis of established practices and concepts from remote regions on Earth can readily respond to these deficiencies and thus supplement space exploration. This review recommends extending the assessment of supply-chain assets from the near future to long-term strategic. This implies going far beyond current space supply chain reports to include aspects of social responsibility and governance, such as sustainable health systems, product quality management, and local decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governmental and private companies in the New Space Economy collaborate to realise valuable space products and services, yet this partnership raises sustainability concerns. This study investigates whether and how space companies address social and environmental aspects in their collaborative activities. Focusing on the launch service segment in Europe and the USA, we conducted a content analysis of financial and non‐financial reports and websites by using the legitimacy theory framework. This study reveals that space companies emphasise the positive social and environmental impacts of their collaboration while providing limited information on potential drawbacks. They extensively outline measures to mitigate social and environmental damages, aiming to present a favourable image of their activities. This research contributes to fostering the debate on social and environmental accounting and accountability of space actors. It sheds light on how they report on sustainability aspects offering insights into the legitimacy strategies they use and promoting their accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancements in technology that developed with the Industrial Revolution provided people with the opportunity to explore their surroundings. Especially, the rocket technology developed during World War II paved the way for space exploration. The launching of the first satellites by Russia and the USA in 1957-58 marked the beginning of understanding the unknown and uncertainty of space. With the initiation of space research by Russia and the USA, the magnitude of the space industry has been increasing day by day. In recent times, the space economy is around $240 billion, while space tourism is around $1.5 billion. Space has attracted the interest of both states and private companies. Particularly, after the 2000s, space activities have been commercialized by private companies. In this study, the space economy has been evaluated within the scope of space tourism and space logistics. Qualitative in-depth analysis and quantitative VOSviewer methods have been used together in the study. In recent times, with SpaceX's reusable rocket technology, Falcon 9, a revolution has taken place in transportation and logistics in space. Also, SpaceX's low-cost approach providing access to space at more affordable costs is a significant advantage for future crewed or robotic space missions. The increase in space research and travel to space, the Moon, Mars, and deep space in the future will increase the volume of space tourism and, generally, the space economy, primarily boosting the importance of space logistics as it forms the basis of this process.

This article investigates the intersection of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with the space economy and its profound geopolitical implications. Artificial intelligence is increasingly driving space missions, satellite networks and resource management, thereby reshaping the global landscape of the space industry. The advances made possible by AI are driving economic opportunities and competition between nations in space-related sectors and the resulting geopolitical effects. From satellite services to lunar and Mars exploration, AI is poised to become a driving force shaping the balance of power in space, making it a critical topic for policymakers, strategists and leaders. of the industry. Artificial Intelligence is playing an essential role in opening a new landscape for space activities, what is commonly known as the "New Space Economy." This technology has been seamlessly integrated into various aspects of space activities, becoming a catalyst for unprecedented changes in the space economy. Nations, organizations and industries are increasingly leveraging artificial intelligence to improve satellite operations, process "big data" collected from space, improve spacecraft design and revolutionize space exploration. At the same time, AI introduces geopolitical dynamics that are profoundly reshaping the geopolitical landscape of space activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a study of the interaction peculiarities between the public and private sectors in the field of space exploration in Ukraine. The purpose of the study was to identify five key weaknesses and strengths of the Ukrainian space industry, which are a catalyst or inhibitor of further successful development of the industry. It is established that Ukraine has taken several necessary steps to implement a system of relations between the private and public sectors in space exploration. The authors identify five key weaknesses and strengths in the development of the Ukrainian space industry: 1) Russia’s war against Ukraine; 2) lack of a systemic vision for the development of Ukraine’s space industry; 3) legal unregulated interaction between the public and private sectors in space exploration; 4) the unviability of the existing model of stakeholder interaction in space exploration; 5) vested interests and the functioning of financial-political groups. It was noted that, in addition to significant shortcomings, Ukraine’s domestic space industry has a few advantages. And as is often the case, strengths stem from weaknesses: 1) availability of qualified personnel; 2) existence of national space legislation; 3) investment attractiveness of the Ukrainian market; 4) Russia’s war against Ukraine; 5) space brand of Ukraine. It is substantiated that understanding the strengths and weaknesses on the way to implementing an effective model of relations in the triangle “state – business – academic environment” is a prerequisite for reviving Ukraine’s space potential and strengthening its competitiveness on the world scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky famously stated that while the Earth serves as the birthplace of humanity, it is not a place where mankind can indefinitely remain. Perhaps during that period, the prospect of exploring the mysteries of outer space appeared to be an unattainable aspiration. However, in the present day, there are no longer any limitations, not even the sky, since human ingenuity has facilitated access to outer space for humanity. This access is not just for the purposes of research and exploration but also for economic endeavours. Until now, the commercial utilisation of outer space has advanced at a very sluggish rate. However, firms including SpaceX, Orion Span, Virgin Galactic, and Blue Origin have achieved significant advancements in the growth of the space industry. The revenue generated by various space-related endeavours has experienced a significant 73% increase over the last ten years. The global space economy, estimated to be valued at USD one trillion in the coming years, is primarily driven by commercial activities. This presents a formidable challenge to the existing national and international taxation systems. Similar to the open seas, space is also considered res communis omnium, meaning it belongs to the entire community, and presents comparable taxing challenges with potentially uncertain solutions. The three fundamental elements of every taxation regulation, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development or the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention, are the taxpayer's place of residence, the origin of their income, and the methods by which they generate their money. The current tax system does not have the necessary concepts and provisions to adapt to the rapid advancements in commercial space technology. This paper examines the legal issues surrounding commercial activities conducted in space, including the nature and handling of the income generated in various legal systems. It also addresses concerns such as tax avoidance and excessive taxation, emphasising the necessity for a globally coordinated approach to effectively tax commercial activities in space. • Human ingenuity has facilitated access to outer space for humanity, for the purposes of research and exploration and also for economic endeavours. • Space-related endeavours has experienced a significant 73% increase over the last ten years. • Commercial activities conducted in space require concerted action at international level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately measuring real economic output in the space economy is made difficult by the rapid increase in capabilities and decrease in prices of launch and satellite technologies achieved over the past two decades. Nominal measures of output in space will tend to underestimate real growth if customers are paying lower prices for better services over time. In this paper, we use price indexes that apply techniques to the space economy that have been used for decades to adjust nominal measures of output in sectors such as information technology, including matched-model and explicit hedonic quality adjustment. We find that adjusting for price and quality changes in the space economy has substantial effects on estimated growth in economic output, especially across its sectors. Price increases over time in the space information sector, which is dominated by direct-to-home (DTH) satellite television, mean that real growth has been slower than nominal growth since at least 2012, the typical pattern in industries not undergoing rapid technological change. In sharp contrast, rapid price decreases and quality increases in other areas—especially launch and manufacturing of satellite, earth observation, and positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) equipment—have meant that nominal growth rates substantially understate real growth rates in those industries. Given the central importance of space to our modern economy, having accurate information on growth in the space economy is vital for efficiently allocating the substantial private and public investment being devoted to its development. • Adjusting space output for price and quality changes impacts economic growth rates. • Growth in the US space sector masks underlying heterogeneity across its subsectors. • US space manufacturing products exhibit rapid price decreases and quality increases. • US space information product prices are rising even as overall output is falling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engagement is fundamental for organizations in complex projects' ecologies (e.g., space, nuclear, telecommunication) to enact value for their end-users. However, the existing knowledge on this empirical subject has two significant shortcomings. First, while the narrative about project value suffices to explain how a project enacts value for its stakeholders, it falls short of unfolding the enacted value of a complex project for its end-users from a broader economic and societal perspective. Second, while literature effectively explains project stakeholder engagement practices, the role played by other elements of a complex project' ecology in shaping the engagement practices with end-users remains largely underexplored. This paper aims to explain how organizations in complex projects' ecologies engage with their end-users to enact the value of complex projects. Leveraging a qualitative and inductive approach, we conducted 31 open interviews with managers of organizations in the European space project ecology, and their end-users. Drawing on a grounded theory approach, we identified four classes of engagement practices. (1) "Personal for value espoused," adopted by space managers to espouse the value of complex space projects to end-user managers. (2) "Personal for value expected," adopted by space managers to be engaged by end-user managers and understand their value expectation. (3) "Personal for value enacted," reinforcing personal relationships and enacting the value of complex space projects over time. (4) "Nonpersonal" engagement practices, adopted by organizations in the complex project ecology toward their end-users. We contribute to the literature on value and engagement by showing that: (1) value enactment occurs through personal engagement and is not only impersonal; (2) form of value (i.e., espoused, expected, and enacted) shapes the engagement of managers and organizations in the complex project ecologies toward their end-users; and (3) a project ecology perspective enhances the understanding of the value of complex projects for end-users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space robots can adapt to the extreme environment of space, break through the limits of human space exploration, and greatly improve the safety and economy of space operation and control. Moreover, space robots are the core equipment to improve the level of space science and technology, providing important support and a strong guarantee for promoting space industry development. This study elaborates on the great values of developing space robot technology for the autonomous repair and maintenance of spacecraft, which include promoting the construction of strengthening China’s space powerindustry, promoting the development of national defense science and technology, and leading transformative scientific and technological innovation. The progress and development trends of domestic and foreign space robotics technologies in China and abroad are analyzed from the policy, technology, and market perspectives. In addition, technical challenges and problems faced by China are dissected toward the autonomous repair and maintenance of spacecraft. The development system and breakthrough path of China’s space robot technologies for autonomous repair and maintenance of spacecraft are demonstrated based on major national strategic needs, research foundation, and development directions. Furthermore, the following suggestions are proposed: (1) accelerating the implementation of major special projects for on-orbit services (Scientific and Technological Innovation 2030), (2) increasing support for basic research on intelligent operation and control of space robots, (3) accelerating the construction of a government-enterprise-university collaborative innovation mechanism, and (4) strengthening international cooperation to attract foreign science and technology talents to China.

Over the last decade, the space economy has seen significant shifts, welcoming new entrants and types of capital. Annual launch activity has increased, in large part thanks to the influx of private investment. This raises questions about the future development of the sector. Drawing on OECD insights within science, technology, and innovation, this policy paper examines public and private investment trends in the space economy and discusses how public policy decisions and instruments can contribute to attracting more and higher-quality private investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As humanity's presence in space continues to advance, it is important to consider the positive and negative effects of space activities on sustainable development. This paper presents the findings from an expert elicitation process to assess the benefits and risks of the Earth-for-space, space-for-Earth, and space-for-space economies for the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Significant benefits and risks exist, with SDGs 6, 9, 12, 14, and 16 exhibiting numerous benefits, and SDGs 6, 8, 11, and 15 exhibiting various risks from activities across the space economies. Multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary experts have identified benefits including space as a means to facilitate international agreement and cooperation, insights from space-based Earth observation, and advances in economic and technological development. Conversely, they identified risks of space advancement resulting in inequality, overexploitation of space resources, and the increase of global geopolitical tensions. These findings were used to suggest an SDG 18 for space, consisting of seven targets that address the concerns raised in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial is intended to provide a brief overview of the evolution of a selection of European space economies and policies introduced to mitigate the devastating effects of at least five crises most have faced in the past decade or more. In a time of great fragility in economy, politics and society, concatenations of the five crises and more have challenged planners to come up with new solutions to long-standing urban and regional problems (otherwise 'opportunities'). The five crises focused on here are: Green Transition; Great Financial Crisis; Euro Crisis; Migration and Refugee Asylum Crisis; COVID-19 Crisis. Occasional papers in the Special Issue that follows refer to other crisis effects such as; Ukraine resistance to its war against the Russian invasion; the Israeli-Palestinian conflict of October 2023; Austerity policies and associated urban and regional disparities with inter-regional tensions; and the socio-economic effects of liberalization of Eastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the impact of procurement on supplier firms. Specifically, we empirically investigate the direct and indirect mechanisms through which public procurement influences firms' performance in the Italian space industry. Our research strategy involves conducting a survey of firms and analysing the results with econometric tools, and we interpret qualitative data from interviews as cross-validation. We found that space procurement generates two outcomes in firms: "intermediate outcomes"—i.e., learning, collateral innovation, and market penetration—and "final outcomes"—i.e., profit and sales, business development, and employment—and that the former mediate the impact of procurement on the latter. Our results offer insights into understanding the role of public procurement from the suppliers' perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a study of the interaction between the public and private sectors in the field of outer space exploration. The purpose of the study was to identify the peculiarities of interaction between public authorities and private companies involved in space activities. It has been established that all leading space powers create favorable conditions for attracting private companies to space exploration. The main areas of space activity that are most attractive for private investment are identified: 1) production, launch and operation of spacecraft and launch vehicles; 2)production and operation of ground equipment; 3) space research; 4) satellite observation of the Earth; 5) TV and radio broadcasting and lease of repeaters; 6) satellite internet; 7) mining in space; 8) space tourism; 9) space waste management; 10) cargo delivery to Earth orbit, etc. The current state of the space industry in Ukraine is determined. The main obstacles to space commercialization in Ukraine are also highlighted: 1) legal regulation lags far behind and does not meet the needs of space activities in Ukraine; 2) international agreements are not in line with the level of national regulation of advanced countries and new global trends; 3) Ukraine’s space industry is focused mainly on less profitable areas of the space economy, which reduces the attractiveness for private investors; 4) there is no clear distinction between national interests and commercial activities in space; 5) mechanisms for coordinating private, state and public interests in the context of space commercialization are either absent or extremely ineffective; 6) there are no effective mechanisms for attracting foreign capital to space exploration. The authors identify two main competitive models of the interplay between the public and private sectors in space exploration: “American” and “European.” It is emphasized that both models can serve as a model for the space policy implementation in Ukraine. However, given a number of considerations, it is determined that the “European” model is more optimal.

The subject of the research is the history and peculiarities of the exploration and use of space by governmental institutions and private and commercial entities, which, with the beginning of the space age, has created several significant threats to the further development of humanity, due to non-compliance with the principles of sustainable development. The research methodology is based on reports, guidelines, statistical databases and forecasts of integration groups, specialised governmental and international institutions and their structural units for the study and control of space debris (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, European Space Agency, United Nations), as well as the results of research by private companies in the space solar energy sector. The purpose of the paper is to analyse trends in the sustainable development of a globalised society in compliance with the principles of responsible use of outer space and to assess the potential of the space solar energy sector to ensure the sustainability of the competitive position of the world's economies. In today's environment, competitiveness and investment in high-tech industries are the driving forces of development that can lead to a country's transition to a fundamentally new level of development. The issue of efficient use of outer space encourages states to search for new technological opportunities for economic growth and inclusive development. Conclusion. The authors have analysed the trends in the use of space, the prospects for sustainable development of the space economy, its impact on the planet's ecosystem, and the main policy directions to help governments take the necessary measures for long-term planning to achieve sustainable and inclusive development. The publication examines space activities related to space debris reduction policies and sustainable solar energy production from space. The authors of the research developed guidelines for space debris mitigation and considered the benefits of using space solar energy.

The resurgence in space activities we are witnessing may provide opportunities for new technologies to generate potential spillovers to the real economy. To address this view, we propose a macroeconomic model with endogenous growth and a space sector. The model describes the relationship between space investment and technological spillovers, which support persistent economic growth. Our estimates indicate that space activities provide growth spillovers that peak from the late 1960s to the early 1980s. Recent space activities have a much lower economic impact. Finally, extensive experiments quantify the economic relevance of our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While our modern world is today unimaginable without space, the space landscape is changing fast. For long near space has been a vast resource to exploit with few limits. This situation is however changing since in reality orbital resources are scarce and are threatened by the growth of the space debris population. Space debris is one of the human-made problems along the climate crisis, air pollution or ocean plastic pollution among other environmental issues that keep growing despite the awareness of their dangers to societies and our economies. The debris population has been growing drastically over the years due to the increase of rockets and satellites launches, accidental collisions of space objects, as well as deliberate Anti-Satellite Tests (ASAT s). Addressing appropriately the space debris issues is today an unescapable necessity to allow realising the deployments of the planned space constellations in a responsible manner. This would also provide stability and continuity to space activities so that the public and commercial sectors can continue to innovate and invest in new ventures that continue building a robust space economy. This paper discusses the direct and collateral challenges of space debris on the space economy and presents technological and political actions needed to face this growing problem for the present and future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popular mindset and widespread narrative, at least until not so long ago, was that in outer space affairs the fiefdom belongs, politically and economically, to governments and big businesses. An array of alliances between few states and their privileged partners from the corporate world constituted the highly exclusivist space ecosystem. Little room was supposed to be available to non-full-fledged spacefaring nations and enterprises originated from them, a configuration furthermore jammed by the fact that international agreements – i.e., the “Outer Space Treaty” (1967) an the “Moon Treaty” (1979) – seem to be rather dismissive of extensive exploitation of celestial bodies, adding to the already prohibitive costs of such endeavours if legitimized. Devoted mainly to scientific exploration paired with exploitation only of planetary proximities – viz., the large satellite population orbiting the Earth, with their support and serviced industries, all estimated at half a trillion dollars –, the space economy, in its high-tech dimension, steadily democratized itself, becoming more competitive, and collaborative too, opening up to small and medium enterprises (SMEs), many coming from emerging spacefaring nations. The literature covering SMEs contribution to the development of the space economy is on track of consolidation, as the process itself is unfolding, with data covering only the most powerful space players (e.g., US, EU). Valuable insights are added starting from the common wisdom that institutions (channelling economic information and incentives) are the main drivers in space development, rather than business size, even more in a competitive- collaborative global economy. A case study is dedicated to the Romanian experience (that of a relatively new and little player in European/global space affairs). A conclusion is that in an economy of unbounded creativity and borderless capital, visionary enterprises, big or small, fit even into the space industry value chains, if a pro-market, pro-business climate is secured.

The advancements in technology that developed with the Industrial Revolution provided people with the opportunity to explore their surroundings. Especially, the rocket technology developed during World War II paved the way for space exploration. The launching of the first satellites by Russia and the USA in 1957-58 marked the beginning of understanding the unknown and uncertainty of space. With the initiation of space research by Russia and the USA, the magnitude of the space industry has been increasing day by day. In recent times, the space economy is around $240 billion, while space tourism is around $1.5 billion. Space has attracted the interest of both states and private companies. Particularly, after the 2000s, space activities have been commercialized by private companies. In this study, the space economy has been evaluated within the scope of space tourism and space logistics. Qualitative in-depth analysis and quantitative VOSviewer methods have been used together in the study. In recent times, with SpaceX's reusable rocket technology, Falcon 9, a revolution has taken place in transportation and logistics in space. Also, SpaceX's low-cost approach providing access to space at more affordable costs is a significant advantage for future crewed or robotic space missions. The increase in space research and travel to space, the Moon, Mars, and deep space in the future will increase the volume of space tourism and, generally, the space economy, primarily boosting the importance of space logistics as it forms the basis of this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The space economy, which refers to the diverse economic activities and industries that are related to outer space and space exploration, has been steadily growing over the years and has become a significant driver of technological innovation and economic growth. The growth of the space economy has been facilitated by technological advancements, reduced launch costs, and increased participation from private companies. This paper explores a new geographic space called "Mearth", representing the Moon and Earth as a unified space. Specifically, the paper focuses on the innovations developed within the Mearth ecosystem that can contribute to an improved future. It is a conceptual-theoretical paper aiming to identify viable solutions to attract investments, generate technologies, and establish a new ecosystem within the novel geographic space of Mearth. This contribution supports the view that the coopetition strategy - essentially entailing cooperation among competitors - could represent the most suitable approach to join efforts to implement Mearth's economic system and its ecosystem. The primary reason lies in this strategy's ability to align the divergent interests of the ecosystem stakeholders. In terms of outcomes, the paper shows that a coopetition strategy leads to win-win solutions and will benefit all stakeholders in the Mearth ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades the importance of space exploration and its associated economy and industry have grown significantly. Beyond its scientific, technological, and engineering advantages space exploration has created significant direct and indirect socioeconomic benefits. Apart from economic growth, employment, and providing a fiscal contribution, these benefits include cultural, educational, environmental, and social benefits that can be termed community capitals. There are important distributional aspects to these benefits manifested in the way that the space sector is becoming a propulsive industry within the activity complex form of agglomeration economy. In regard to this potential impact on urban and regional economic development, it appears that the space industry can make a significant contribution to realising the policy objectives of levelling up in the United Kingdom (UK) and cohesion policy in the European Union (EU). The agency of this development is the evolution of industrial strategies and policies based upon the concept and practice of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) which evolves its space variant, Space 4.0. This article explores these possibilities from UK and EU perspectives to address the question of whether the space sector is becoming a key propulsive driver of regional policy in general and levelling up in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popular mindset and widespread narrative, at least until not so long ago, was that in outer space affairs the fiefdom belongs, politically and economically, to governments and big businesses. An array of alliances between few states and their privileged partners from the corporate world constituted the highly exclusivist space ecosystem. Little room was supposed to be available to non-full-fledged spacefaring nations and enterprises originated from them, a configuration furthermore jammed by the fact that international agreements – i.e., the "Outer Space Treaty" (1967) an the "Moon Treaty" (1979) – seem to be rather dismissive of extensive exploitation of celestial bodies, adding to the already prohibitive costs of such endeavours if legitimized. Devoted mainly to scientific exploration paired with exploitation only of planetary proximities – viz., the large satellite population orbiting the Earth, with their support and serviced industries, all estimated at half a trillion dollars –, the space economy, in its high-tech dimension, steadily democratized itself, becoming more competitive, and collaborative too, opening up to small and medium enterprises (SMEs), many coming from emerging spacefaring nations. The literature covering SMEs contribution to the development of the space economy is on track of consolidation, as the process itself is unfolding, with data covering only the most powerful space players (e.g., US, EU). Valuable insights are added starting from the common wisdom that institutions (channelling economic information and incentives) are the main drivers in space development, rather than business size, even more in a competitive- collaborative global economy. A case study is dedicated to the Romanian experience (that of a relatively new and little player in European/global space affairs). A conclusion is that in an economy of unbounded creativity and borderless capital, visionary enterprises, big or small, fit even into the space industry value chains, if a pro-market, pro-business climate is secured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyse the state-of-the-art of graphene-based materials and devices designed for use in space. The goal is to summarise emerging research studies, contextualise promising findings, and discuss underway strategies to address some specific space-related problems. To complete our overview of graphene-based technology and address the relevance of graphene in the wide scenario of the space economy, we also provide an analysis of worldwide patents and the scientific literature for aerospace applications in the period 2010–2021. We analysed global trends, country distributions, top assignees, and funding sponsors, evidencing a general increase for the period considered. These indicators, integrated with market information, provide a clear evaluation of the related technology trends and readiness levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to overview the relationships of the most significant international theories dealing with the spatial economy, with special regard to the endogenous resources. We examined the effects and the development trends of economic and social capital because we believe that they may determine the future directions of strategic planning. Spatial capital (being the focus of our research) is proven to have outstanding influence on the society. In this study, we compare the development paths deriving from international models with the endogenous resources of rural space, considering the new development paths deriving from new paradigms. Based on all this, related to the most important international spatial economic theories, we define the strategic directions that are built on local endogenous resources, including the relations between tourism, infrastructure and environment.

From the perspective of the evolution of modern mass-production industrial sectors, the establishment of an industry can occur in a typical sequence of four conceptual phases: the introduction phase, in which a new technological concept is introduced; the growth phase, in which application of this concept in the form of a product or service is undertaken; the maturity phase, in which the direct use of the product and the advent of product-enabled services establish the new economic sector, and an eventual decline phase when one or more substitute products appear. Most of the current industrial products may be considered systems. The application of established concepts, such as interchangeable parts, permits firms to manufacture systems on a large scale, making sophisticated products available to society at manageable prices. The large availability of a product in a socioeconomic environment favors the use of this product in innovative ways, many of them unprecedented. In this way, introducing an innovative product in the market may nucleate a whole new industry over time, which may experience growth either through the continual evolvement of the product or expansion of the breadth of applications. Recent years have shown impressive development in the space industry. This article presents data that suggests that the global satellite space industry is transitioning from a growth to a maturity stage. It will be argued that barriers to entry are still at a level that permits Brazil, given its current position, to engage in the global space industry.

From the perspective of the evolution of modern mass-production industrial sectors, the establishment of an industry can occur in a typical sequence of four conceptual phases: the introduction phase, in which a new technological concept is introduced; the growth phase, in which application of this concept in the form of a product or service is undertaken; the maturity phase, in which the direct use of the product and the advent of product-enabled services establish the new economic sector, and an eventual decline phase when one or more substitute products appear. Most of the current industrial products may be considered systems. The application of established concepts, such as interchangeable parts, permits firms to manufacture systems on a large scale, making sophisticated products available to society at manageable prices. The large availability of a product in a socioeconomic environment favors the use of this product in innovative ways, many of them unprecedented. In this way, introducing an innovative product in the market may nucleate a whole new industry over time, which may experience growth either through the continual evolvement of the product or expansion of the breadth of applications. Recent years have shown impressive development in the space industry. This article presents data that suggests that the global satellite space industry is transitioning from a growth to a maturity stage. It will be argued that barriers to entry are still at a level that permits Brazil, given its current position, to engage in the global space industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, governments have relied on space systems for intelligence gathering and satellite connectivity in remote areas, but today's situation marks a distinct break with the past. Extended coverage, advances in digital technologies and, importantly, free and/or commercial availability of space products allow many new uses by both government and non-government actors. This brings important benefits for users and citizens, but also leads to new challenges in terms of data management; infrastructure and supply chain resilience; and international co-operation. This paper, expanding on an OECD Policy Note on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine, uses illustrations from the war to highlight recent developments in the sector, placing them in a broader context of digitalisation and government space investments. It discusses the implications of the growing importance of space technologies for society and suggests policy options and resources from other strains of OECD work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the short-term impact of collisions on missions is relatively negligible, economic models predict that in one century, space debris will be a major drag on the industry's development. However, this challenge might also become a business opportunity, with the combined effect of the New Space and renewed legal regulations. The Recycler is a project of geostationary satellite able to harvest components of cooperative satellites. By re-purposing existing hardware, the Recycler may open a second-hand market of debris-efficient On-Orbit-Servicing (OOS). This paper provides the strategic analysis of re-purposing missions, using an approach drawn from Game Theory. This enables unique guidance on which aspects of the proposal should be the focus of attention. Starting from an economic problem, the model is gradually complexified to fit future standard Recycler's contracts. A sensitivity analysis and a case study were performed to assess the viability of the project. It is concluded that the major obstacles of the Recycler are the number of clients reachable under its fuel constraints, the overall cost of the re-purposed components as well as the long-term rate of their degradation in the space environment. • Latest industry trends favor debris-efficient On-Orbit-Servicing satellites. • Supposing high chances of success, re-purposing is a viable project in GEO. • The main stress-point is the number of clients reachable by the spacecraft. • The re-purposed components' costs and their depreciation rates are also critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space Economy (SE) is increasingly becoming relevant for business and management with impacts on many industrial segments (i.e. agriculture, transport, assurance and the environment) but also on sustainable practices (i.e. Agenda 2030). Despite the importance of SE for new business models and value creation processes in the ecosystem, theoretical approaches for the downstream space economy implementation are still quite limited in literature. Accordingly, this paper reports the results of an in-depth analysis of the main factors (i.e. Open innovation drivers and Digital Platform business model) that affect effective implementation of space value chain models

'space economy' It is the general theory of locating all economic activities in which the geographical distribution of inputs (Intermediate or production factors) and geographical distribution of output (intermediate and final consumption markets), Along with spatial changes, prices and costs are considered. In this concept, the general equilibrium approach in terms of transportation costs and distance is suggested for economic analysis.. Due to the fact that in this approach, several factors influence the creation of balance. The aim of the current research is to model the factors affecting the economy of space in Iranian metropolises (Tehran, Karaj, Qom, Isfahan, Mashhad, Shiraz, Tabriz and Ahvaz) using the Markov switching panel approach. Based on the results of provincial added value; public investment; Higher education representing the knowledge economy (according to the research of Giraldo et al., 2022), in the province and the share of the urban population representing the level of industrialization of the big cities (according to the research of Chen et al., 2022) has a positive effect on investment in space and the contribution Aging of the population and inflation had a negative effect on investment in this area; Also, based on the major results of investment in the field of space in the big cities of Iran (except Tehran and Karaj) in the boom years in the estimated model; It has been done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyse the state-of-the-art of graphene-based materials and devices designed for use in space. The goal is to summarise emerging research studies, contextualise promising findings, and discuss underway strategies to address some specific space-related problems. To complete our overview of graphene-based technology and address the relevance of graphene in the wide scenario of the space economy, we also provide an analysis of worldwide patents and the scientific literature for aerospace applications in the period 2010–2021. We analysed global trends, country distributions, top assignees, and funding sponsors, evidencing a general increase for the period considered. These indicators, integrated with market information, provide a clear evaluation of the related technology trends and readiness levels.

This article seeks to show the dynamics of the Paraná transformation industry in the context of the process of slowing Brazilian economic growth in which the State is inserted, as well as the effects of the global crisis that occurred in 2008. It is assumed that the different industrial segments of Paraná are part of distinct dynamics in the national and international economic context, sometimes more connected to internal consumption activities, sometimes more connected to global value chains. As analytical instruments, information on employment and establishments obtained from the Annual Social Information Ratio (RAIS) and applied to the methodology of Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESA) was used. As main results, it was possible to identify that the most service sectors to the domestic market, specifically Non-Durable Consumer Goods, were the ones that suffered less from the 2008 crisis, primarily the manufacture of food products, which, in view of the fall in domestic income and unemployment, is more related in the foreign market, taking advantage of the open opportunities in this market segment. The ESA revealed that the industrial segment with the highest spatial autocorrelation was intermediate goods, nolonger more integrated into global value chains, forming a large spatial cluster led by the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba. Durable and Capital Consumer Goods are located only in the major metropolises of the State, specifically in the regions of Curitiba, Londrina and Maringá, with those who feel the effects of the slowdown in economic growth since 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]