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1. Troubleshooting Flow Surging in Single-Screw Extruders: Surging can cause lower production rates, higher scrap rates, material degradation and higher labor costs. Here is a guide to troubleshooting this problem

Author

Spalding, Mark A.

Subjects
Costs (Law) -- Statistics -- Economic aspects, Labor costs -- Statistics -- Economic aspects, Business, Chemicals, plastics and rubber industries
Abstract

Flow surging is defined as the oscillatory change in the rate of the extruder while maintaining constant set point conditions. Moreover, process parameters such as motor current, barrel temperatures and [...]

Published
2024

2. What You Need to Know About the Design and Operation of Maddock Mixers

Author

Spalding, Mark A.

Subjects
Union Carbide Corp., Pesticides industry, Polyethylene, Herbicides, Chemical industry, Business, Chemicals, plastics and rubber industries
Abstract

Designed properly, all solid polymer fragments and certain types of PE gels entering the Maddock mixer can be trapped and dispersed into the matrix resin. But many are not properly [...]

Published
2024

3. Choosing the Right Gearbox and Motor for Your Single-Screw Extruder

Author

Spalding, Mark A.

Subjects
Technology application, Business, Chemicals, plastics and rubber industries
Abstract

Extruder OEMs are typically very good at sizing motors and gear boxes for extrusion applications. But you have the final decision on the acceptance of the design. Here's what you [...]

Published
2024

4. Global dataset of soil organic carbon in tidal marshes

Author

Maxwell, Tania L., Rovai, André S., Adame, Maria Fernanda, Adams, Janine B., Álvarez-Rogel, José, Austin, William E. N., Beasy, Kim, Boscutti, Francesco, Böttcher, Michael E., Bouma, Tjeerd J., Bulmer, Richard H., Burden, Annette, Burke, Shannon A., Camacho, Saritta, Chaudhary, Doongar R., Chmura, Gail L., Copertino, Margareth, Cott, Grace M., Craft, Christopher, Day, John, de los Santos, Carmen B., Denis, Lionel, Ding, Weixin, Ellison, Joanna C., Ewers Lewis, Carolyn J., Giani, Luise, Gispert, Maria, Gontharet, Swanne, González-Pérez, José A., González-Alcaraz, M. Nazaret, Gorham, Connor, Graversen, Anna Elizabeth L., Grey, Anthony, Guerra, Roberta, He, Qiang, Holmquist, James R., Jones, Alice R., Juanes, José A., Kelleher, Brian P., Kohfeld, Karen E., Krause-Jensen, Dorte, Lafratta, Anna, Lavery, Paul S., Laws, Edward A., Leiva-Dueñas, Carmen, Loh, Pei Sun, Lovelock, Catherine E., Lundquist, Carolyn J., Macreadie, Peter I., Mazarrasa, Inés, Megonigal, J. Patrick, Neto, Joao M., Nogueira, Juliana, Osland, Michael J., Pagès, Jordi F., Perera, Nipuni, Pfeiffer, Eva-Maria, Pollmann, Thomas, Raw, Jacqueline L., Recio, María, Ruiz-Fernández, Ana Carolina, Russell, Sophie K., Rybczyk, John M., Sammul, Marek, Sanders, Christian, Santos, Rui, Serrano, Oscar, Siewert, Matthias, Smeaton, Craig, Song, Zhaoliang, Trasar-Cepeda, Carmen, Twilley, Robert R., Van de Broek, Marijn, Vitti, Stefano, Antisari, Livia Vittori, Voltz, Baptiste, Wails, Christy N., Ward, Raymond D., Ward, Melissa, Wolfe, Jaxine, Yang, Renmin, Zubrzycki, Sebastian, Landis, Emily, Smart, Lindsey, Spalding, Mark, and Worthington, Thomas A.

Published
2023
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5. Is a Gear Pump Right for Your Single-Screw Operation?

Author

Spalding, Mark A.

Subjects
Business, Chemicals, plastics and rubber industries
Abstract

As with everything else, there are pros and cons, but more of the former. They provide processors higher rates while decreasing the temperature of the extrudate while enabling downgauging. A [...]

Published
2024

6. Understanding the Incumbent Resin Effect: When you are looking to replace an existing resin with a new one, in trials sometimes the 'incumbent' resin will cause gels and other defects. Here's what to look for

Author

Spalding, Mark A.

Subjects
Business, Chemicals, plastics and rubber industries
Abstract

New and innovative products are constantly produced on pilot and manufacturing lines using a variety of processes, including PE blown and cast films using single-screw extruders. Many times, these films [...]

Published
2024

7. A horizon scan of global biological conservation issues for 2024

Author

Sutherland, William J., Bennett, Craig, Brotherton, Peter N.M., Butchart, Stuart H.M., Butterworth, Holly M., Clarke, Stewart J., Esmail, Nafeesa, Fleishman, Erica, Gaston, Kevin J., Herbert-Read, James E., Hughes, Alice C., James, Jennifer, Kaartokallio, Hermanni, Le Roux, Xavier, Lickorish, Fiona A., Newport, Sarah, Palardy, James E., Pearce-Higgins, James W., Peck, Lloyd S., Pettorelli, Nathalie, Primack, Richard B., Primack, Willow E., Schloss, Irene R., Spalding, Mark D., ten Brink, Dirk, Tew, Eleanor, Timoshyna, Anastasiya, Tubbs, Nicolas, Watson, James E.M., Wentworth, Jonathan, Wilson, Jeremy D., and Thornton, Ann

Published
2024
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8. Mapping the planet’s critical natural assets

Author

Chaplin-Kramer, Rebecca, Neugarten, Rachel A., Sharp, Richard P., Collins, Pamela M., Polasky, Stephen, Hole, David, Schuster, Richard, Strimas-Mackey, Matthew, Mulligan, Mark, Brandon, Carter, Diaz, Sandra, Fluet-Chouinard, Etienne, Gorenflo, L. J., Johnson, Justin A., Kennedy, Christina M., Keys, Patrick W., Longley-Wood, Kate, McIntyre, Peter B., Noon, Monica, Pascual, Unai, Reidy Liermann, Catherine, Roehrdanz, Patrick R., Schmidt-Traub, Guido, Shaw, M. Rebecca, Spalding, Mark, Turner, Will R., van Soesbergen, Arnout, and Watson, Reg A.

Published
2023
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9. A proposed mechanism for solid bed encapsulation: Based on comparing three dimensional and one-dimensional screw melting models

Author

Campbell, Gregory A., Wetzel, Mark D., and Spalding, Mark A.

Subjects
Plastics -- Molding, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology
Abstract

This paper describes how the initial melt generation physics with differing pressure generation dynamics lead to either conventional melting or one dimensional (ID) melting. An historic review of the development of single screw melting models is presented. First, a review of the classic model is briefly presented. Second, after an analysis of literature melting data developed using the Maddock solidification procedure, a screw rotation concept melting model is presented that correlates very well with the melting analysis. Third, a new ID film melting model is developed to analyze melting when the melt film does not encapsulate the solid bed. This physical model provides for the first time a quantitative model for the initiation and ultimate solid bed melting of the ID melting process. Finally, a new concept and resulting model demonstrate that Reynold's barring concept for pressure generation in the initial melt film at the barrel interface may provide the mechanism that relates to whether the solid bed is or is not encapsulated. KEYWORDS delay zone, encapsulation, extrusion, melting, single screw, 1 | INTRODUCTION The single screw extruder essentially consists of a helical screw enclosed in a barrel, a hollow cylinder. Because of the difficulty of analyses of helical coordinate fluid [...]

Published
2022
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11. Troubleshooting Vent Flow Problems in Single-Screw Extruders

Author

Spalding, Mark A.

Subjects
Polycarbonates, Business, Chemicals, plastics and rubber industries
Abstract

Vent flow can be a costly problem and a housekeeping nuisance. Here is some advice on how to eliminate it. Two-stage extruders with a vent port downstream from the first [...]

Published
2023

12. Troubleshooting Screw and Barrel Wear

Author

Spalding, Mark A. and Womer, Tim

Subjects
Business, Chemicals, plastics and rubber industries
Abstract

Extruder screws and barrels will wear over time. If you are seeing a reduction in specific rate and higher discharge temperatures, wear is the likely culprit. Keeping single-screw extruders running [...]

Published
2023

13. The Current State of Law on Plastic Pollution in Mexico and a View Toward the Future

Author

Lara, Octavio H., Spalding, Mark J., Navarrete, Alejandra H., Park, Courtnie A., Braestrup, Angel, Barceló, Damià, Series Editor, de Boer, Jacob, Editorial Board Member, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Series Editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Editorial Board Member, Hutzinger, Otto, Founding Editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Editorial Board Member, Jones, Kevin C., Editorial Board Member, Knepper, Thomas P., Editorial Board Member, Negm, Abdelazim M., Editorial Board Member, Newton, Alice, Editorial Board Member, Nghiem, Duc Long, Editorial Board Member, Garcia-Segura, Sergi, Editorial Board Member, Stock, Friederike, editor, Reifferscheid, Georg, editor, Brennholt, Nicole, editor, and Kostianaia, Evgeniia, editor

Published
2022
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14. The importance of migratory connectivity for global ocean policy.

Author

Dunn, Daniel, Harrison, Autumn-Lynn, Curtice, Corrie, DeLand, Sarah, Donnelly, Ben, Fujioka, Ei, Heywood, Eleanor, Kot, Connie, Poulin, Sarah, Whitten, Meredith, Åkesson, Susanne, Alberini, Amalia, Appeltans, Ward, Arcos, José, Bailey, Helen, Ballance, Lisa, Block, Barbara, Blondin, Hannah, Boustany, Andre, Brenner, Jorge, Catry, Paulo, Cejudo, Daniel, Cleary, Jesse, Corkeron, Peter, Frisch-Nwakanma, Heidrun, Froján, Christopher, Gjerde, Kristina, Glowka, Lyle, Godley, Brendan, Gonzalez-Solis, Jacob, Granadeiro, José, Gunn, Vikki, Hashimoto, Yuriko, Hawkes, Lucy, Hays, Graeme, Hazin, Carolina, Jimenez, Jorge, Johnson, David, Luschi, Paolo, Maxwell, Sara, McClellan, Catherine, Modest, Michelle, Notarbartolo di Sciara, Giuseppe, Palacio, Alejandro, Palacios, Daniel, Pauly, Andrea, Rayner, Matt, Rees, Alan, Salazar, Erick, Secor, David, Sequeira, Ana, Spalding, Mark, Spina, Fernando, Van Parijs, Sofie, Wallace, Bryan, Varo-Cruz, Nuria, Virtue, Melanie, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wilson, Laurie, Woodward, Bill, Halpin, Patrick, Coyne, Michael, Crespo, Guillermo, Davies, Tammy, Dias, Maria, Douvere, Fanny, Ferretti, Francesco, Formia, Angela, Freestone, David, Costa, Daniel|Dan, and Friedlaender, Ari

Subjects
area-based management, areas beyond national jurisdiction, marine spatial planning, migratory species, Animal Migration, Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem, Environmental Policy, Geography, Oceans and Seas
Abstract

The distributions of migratory species in the ocean span local, national and international jurisdictions. Across these ecologically interconnected regions, migratory marine species interact with anthropogenic stressors throughout their lives. Migratory connectivity, the geographical linking of individuals and populations throughout their migratory cycles, influences how spatial and temporal dynamics of stressors affect migratory animals and scale up to influence population abundance, distribution and species persistence. Population declines of many migratory marine species have led to calls for connectivity knowledge, especially insights from animal tracking studies, to be more systematically and synthetically incorporated into decision-making. Inclusion of migratory connectivity in the design of conservation and management measures is critical to ensure they are appropriate for the level of risk associated with various degrees of connectivity. Three mechanisms exist to incorporate migratory connectivity into international marine policy which guides conservation implementation: site-selection criteria, network design criteria and policy recommendations. Here, we review the concept of migratory connectivity and its use in international policy, and describe the Migratory Connectivity in the Ocean system, a migratory connectivity evidence-base for the ocean. We propose that without such collaboration focused on migratory connectivity, efforts to effectively conserve these critical species across jurisdictions will have limited effect.

Published
2019

15. The importance of migratory connectivity for global ocean policy.

Author

Dunn, Daniel C, Harrison, Autumn-Lynn, Curtice, Corrie, DeLand, Sarah, Donnelly, Ben, Fujioka, Ei, Heywood, Eleanor, Kot, Connie Y, Poulin, Sarah, Whitten, Meredith, Åkesson, Susanne, Alberini, Amalia, Appeltans, Ward, Arcos, José Manuel, Bailey, Helen, Ballance, Lisa T, Block, Barbara, Blondin, Hannah, Boustany, Andre M, Brenner, Jorge, Catry, Paulo, Cejudo, Daniel, Cleary, Jesse, Corkeron, Peter, Costa, Daniel P, Coyne, Michael, Crespo, Guillermo Ortuño, Davies, Tammy E, Dias, Maria P, Douvere, Fanny, Ferretti, Francesco, Formia, Angela, Freestone, David, Friedlaender, Ari S, Frisch-Nwakanma, Heidrun, Froján, Christopher Barrio, Gjerde, Kristina M, Glowka, Lyle, Godley, Brendan J, Gonzalez-Solis, Jacob, Granadeiro, José Pedro, Gunn, Vikki, Hashimoto, Yuriko, Hawkes, Lucy M, Hays, Graeme C, Hazin, Carolina, Jimenez, Jorge, Johnson, David E, Luschi, Paolo, Maxwell, Sara M, McClellan, Catherine, Modest, Michelle, Notarbartolo di Sciara, Giuseppe, Palacio, Alejandro Herrero, Palacios, Daniel M, Pauly, Andrea, Rayner, Matt, Rees, Alan F, Salazar, Erick Ross, Secor, David, Sequeira, Ana MM, Spalding, Mark, Spina, Fernando, Van Parijs, Sofie, Wallace, Bryan, Varo-Cruz, Nuria, Virtue, Melanie, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wilson, Laurie, Woodward, Bill, and Halpin, Patrick N

Subjects
Animals, Animal Migration, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem, Geography, Oceans and Seas, Environmental Policy, area-based management, areas beyond national jurisdiction, marine spatial planning, migratory species, Biological Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract

The distributions of migratory species in the ocean span local, national and international jurisdictions. Across these ecologically interconnected regions, migratory marine species interact with anthropogenic stressors throughout their lives. Migratory connectivity, the geographical linking of individuals and populations throughout their migratory cycles, influences how spatial and temporal dynamics of stressors affect migratory animals and scale up to influence population abundance, distribution and species persistence. Population declines of many migratory marine species have led to calls for connectivity knowledge, especially insights from animal tracking studies, to be more systematically and synthetically incorporated into decision-making. Inclusion of migratory connectivity in the design of conservation and management measures is critical to ensure they are appropriate for the level of risk associated with various degrees of connectivity. Three mechanisms exist to incorporate migratory connectivity into international marine policy which guides conservation implementation: site-selection criteria, network design criteria and policy recommendations. Here, we review the concept of migratory connectivity and its use in international policy, and describe the Migratory Connectivity in the Ocean system, a migratory connectivity evidence-base for the ocean. We propose that without such collaboration focused on migratory connectivity, efforts to effectively conserve these critical species across jurisdictions will have limited effect.

Published
2019

16. A global biological conservation horizon scan of issues for 2023

Author

Sutherland, William J., Bennett, Craig, Brotherton, Peter N.M., Butterworth, Holly M., Clout, Mick N., Côté, Isabelle M., Dinsdale, Jason, Esmail, Nafeesa, Fleishman, Erica, Gaston, Kevin J., Herbert-Read, James E., Hughes, Alice, Kaartokallio, Hermanni, Le Roux, Xavier, Lickorish, Fiona A., Matcham, Wendy, Noor, Noor, Palardy, James E., Pearce-Higgins, James W., Peck, Lloyd S., Pettorelli, Nathalie, Pretty, Jules, Scobey, Richard, Spalding, Mark D., Tonneijck, Femke H., Tubbs, Nicolas, Watson, James E.M., Wentworth, Jonathan E., Wilson, Jeremy D., and Thornton, Ann

Published
2023
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19. Soil carbon in the world's tidal marshes

Author

Maxwell, Tania L, primary, Spalding, Mark D, additional, Friess, Daniel A, additional, Murray, Nicholas J, additional, Rogers, Kerrylee, additional, Rovai, Andre S, additional, Smart, Lindsey S, additional, Weilguny, Lukas, additional, Adame, Maria Fernanda, additional, Adams, Janine B, additional, Copertino, Margareth S, additional, Cott, Grace M, additional, Duarte de Paula Costa, Micheli, additional, Holmquist, James R, additional, Ladd, Cai J T, additional, Lovelock, Catherine, additional, Ludwig, Marvin, additional, Moritsch, Monica M, additional, Navarro, Alejandro, additional, Raw, Jacqueline L, additional, Ruiz-Fernandez, Ana-Carolina, additional, Serrano, Oscar, additional, Smeaton, Craig, additional, Van de Broek, Marijn, additional, Windham-Myers, Lisamarie, additional, Landis, Emily, additional, and Worthington, Thomas A, additional

Published
2024
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21. A horizon scan of global biological conservation issues for 2022

Author

Sutherland, William J., Atkinson, Philip W., Butchart, Stuart H.M., Capaja, Marcela, Dicks, Lynn V., Fleishman, Erica, Gaston, Kevin J., Hails, Rosemary S., Hughes, Alice C., Le Anstey, Becky, Le Roux, Xavier, Lickorish, Fiona A., Maggs, Luke, Noor, Noor, Oldfield, Thomasina E.E., Palardy, James E., Peck, Lloyd S., Pettorelli, Nathalie, Pretty, Jules, Spalding, Mark D., Tonneijck, Femke H., Truelove, Gemma, Watson, James E.M., Wentworth, Jonathan, Wilson, Jeremy D., and Thornton, Ann

Published
2022
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23. Optimizing Barrel Temperatures for Single-Screw Extruders

Author

Spalding, Mark A.

Subjects
Business, Chemicals, plastics and rubber industries
Abstract

If barrel temperatures are set correctly and screw design is optimized, the extruder will be operating at peak performance, providing maximum profitability. If not, bad things can happen, impacting quality [...]

Published
2023

24. A 2021 Horizon Scan of Emerging Global Biological Conservation Issues

Author

Sutherland, William J., Atkinson, Philip W., Broad, Steven, Brown, Sam, Clout, Mick, Dias, Maria P., Dicks, Lynn V., Doran, Helen, Fleishman, Erica, Garratt, Elizabeth L., Gaston, Kevin J., Hughes, Alice C., Le Roux, Xavier, Lickorish, Fiona A., Maggs, Luke, Palardy, James E., Peck, Lloyd S., Pettorelli, Nathalie, Pretty, Jules, Spalding, Mark D., Tonneijck, Femke H., Walpole, Matt, Watson, James E.M., Wentworth, Jonathan, and Thornton, Ann

Published
2021
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26. A Horizon Scan of Emerging Global Biological Conservation Issues for 2020

Author

Sutherland, William J., Dias, Maria P., Dicks, Lynn V., Doran, Helen, Entwistle, Abigail C., Fleishman, Erica, Gibbons, David W., Hails, Rosie, Hughes, Alice C., Hughes, Jonathan, Kelman, Ruth, Le Roux, Xavier, LeAnstey, Becky, Lickorish, Fiona A., Maggs, Luke, Pearce-Higgins, James W., Peck, Lloyd S., Pettorelli, Nathalie, Pretty, Jules, Spalding, Mark D., Tonneijck, Femke H., Wentworth, Jonathan, and Thornton, Ann

Published
2020
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48. A Horizon Scan of Emerging Issues for Global Conservation in 2019

Author

Sutherland, William J., Broad, Steven, Butchart, Stuart H.M., Clarke, Stewart J., Collins, Alexandra M., Dicks, Lynn V., Doran, Helen, Esmail, Nafeesa, Fleishman, Erica, Frost, Nicola, Gaston, Kevin J., Gibbons, David W., Hughes, Alice C., Jiang, Zhigang, Kelman, Ruth, LeAnstey, Becky, le Roux, Xavier, Lickorish, Fiona A., Monk, Kathryn A., Mortimer, Diana, Pearce-Higgins, James W., Peck, Lloyd S., Pettorelli, Nathalie, Pretty, Jules, Seymour, Colleen L., Spalding, Mark D., Wentworth, Jonathan, and Ockendon, Nancy

Published
2019
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