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1. Species interactions increase the temporal stability of community productivity in Pinus sylvestris-Fagus sylvaticamixtures across Europe

Author

Jan den Ouden, Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado, Viktor Kurylyak, Hans Pretzsch, Michael Heym, Quentin Ponette, Peter Annighöfer, Miren del Río, Jerzy Skrzyszewski, Václav Hurt, Ekaterina Madrickiene, Hubert Sterba, Vít Šrámek, Frits Mohren, Marek Fabrika, Gerhard Schütze, Kamil Bielak, Andrés Bravo-Oviedo, Gediminas Brazaitis, Ignacio Barbeito, David I. Forrester, Dejan Stojanović, Evy Ampoorter, Maciej Pach, Miroslav Svoboda, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Fabio Lombardi, Bratislav Matović, Lars Drössler, Renzo Motta, Magnus Löf, Lluís Coll, Dept Silviculture & Forest Management, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Sustainable Forest Management Res, Universitad de Valladolid, Chair Forest Growth & Yield Sci, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Forest & Nat Lab, Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Laboratoire d'Etudes des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Dept Silviculture, Forest Research Institute, Inst Forest Biol & Silviculture, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Dept Agr & Forest Engn, Universitat de Lleida, Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, Southern Swedish Forest Res Ctr, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Fac Forestry, Dept Forest Management & Geodesy, Technical University of Zvolen, Chair Silviculture, Albert Ludwigs University, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Dipartimento AGR, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Inst Lowland Forestry & Environm, University of Novi Sad, Forest Ecol & Forest Management, Wageningen University and Research Center (WUR), Dept Agr Forest & Food Sci DISAFA, University of Turin, Inst Forest Ecol & Silviculture, Dept Silviculture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Fac Biosci Engn, Université Catholique de Louvain, Forestry and Game Management Research, Dept Forest & Soil Sci, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Fac Forestry & Wood Sci, Czech University of Life Science, COST Action FP1206 EuMIXFOR, Spanish project AGL2014-51964-C2-2-R, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Georg-August-University [Göttingen], AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Technical University in Zvolen (TUZVO), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine (NUBiP), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, and Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], PURE STANDS, Plant Science, Organizational levels, 01 natural sciences, pinus sylvestris, Basal area, stabilité temporelle, MAXIMUM STAND DENSITY, education.field_of_study, Ecology, biology, NORWAY SPRUCE, FOREST PRODUCTIVITY, PE&RC, niche, Productivity (ecology), Niche complementarity, europe, Mixed-species forests, Asynchrony, Population, fagus sylvatica, 010603 evolutionary biology, interaction entre espèces, SUMMER DROUGHT, productivité, Fagus sylvatica, european beech, BOREAL FORESTS, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Ecosystem, education, SCOTS PINE, Beech, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Scots pine, Temporal variability, Species diversity, TREE DIVERSITY, Overyielding, MIXED STANDS, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, BEECH, Plant-plant interactions, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

There is increasing evidence that species diversity enhances the temporal stability (TS) of community productivity in different ecosystems, although its effect at the population and tree levels seems to be negative or neutral. Asynchrony in species responses to environmental conditions was found to be one of the main drivers of this stabilizing process. However, the effect of species mixing on the stability of productivity, and the relative importance of the associated mechanisms, remain poorly understood in forest communities. We investigated the way mixing species influenced the TS of productivity in Pinus sylvestris L.;Fagus sylvatica L. forests, and attempted to determine the main drivers among overyielding, asynchrony between species annual growth responses to environmental conditions, and temporal shifts in species interactions. We used a network of 93 experimental plots distributed across Europe to compare the TS of basal area growth over a 15-year period (1999–2013) in mixed and monospecific forest stands at different organizational levels, namely the community, population and individual tree levels. Mixed stands showed a higher TS of basal area growth than monospecific stands at the community level, but not at the population or individual tree levels. The TS at the community level was related to asynchrony between species growth in mixtures, but not to overyielding nor to asynchrony between species growth in monospecific stands. Temporal shifts in species interactions were also related to asynchrony and to the mixing effect on the TS. Synthesis. Our findings confirm that species mixing can stabilize productivity at the community level, whereas there is a neutral or negative effect on stability at the population and individual tree levels. The contrasting findings regarding the relationships between the temporal stability and asynchrony in species growth in mixed and monospecific stands suggest that the main driver in the stabilizing process may be the temporal niche complementarity between species rather than differences in species’ intrinsic responses to environmental conditions. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Ecology © 2016 British Ecological Society

Published
2017
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2. Mixing of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) enhances structural heterogeneity, and the effect increases with water availability

Author

Hubert Sterba, Jerzy Skrzyszewski, Gediminas Brazaitis, J. den Ouden, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Kris Verheyen, Gerhard Schütze, Bratislav Matović, Fabio Lombardi, Renzo Motta, Frits Mohren, Peter Annighöfer, Andrés Bravo-Oviedo, Ch. Ammer, Magnus Löf, Lluís Coll, Admir Avdagić, Ignacio Barbeito, Viktor Kurylyak, Maciej Pach, Hans Pretzsch, Miroslav Svoboda, Marek Fabrika, Vít Šrámek, Quentin Ponette, M. del Río, Kamil Bielak, David I. Forrester, Lars Drössler, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Universitad de Valladolid, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], University of Sarajevo, Laboratoire d'Etudes des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Universitat de Lleida, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Technical University in Zvolen (TUZVO), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, University of Novi Sad, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University of Turin, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Forestry and Game Management Research, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Czech University of Life Science, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Forest Research Institute, COST Action EuMIXFOR (FP1206-160714-045064), Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture, and Forestry (7831-22209-2013), German Science Foundation (PR 292/12-1), Spanish project (AGL2014-51964-C2-2-R), Technische Universitat Munchen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Technical University of Zvolen, Albert Ludwigs University, Wageningen University and Research Center (WUR), Université Catholique de Louvain, and Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, structure du peuplement, Monitoring, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Stand density, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, fagus sylvatica, disponibilité en eau, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Multiplicative mixing effect, Fagus sylvatica, european beech, Additive mixing effect, Morphological variability, Overyielding, Tree size inequality, Forestry, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, pin sylvestre, arbre forestier feuillu, peuplement forestier melange, Shade tolerance, Beech, Mixing (physics), mixed forest stand, biology, Policy and Law, Ecology, arbre forestier résineux, Scots pine, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, biology.organism_classification, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Structural heterogeneity, Management, Productivity (ecology), Environmental science, Monoculture, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

The mixing of tree species with complementary ecological traits may modify forest functioning regarding productivity, stability, or resilience against disturbances. This may be achieved by a higher heterogeneity in stand structure which is often addressed but rarely quantified. Here, we use 32 triplets of mature and fully stocked monocultures and mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) located along a productivity and water availability gradient through Europe to examine how mixing modifies the stand structure in terms of stand density, horizontal tree distribution pattern, vertical stand structure, size distribution pattern, and variation in tree morphology. We further analyze how site conditions modify these aspects of stand structure. For this typical mixture of a light demanding and shade tolerant species we show that (i) mixing significantly increases many aspects of structural heterogeneity compared with monocultures, (ii) mixing effects such as an increase of stand density and diversification of vertical structure and tree morphology are caused by species identity (additive effects) but also by species interactions (multiplicative effects), and (iii) superior heterogeneity of mixed stands over monocultures can increase from dry to moist sites. We discuss the implications for analyzing the productivity, for modelling and for the management of mixed species stands. The networking in this study has been supported by COST Action FP1206 EuMIXFOR. All contributors thank their national funding institutions and the woodland owners for agreeing to establish, measure, and analyze data from the triplets. The first author also thanks the Bayerischen Staatsforsten (BaySF) for supporting the establishment of the plots, the Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture, and Forestry for permanent support of the project W 07 “Long-term experimental plots for forest growth and yield research” (# 7831-22209-2013) and the German Science Foundation for providing the funds for the projects PR 292/12-1 “Tree and stand-level growth reactions on drought in mixed versus pure forests of Norway spruce and European beech”. The second author thanks the COST Action FP1206 EuMIXFOR for funding the STSM FP1206-160714-045064, and the Spanish project AGL2014-51964-C2-2-R.

Published
2016
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