33 results on '"Sparice, Domenico"'
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2. The petrogenesis of chemically zoned, phonolitic, Plinian and sub-Plinian eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius, Italy: Role of accessory phase removal, independently filled magma reservoirs with time, and transition from slightly to highly silica undersaturated magmatic series in an ultrapotassic stratovolcano
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Melluso, Leone, Scarpati, Claudio, Zanetti, Alberto, Sparice, Domenico, and de' Gennaro, Roberto
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- 2022
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3. The 79 CE eruption of Vesuvius: A lesson from the past and the need of a multidisciplinary approach for developments in volcanology
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Doronzo, Domenico M., Di Vito, Mauro A., Arienzo, Ilenia, Bini, Monica, Calusi, Benedetta, Cerminara, Matteo, Corradini, Stefano, de Vita, Sandro, Giaccio, Biagio, Gurioli, Lucia, Mannella, Giorgio, Ricciardi, Giovanni P., Rucco, Ilaria, Sparice, Domenico, Todesco, Micol, Trasatti, Elisa, and Zanchetta, Giovanni
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- 2022
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4. Marine Environments in Front of the Ancient City of Pompeii (Southern Italy) at 79 CE: New Insights for the Unknown Location of the Harbour.
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Aiello, Giuseppe, Amato, Vincenzo, Amoretti, Valeria, Barra, Diana, Di Vito, Mauro Antonio, Doronzo, Domenico Maria, Infante, Andrea, Russo, Antonino, Sparice, Domenico, and Zuchtriegel, Gabriel
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COASTS ,POMPEII ,PALEOENVIRONMENTAL studies ,VOLCANIC ash, tuff, etc. ,ALLUVIAL plains ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL geology - Abstract
A multidisciplinary study, including geomorphological, stratigraphic, paleontological and archaeological methods and techniques, allowed for a detailed exploration of coastal landforms and environments in front of the ancient city of Pompeii (southern Italy). The famous site of Pompeii sits on a small volcanic hill in the alluvial-coastal plain of the Sarno River, very close to the ancient paleoshoreline. When the Roman city was buried during the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE, pyroclastic fall and flow deposits covered the urban centres and ancient coastal landforms. In this study, 83 new boreholes were carried out up to a depth of 10 m. Some of them (15) were analysed for their sedimentological, stratigraphical and paleontological characterisation, in order to reconstruct the sedimentary environments in 79 CE. The data collected allow for new hypotheses to be formulated regarding the paleoshorelines, as well as the 79 CE coastal landforms and environments. In particular, litho-stratigraphic and fossil assemblages highlight the presence of shallow marine environments in a large back-ridge depression, named Masseria Curati, that is located just outside the city walls. This hypothesis opens new insights on the unknown location of the harbour of the Roman city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. A novel view of the destruction of Pompeii during the 79 CE eruption of Vesuvius (Italy): syn-eruptive earthquakes as an additional cause of building collapse and deaths.
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Sparice, Domenico, Amoretti, Valeria, Galadini, Fabrizio, Di Vito, Mauro A., Terracciano, Antonella, Scarpati, Giuseppe, Zuchtriegel, Gabriel, Passaro, Salvatore, and Dioguardi, Fabio
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BUILDING failures ,POMPEII ,CRUSH syndrome ,DYNAMIC pressure ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL excavations ,VOLCANIC eruptions - Abstract
The ancient city of Pompeii, destroyed by the 79 CE Plinian eruption of Vesuvius, is one of the most famous archaeological sites worldwide and an open-air laboratory for many disciplines. The destruction of Pompeii has so far been reconstructed in terms of a succession of volcanic phenomena and related effects, identified as the accumulation of pumice lapilli on roofs and dynamic pressure exerted by pyroclastic currents on buildings, and neglecting the potential effects of the syn-eruptive seismicity, the occurrence of which is beautifully described by an erudite eyewitness to the catastrophe, Pliny the Younger. During a recent excavation in the Insula dei Casti Amanti, in the central part of Pompeii, the peculiar evidence of building collapses, that overwhelmed two individuals, has been uncovered. The multidisciplinary investigation, involving archaeology, volcanology, and anthropology, gathered information on the construction technique of the masonry structures, the volcanological stratigraphy, the traumatic pattern of bone fractures of the skeletons, along with the detection of the wall displacements, that led to archaeoseismological considerations. The merging of the data has highlighted the need of an updated perspective in the assessment of the damage at Pompeii during the 79 CE eruption, by considering the syn-eruptive seismicity as a factor contributing to the destruction of the city and death of the inhabitants. By comparing the attitude and characteristics of different types of damage, and after ruling out any other possible damaging event, our conclusions point to the occurrence of syn-eruptive earthquake-induced failures of masonry structures. The structural collapses, based on our stratigraphic and volcanological data, are chronologically consistent with the beginning of the caldera-forming phase of the eruption which was accompanied by strong seismic shocks. The crush injuries of the skeletons of the two individuals are consistent with severe compression traumas and analogous to those shown by individuals involved in modern earthquakes testifying that, apart from other volcanic phenomena, the effects of syn-eruptive seismicity may be relevant. These outcomes lay the foundation for a more extensive study concerning the assessment of the contribution of the syn-eruptive seismic destruction at Pompeii and open new perspectives for volcanological, archaeoseismological and paleopathological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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6. Dynamics of large pyroclastic currents inferred by the internal architecture of the Campanian Ignimbrite
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Scarpati, Claudio, Sparice, Domenico, and Perrotta, Annamaria
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- 2020
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7. Reply to the comment on “The 79 CE eruption of Vesuvius: A lesson from the past and the need of a multidisciplinary approach for developments in volcanology” by Doronzo et al., 2022 (Earth-Science Reviews 231, 104072)
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Doronzo, Domenico M., primary, Di Vito, Mauro A., additional, de Vita, Sandro, additional, Ricciardi, Giovanni P., additional, and Sparice, Domenico, additional
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- 2023
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8. The 1631 A.D. eruption of Mt. Vesuvius: a multidisciplinary approach for investigating the dynamics and the timescales of the feeding system
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Arienzo, Ilenia, primary, De Lucia, Maddalena, additional, Mormone, Angela, additional, Nave, Rosella, additional, Marfè, Barbara, additional, Cariddi, Bruna, additional, Pelullo, Carlo, additional, Sparice, Domenico, additional, Vertechi, Enrico, additional, Di Vito, Mauro, additional, de Vita, Sandro, additional, Carandente, Antonio, additional, Nazzari, Manuela, additional, Forlenza, Giovanna, additional, Montagna, Chiara, additional, D'Oriano, Claudia, additional, Colucci, Simone, additional, Petrosino, Paola, additional, Di Renzo, Valeria, additional, Morgavi, Daniele, additional, D'Antonio, Massimo, additional, Petrelli, Maurizio, additional, Arzilli, Fabio, additional, Balcone-Boissard, Hélène, additional, Chakraborty, Sumit, additional, Cecere, Domenico, additional, Monaco, Annachiara, additional, Varriale, Gennaro, additional, Cioni, Raffaello, additional, Moretti, Roberto, additional, and Doronzo, Domenico, additional
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- 2023
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9. The A.D. 79 eruption of Mt. Vesuvius: timescales and dynamics of magmatic processes
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Romano, Pierangelo, primary, Pelullo, Carlo, additional, Arienzo, Ilenia, additional, Doronzo, Domenico, additional, Sparice, Domenico, additional, Rizzo, Andrea Luca, additional, and Di Vito, Mauro, additional
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- 2023
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10. The ground layer of the Campanian Ignimbrite: an example of deposition from a dilute pyroclastic density current
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Scarpati, Claudio, Sparice, Domenico, and Perrotta, Annamaria
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- 2015
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11. Plinian eruptions and their impact on human settlements: stratigraphy of the 79 AD Vesuvius fall deposits and detailed study of their downwind and substrate-induced variations inside the archaeological excavations of Pompeii and Stabiae (southern Italy)
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Chiominto, Giulia, primary, Scarpati, Claudio, additional, Perrotta, Annamaria, additional, Sparice, Domenico, additional, Fedele, Lorenzo, additional, Santangelo, Ileana, additional, Amoretti, Valeria, additional, Muscolino, Francesco, additional, Rescigno, Carlo, additional, Silani, Michele, additional, and Osanna, Massimo, additional
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- 2021
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12. The AD 79 Vesuvius eruption: stratigraphy, lithofacies variations and impact of the pyroclastic current deposits within the archaeological sites of Pompeii and Stabiae (southern Italy)
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Santangelo, Ileana, primary, Scarpati, Claudio, additional, Perrotta, Annamaria, additional, Sparice, Domenico, additional, Fedele, Lorenzo, additional, Chiominto, Giulia, additional, Amoretti, Valeria, additional, Muscolino, Francesco, additional, Rescigno, Carlo, additional, Silani, Michele, additional, and Osanna, Massimo, additional
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- 2021
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13. The pre-Campi Flegrei caldera (>40 ka) explosive volcanic record in the Neapolitan Volcanic Area: New insights from a scientific drilling north of Naples, southern Italy.
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Sparice, Domenico, Pelullo, Carlo, de Vita, Sandro, Arienzo, Ilenia, Petrosino, Paola, Mormone, Angela, Di Vincenzo, Gianfranco, Marfè, Barbara, Cariddi, Bruna, De Lucia, Maddalena, Vertechi, Enrico, D'Oriano, Claudia, Del Carlo, Paola, Di Roberto, Alessio, Giaccio, Biagio, Zanchetta, Giovanni, and Di Vito, Mauro Antonio
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X-ray powder diffraction , *GEOLOGICAL surveys , *CALDERAS , *IGNIMBRITE , *VOLCANISM - Abstract
The oldest volcanism documented in near-vent sections around the Campi Flegrei (CF, southern Italy) caldera does not exceed ∼78 ka, even though the mid- to ultra-distal tephrostratigraphic record would suggest that activity in this area started well before that. Reconstructing the activity preceding the large caldera-forming Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption of ∼40 ka, via surface geological surveys in proximal areas, is challenging because of the poor accessibility and paucity of sections recording the older chronostratigraphic interval. In order to fill the gap in knowledge of the activity preceding the CI eruption, a 113.2 m deep scientific drillhole was emplaced in the Ponti Rossi area, in the northern part of the city of Naples. The Ponti Rossi area was selected as representative of the stratigraphic setting prior to the CF caldera formation because it is close, although external, to any proposed caldera rim or downthrown area. The cored succession, consisting of pyroclastic deposits separated by paleosols, reworked humified deposits or subaerial erosional surfaces, has been logged and sampled for sedimentological, mineralogical, and geochronological analyses. Thirty-one Pyroclastic Units (PU) were identified. Based on the structural/textural features of the recovered sediments, the first relevant result is the possible absence of the CI, while the deposits of the ∼15 ka Neapolitan Yellow Tuff eruption, the second largest caldera-forming event of CF, represent the shallowest sediments. 40Ar/39Ar age determinations on alkali feldspars, extracted from juvenile fragments collected at 45.8–45.9 (PU-29) and 99.5–99.6 (PU-1) metres of depth, yielded ages of 59.03±0.50 ka and 110.00±0.35 ka, respectively. The age obtained for the deepest cored unit, having sedimentological characteristics compatible with proximal deposition, represents the oldest age obtained for a pyroclastic deposit in the sequences near the CF caldera boundaries and extends by 30 ky the explosive history of this area. Furthermore, based on 40Ar/39Ar age constraints, at least 29 eruptions, spanning the ∼59–110 ka interval, can be added to the volcanic history of the Neapolitan Volcanic Area. These eruptions can be largely attributed to the CF area, prior to the CI caldera formation, and testify to hitherto unknown, intense explosive activity. • A 113.2 m deep scientific drilling was performed in the northern part of Naples. • At least 29 eruptions preceding the ∼40 ka Campanian Ignimbrite were recognised. • An 40Ar/39Ar age of 110.00±0.35 ka was obtained for the deepest cored unit. • 110 ka is the oldest ever age for a deposit along the Campi Flegrei caldera rim. • The new age extends back in time the pre-CI activity by at least 30 ka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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14. Napoli: una città vulcanica
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SCARPATI, CLAUDIO, PERROTTA, ANNAMARIA, SPARICE, DOMENICO, CALCATERRA, DOMENICO, CAPPELLETTI, PIERGIULIO, MORRA, VINCENZO, TUFANO, LUCIO, Scarpati, Claudio, Perrotta, Annamaria, Sparice, Domenico, Calcaterra, Domenico, Cappelletti, Piergiulio, Morra, Vincenzo, and Tufano, Lucio
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- 2016
15. New insights on lithofacies architecture, sedimentological characteristics and volcanological evolution of pre-caldera (> 22 ka), multi-phase, scoria- and spatter-cones at Somma-Vesuvius
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Sparice, Domenico, primary, Scarpati, Claudio, additional, Perrotta, Annamaria, additional, Mazzeo, Fabio Carmine, additional, Calvert, Andrew T., additional, and Lanphere, Marvin A., additional
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- 2017
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16. Definizione delle litofacies e ricostruzione dell'architettura dell'Ignimbrite Campana
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Sparice, Domenico
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L'eruzione dell'Ignimbrite Campana, avvenuta 39mila anni fa nei Campi Flegrei, ha prodotto due principali fasi eruttive, il cui impatto ha notevolmente influenzato l'ambiente dal punto di vista climatico e antropologico. Durante la prima fase dell'eruzione si è sviluppata una colonna sostenuta di tipo pliniano da cui sono ricaduti lapilli pomicei ad est del centro eruttivo; durante la seconda fase dell'eruzione una corrente piroclastica ha invaso l'intera regione campana, sedimentando un deposito di tipo ignimbritico su un'area vasta migliaia di chilometri quadrati. Molteplici studi sono stati dedicati alla ricostruzione di modelli petrologici riguardanti l'origine e la differenziazione del magma prima dell'eruzione, ma scarsa attenzione è stata data ai caratteri sedimentologici dei depositi poiché prevalentemente saldati. Inoltre, una forte disputa si è protratta nei decenni riguardo l'età dell'eruzione, l'ubicazione dell'area sorgente (Campi Flegrei, Piana Campana, etc.), il tipo di eruzione (da una bocca centrale o fissurale), la presenza o meno di una fase a colonna eruttiva sostenuta con la formazione di un deposito pliniano da caduta e la correlazione tra depositi da corrente piroclastica prossimali (Breccia Museo) e medio-distali. Il principale scopo di questa tesi è quello di ricostruire i processi di trasporto e deposizione che agivano durante la fase da corrente piroclastica dell'eruzione attraverso la ricostruzione dell'architettura dei depositi ignimbritici. L'architettura è stata definita attraverso l'individuazione delle litofacies presenti nel deposito e della loro distribuzione e sulla base dei dati granulometrici e dei componenti. Lo studio è stato, nella prima fase, effettuato attraverso un estensivo e dettagliato rilevamento di campo dei depositi medio-distali da corrente piroclastica in un'ampia area che comprende tutte le province campane ed in particolare lungo i rilievi che bordano la Piana Campana fino al vulcano Roccamonfina a Nord, la Piana del Sele a Sud e il fiume Calore ad Est. Sono state studiate 44 sezioni poste a distanze comprese tra i 30 e gli 80 km dal centro eruttivo. Lo studio stratigrafico e delle litofacies è stato effettuato in accordo con le unità stratigrafiche descritte da Scarpati e Perrotta (2012). L'unità basale è formata da un deposito cineritico incoerente e stratificato (USAF = Unconsolited Stratified Ash Flow), contenente lapilli pomicei arrotondati. Il colore passa, dalla base al tetto, da bianco a rossastro. Un livello ricco in litici e cristalli, depleto in fini, è localmente presente alla base dell'unità. L'unità soprastante (WGI = Welded Gray Ignimbrite) è formata da un deposito cineritico grigio saldato, spesso da molti metri a decine di metri, con pessimo sorting, contenente clasti (da lapilli a blocchi) scoriacei, a gradazione inversa, e subordinati litici e cristalli immersi nella matrice cineritica. In alcuni casi, è possibile osservare strutture da degassazione e abbondanti fessurazioni colonnari. La parte basale, per uno spessore di alcune decine di centimetri, è interamente composta da pomici immerse nella matrice cineritica. Il grado di saldatura è basso alla base ed incrementa verso la parte mediana del deposito. L'unità appare massiva, senza superfici erosionali interne. Questa unità rappresenta la maggior parte dello spessore (e quindi del volume) dell'IC. L'unità WGI grada in un deposito cineritico giallo, litificato per zeolitizzazione (LYT = Lithified Yellow Tuff), contenete juvenili (scorie prossimalmente, pomici distalmente) arrotondati, con dimensioni variabili da lapilli a blocchi. La sequenza è chiusa al top un'unità incoerente formata da pomici grossolane arrotondate, a gradazione inversa, immerse in una matrice cineritica (CPF = CoarsePumice Flow). Le unità USAF e WGI sono ubiquitarie mentre LYT e CPF sono localizzate in determinati settori della Piana Campana. Lo studio di dettaglio ha permesso di identificare 7 litofacies, e loro diverse associazioni verticali e laterali (queste ultime principalmente a scala regionale), caratterizzate da diversa struttura del deposito, prevalentemente nelle unità USAF e WGI. Le facies litologiche distinte sono: Fines-poor lithic lapilli tuff (f-poor lLT), stratified tuff (sT), diffuse stratified tuff (dsT), massive tuff (mT), massive lapilli tuff (mLT), pumice lapilli tuff (pLT), lenses of pumice lapilli (lenspL). Oltre a queste litofacies, l'analisi di campo ha reso possibile distinguere, esclusivamente nell'unità WGI, due diverse facies differenziate per la presenza di juvenili di diversa natura. Tali facies mostrano una distribuzione areale ben definita, governata dalla distanza dal centro eruttivo. È stata identificata una facies a scorie, formata interamente da juvenili scoriacei immersi nella matrice cineritica, la cui distribuzione è confinata dai rilievi nelle aree intermedie (fino a circa 45 km dal centro eruttivo e 1000 m di quota) e una facies a pomici. Quest'ultima è presente sia nelle aree intermedie, come un sottile livello basale (facies a pomici basale) che grada superiormente nella facies a scorie, che nelle aree distali dove le pomici costituiscono l'unico juvenile presente in tutto lo spessore di WGI (facies a pomici distale). Durante il rilevamento sono stati prelevati 155 campioni per le analisi sedimentologiche nelle facies incoerenti del deposito ignimbritico (USAF, CPF e WGI laddove il grado si saldatura è abbastanza basso da permettere la disgregazione del campione). Su tutti i campioni sono state eseguite analisi granulometriche e dei componenti, mentre alcuni campioni sono stati selezionati per misure di densità/vescicolazione dei clasti e per stimare il fattore di arricchimento in cristalli dell'ignimbrite. Oltre a campioni per le analisi sedimentologiche, sono stati campionati clasti juvenili (pomici e scorie) per analisi chimiche tramite XRF (62 campioni sono stati prelevati per le analisi chimiche in tutte le unità dell'IC). Tali analisi non sono state usate per produrre un nuovo modello petrologico dei processi magmatici operanti durante l'eruzione ma per evidenziare l'evoluzione spaziale e temporale della corrente piroclastica, attraverso la ricostruzione della distribuzione di alcuni elementi (es. Zr) usati quali traccianti chimici. Inoltre, la composizione chimica, unitamente ai valori di densità/vescicolazione degli juvenili, ha permesso di definire i possibili meccanismi eruttivi che hanno agito durante la seconda fase dell'eruzione Le analisi granulometriche sono state effettuate tramite setacciatura meccanica a secco, tra -5 (32 mm) e 4Φ (0,063 mm), ad intervalli di 1Φ, e sedimentazione in acqua per discriminare la frazione fine tra 5 e 10Φ (0,001 mm) mentre le analisi dei componenti sono state effettuate nell'intervallo granulometrico da -5 a 3Φ (32 – 0,125 mm) al fine di evidenziare le variazioni verticali e laterali dell'abbondanza delle frazioni juvenili, litiche e cristalline presenti. La variazione dei dati sedimentologici è stata investigata in relazione alla distanza dal centro eruttivo, alla quota sul livello del mare e rispetto a determinati settori angolari (azimuth) intorno all'area sorgente. I settori angolari sono stati discriminato in base alla morfologia a scala regionale (zone prevalentemente montuose o pianeggianti) al fine di comprendere l'influenza degli ostacoli morfologici sul moto della corrente. I campioni dell'unità USAF si presentano da ben classati a poco classati, con valori di sorting variabili da 1,2 a 2,9. La mediana copre un ampio intervallo variando da 0,6 a 4,4 Φ. Anche i campioni dell'unità WGI appaiono da ben classati a poco classati sebbene mostrino, in generale, valori di sorting più elevati, variabili da 1,6 a 3,5. La mediana dei campioni di WGI, pur ricoprendo un ampio intervallo al pari di USAF, è spostata verso classi granulometriche più grossolane, variando da 0,3 a 3,4 Φ. I campioni dell'unità CPF sono da poco classati a molto poco classati e mediamente più grossolani rispetto ai campioni delle altre unità. Le variazioni rispetto alla distanza e alla quota s.l.m. non sono lineari. La distanza di 50 km dal centro eruttivo e la quota di 250-300 m s.l.m. sembrano essere dei limiti oltre i quali i campioni appaiono meglio classati (decresce il valore del sorting) e più fini (aumenta il valore della mediana). Tale variazione è meno evidente in USAF. La variazione dei dati in base all'articolazione del substrato regionale ha evidenziato che, in contesti pianeggianti o con morfologia poco articolata o con rilievi distanti dal centro eruttivo, WGI mostra granulometrie tendenzialmente più grossolane, dettate dalla capacità della corrente piroclastica di scorrere quasi indisturbata. In contesti morfologicamente molto articolati, i depositi sono mediamente più fini probabilmente per l'effetto di blocco e di disturbo sul moto della corrente esercitato dai rilievi. L'unità USAF, al contrario, sembra poco o nulla influenzata dalla morfologia mostrando, indipendentemente dal contesto, una grande variabilità. Per quanto concerne i componenti, nelle unità USAF e WGI esiste una netta prevalenza degli juvenili (pomici). Il contenuto medio di pomici in USAF è del 86 wt% mentre in WGI è del 79 wt%. Anche il contenuto medio di litici risulta essere molto simile, attestandosi sul 10 wt% in USAF e 12 wt% in WGI. La differenza sostanziale tra le due unità è data dal contenuto medio in cristalli che in WGI risulta essere più del doppio di USAF (4 wt% in USAF e 9wt% in WGI). L'unità CPF presenta delle abbondanze molto simili a quelle di WGI. Il contenuto medio di pomici, litici e cristalli in CPF è, rispettivamente, 80,6 wt%, 10,7 wt% e 8,7 wt%. Analogamente a quanto osservato per i dati granulometrici, in USAF e WGI la variazione delle abbondanze dei componenti con la distanza dal centro eruttivo e con l'altitudine mostra che 50 km di distanza e 300 m s.l.m. rappresentano limiti oltre i quali si osserva un decisa variazione (decremento) del contenuto in litici e cristalli. Tale differenza è particolarmente evidente in WGI, molto meno pronunciata in USAF. Anche la morfologia dei diversi settori angolari intorno al centro eruttivo ha diversamente influenzato la distribuzione dei componenti (principalmente litici e cristalli). Inoltre, in base alle abbondanze dei componenti è stata fatta una stima del volume occupato dai litici e dai cristalli nei depositi associati alla fase da corrente piroclastica dell'IC. Il volume totale di tephra della sola fase ignimbritica preso come riferimento è 54 km3 (Scarpati et al., 2014). Il volume dei litici, calcolato considerando un'abbondanza di 11wt% (valore medio tra USAF e WGI), è ~3 km3. La quantità di cristalli mostra una netta differenza tra le due unità pertanto le percentuali in peso medie di cristalli in USAF (4 wt%) e WGI (9 wt%) sono considerate, rispettivamente, come valori minimo e massimo per l'IC. Il volume dei cristalli varia tra 1 e 2,3 km3. Le analisi chimiche hanno evidenziato un costante decremento dello zirconio (Zr) con l'altezza stratigrafica compatibile con il costante svuotamento di porzioni sempre più profonde della camera magmatica. Tale variazione è stata utilizzata per individuare superfici deposizionali criptiche (evidenziate da isolinee di Zr) interpretate in termini dinamici per ricostruire la mobilità della corrente piroclastica. Le isolinee di Zr, costruite per tre altezze stratigrafiche di riferimento, rivelano una variazione nel tempo dell'area coperta (legata a fattori energetici o interazione con gli ostacoli morfologici a scala regionale) dalla corrente piroclastica durante l'eruzione. Le analisi hanno anche mostrato che gli juvenili scoriacei sono leggermente più differenziati di quelli pomicei. Questi risultati suggeriscono che la composizione chimica non è determinate nell'influenzare la tessitura degli juvenili eruttati. L'analisi di facies e sedimentologica consente ricostruire la dinamica della corrente piroclastica e di ipotizzare che l'IC sia il prodotto della continua sedimentazione (aggradazione progressiva di Branney e Kokelaar, 2002) dalla base di una corrente espansa, diluita e turbolenta, i cui parametri fisici variano principalmente nel tempo. La variazione verticale (sono state osservate cinque associazioni verticali) delle facies (principalmente in USAF e WGI) evidenzia che la corrente piroclastica che ha generato l'IC sia stata caratterizzata da un comportamento dinamico variabile, legato ad una generale instazionarietà (variazione nel tempo dei parametri fisici della corrente; Branney e Kokelaar, 2002) delle caratteristiche di velocità e concentrazione nel buondary layer (i.e. la base della corrente piroclastica, a contatto con il substrato o con il deposito in aggradazione, dalla quale avviene la sedimentazione) durante la continua sedimentazione. La transizione verticale da facies stratificate o diffusamente stratificate a massive, associate in alcuni casi a diverse gradazioni interne dei componenti, testimonia il passaggio nel buondary layer da condizione trattive legate a bassa concentrazione a condizioni in cui la trazione era completamente soppressa a causa dell'incremento della concentrazione. La trazione nel boundary layer è testimoniata anche dalla presenza, localmente, tra le lamine della facies stratificata di lenti deplete in fini formate da lapilli pomicei fini, sub-angolari, erosi dalla sottostante unità da caduta e ridepositati dopo un breve trasporto. Viceversa, la transizione verticale da facies massive a diffusamente stratificate (principalmente in WGI) è interpretata come il prodotto della continua diluizione della corrente a causa della ingestione di aria e perdita di carico solido con la sedimentazione. La persistenza laterale delle facies (sono state osservate solo due associazioni laterali) indica, invece, una relativa uniformità (costanza dei parametri fisici nello spazio; Branney e Kokelaar, 2002) della corrente piroclastica. I dati sedimentologici dell'unità USAF, ubiquitaria dal punto di vista della distribuzione, appaiono poco o nulla influenzati dalla distanza dal centro eruttivo, la quota s.l.m. o l'azimuth. Anche la variazione spaziale dello Zr è completamente indipendente dalla morfologia del substrato ed evidenzia una costante progradazione (avanzamento) del fronte della corrente. Questi caratteri sono compatibili con una corrente estremamente energetica, instazionaria, dominata dalla turbolenza, capace di sormontare ostacoli morfologici di notevole altezza ed estensione laterale senza subire importanti modificazioni della capacità di trasporto o sostegno dei clasti. Al contrario, durante l'aggradazione dell'unità WGI, la morfologia a scala regionale ha avuto una forte influenza sulla sedimentazione e di conseguenza sui caratteri sedimentologici. Dopo la deposizione della facies a pomici basale, che al pari di USAF non risente degli ostacoli morfologici, nel sistema dinamico della corrente entrano contemporaneamente juvenili aventi diversa densità/vescicolazione (pomici e scorie), a causa della variazione dei meccanismi eruttivi (la differente tessitura degli juvenili è ascritta alla variazione della velocità di ascesa relativa tra il magma e le bolle di gas al suo interno). Scorie e pomici andranno a formare due facies ben distinte per componenti e lateralmente contigue (facies a scorie confinata dai rilievi in aree intermedie e fino a 1000 m s.l.m. e facies a pomici distale presente solo oltre 50 km dal centro eruttivo) che rappresentano la maggior parte del volume di WGI. Il carattere diluito ed espanso della corrente (bassa concentrazione) consente ai processi di segregazione di essere particolarmente efficienti, separando i clasti in base alla densità. Le scorie (juvenili più densi) non riescono ad essere sostenute nella corrente con la stessa efficienza delle pomici molto meno dense. Di conseguenza le scorie si distribuiscono prevalentemente nella parte bassa della corrente (
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- 2015
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17. Comparative proximal features of the main Plinian deposits (Campanian Ignimbrite and Pomici di Base) of Campi Flegrei and Vesuvius
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Scarpati, Claudio, primary, Sparice, Domenico, additional, and Perrotta, Annamaria, additional
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- 2016
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18. New proximal tephras at Somma-Vesuvius: evidences of a pre-caldera, large (?) explosive eruption.
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Sparice, Domenico, Scarpati, Claudio, Mazzeo, Fabio Carmine, Petrosino, Paola, Arienzo, Ilenia, Gisbert, Guillem, and Petrelli, Maurizio
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VOLCANIC eruptions , *VOLCANIC ash, tuff, etc. , *STRATIGRAPHIC geology , *DENSITY currents , *GRAIN size - Abstract
A ~ 5 m thick pyroclastic and volcaniclastic sequence, never reported before, comprising a pumice fall deposit has been recognized in a disused quarry near Pollena Trocchia, on the NW slope of Somma-Vesuvius. It is composed of three stratigraphic units: a pumice fall deposit that underlies a pyroclastic density current deposit; they are overlain by a volcaniclastic unit emplaced during a quiescent period of the volcano. The pyroclastic deposits are separated by a horizon of reworked material indicating the emplacement from two distinct eruptive events. The pumice fall deposit has been subject of a detailed investigation. It consists of an ash bed overlaid by a roughly stratified pumice fall layer. The presence of ballistic clasts indicates the proximal nature of this deposit and its stratigraphic position below the Pomici di Base (22 ka) Plinian deposit allows constraining its age to the pre-caldera period (22–39 ky) of activity of Somma-Vesuvius. Samples have been collected in order to perform sedimentological (grain size and componentry), geochemical and isotopic analyses. Samples range from moderately to poorly sorted and show a trachytic composition. The comparison with literature data of compatible deposits vented from Somma-Vesuvius (Schiava, Taurano and Codola eruptions as well as borehole data) allows excluding any correlation with already known Vesuvian products suggesting that the analysed products are ascribable to a new, pre-caldera, explosive eruption. We name this new event “Carcavone eruption”. Based on thickness, maximum lithic clasts and orientation of impact sags, showing a provenance from SE, we envisage the emplacement from a Plinian style eruption vented in the northern sector of the current caldera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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19. Volcanism in the city of Naples
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Scarpati, Claudio, primary, Perrotta, Annamaria, primary, and Sparice, Domenico, primary
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- 2015
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20. Facies variation in the Campanian Ignimbrite
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Scarpati, Claudio, primary, Sparice, Domenico, primary, and Perrotta, Annamaria, primary
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- 2015
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21. A crystal concentration method for calculating ignimbrite volume from distal ash-fall deposits and a reappraisal of the magnitude of the Campanian Ignimbrite
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Scarpati, Claudio, primary, Sparice, Domenico, additional, and Perrotta, Annamaria, additional
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- 2014
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22. Le più grandi eruzioni esplosive dei Campi Flegrei
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Claudio Scarpati, Annamaria Perrotta, Domenico Sparice, Lorenzo Fedele, Scarpati, Claudio, Perrotta, Annamaria, Sparice, Domenico, and Fedele, Lorenzo
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- 2021
23. Stratigrafia dei depositi vulcanici affioranti nel Suburbio occidentale
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Claudio Scarpati, Annamaria Perrotta, Domenico Sparice, Giovanna Greco, Massimo Osanna, Renata Picone, Scarpati, Claudio, Perrotta, Annamaria, and Sparice, Domenico
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Pompei, stratigrafia, insula occidentalis - Abstract
The excavations that have been carried out for over two centuries in the Pompeii area have removed much of the volcanic ash that had buried it following the Vesuvian eruption of 79 AD. Within the scope of this project it has been possible to reconstruct the pyroclastic sequence that emerged discordantly on the terraced buildings that follow the western slope of the Pompeii area. Wall bricks are embedded in the volcanic deposits and testify to the impact of the eruption on the Pompeian houses.
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- 2020
24. Facies Variations Controlled by Urban Structures: the Example of the AD 79 Pyroclastic Deposits at Pompeii
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CLAUDIO SCARPATI, Annamaria Perrotta, Andrea Montanaro, Domenico Sparice, Scarpati C., Perrotta A., Montanaro A., Sparice D., Scarpati, Claudio, Perrotta, Annamaria, Montanaro, Andrea, and Sparice, Domenico
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A huge excavation project is in progress at Pompeii since the last year, it will lead to the exhibition of an excavation front of 2.5 km. In this first year of daily excavations we have observed several complete stratigraphic sequences within the town of Pompeii, recorded the exact stratigraphic positions of new victims and investigated the damages suffered by the Roman buildings. The new stratigraphic survey of the pyroclastic deposits blanketing Pompeii ruins shows significant departures from the late reconstruction of the events that occurred, inside the town, during the two main phases (pumice fallout and pyroclastic density currents) of the AD 79 Vesuvius eruption. A systematic survey of all the (ephemerally) exposed pyroclastic sequences allowed us to study in detail the distribution and lateral facies variations of the different stratigraphic units. The basal lapilli fall deposit shows a remarkable thickness variation ranging from 0 to 4.5 metres. Pronounced lateral variations are observed in the upper stratified ash deposit, emplaced by several successive pyroclastic density currents. We investigated the main ‘killing’ horizon where hundreds of victims were found. This massive to stratified unit is strongly controlled by the local urban structures. The coarse, massive and pumice-rich lower part is valley ponding; while the finer, stratified upper part drapes the buildings showing well developed progressive dunes. The presence of wall fragments, of more than 300 kg, in the middle part of this unit confirms that the associated pyroclastic current was the most devastating event during the 79 AD eruption at Pompeii.
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- 2019
25. A time-distance reconstruction of the Campanian Ignimbrite pyroclastic current based on lithofacies architecture
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Claudio Scarpati, Domenico Sparice, Annamaria Perrotta, AAVV, Rosa Anna Corsaro, Maria Giulia Di Giuseppe, Roberto Isaia, Angela Mormone, Rosella Nave, Scarpati, Claudio, Sparice, Domenico, and Perrotta, Annamaria
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S01.36 - Hazard assessment of pyroclastic density currents and lahars current capabilities and new strategies for comprehensive uncertainty quantification A time-distance reconstruction of the Campanian Ignimbrite pyroclastic current based on lithofacies architecture Claudio Scarpati, Domenico Sparice, Annamaria Perrotta Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse (DiSTAR), Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy Large ignimbrites are the product of high-temperature pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) spreading over huge regions. Understanding the behaviour of these volcanic events is critical to assess the hazard posed to millions of peoples living near volcanoes producing this type of activity. Here we present a detailed examination of the medial (from 30 to 80 km from the source area) ignimbrite sequence of the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (Campanian Ignimbrite s.s., CI), a caldera-forming Plinian event, occurred 39 ka ago, whose PDC spread over a huge area from Campi Flegrei (Italy). Ignimbrite deposits have a mass of 1.74*1014 kg and a tephra volume of 54 km3 (25 km3 DRE). We describe CI lithofacies and their vertical and lateral variations. The eruption started with a fluctuating Plinian phase that collapsed irreversibly spreading a pyroclastic density current over a rugged region. Vertical facies variations reflect a temporal evolution of depositional mechanisms, from traction- to granular- or fluid escape-dominated, that records unsteady conditions and contrast with persistent lateral facies reflecting an overall uniform spatial behaviour of the current. Our lithofacies investigation illustrates how the CI PDC evolved in time and space and the role of internal (eruptive and transport mechanisms) and external (topography, surficial water and rain) factors in governing its behaviour. Our study may have important implications for assessing the hazards related to the reactivation of the Campi Flegrei caldera with a large ignimbrite-forming Plinian event, like the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption, on the densely populated Campania region.
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- 2018
26. Pre-caldera lateral activity at Somma – Vesuvius
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Claudio Scarpati, Domenico Sparice, Annamaria Perrotta, AAVV, Rosa Anna Corsaro, Maria Giulia Di Giuseppe, Roberto Isaia, Angela Mormone, Rosella Nave, Scarpati, Claudio, Sparice, Domenico, and Perrotta, Annamaria
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S01.14 - Volcano geology and field observations aimed at validation of numerical models Pre-caldera lateral activity at Somma- Vesuvius Claudio Scarpati, Domenico Sparice, Annamaria Perrotta Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse (DiSTAR), Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy Five pre-caldera, scoria- and spatter-cones at Somma-Vesuvius were produced by alternative pulses of Strombolian and Hawaiian activity that emplaced scoria and welded spatter fall deposits, several meters thick. These vents cover a wide azimuth around the volcano. A persistent feature throughout the exposed stratigraphy of the studied parasitic cones is the abundance of coarse, juvenile material (97–100 wt%), a feature suggesting an overall magmatic style during these eruptive episodes. Most of the observed eruptive units show an alternation of unwelded scoria and welded spatter suggesting a repeated variation of the eruptive style. A dominant Strombolian style of fragmentation, with bubble coalescent and rhythmic outbursts, emplaced thick scoriaceous succession; episodically, lava fountaining activity ejected coarse clots of magma which fell near the vent producing spatter horizons. The fragmentary nature (spatter-fed) of lavalike facies strictly associated (transitional) to less welded to agglutinated facies, as well as the plastic deformation (flattening) of spatter fragments indicate the continuous fall deposition from Hawaiian firefountain episodes alternated with Strombolian phases emplacing loose scoria deposits. The remnants of two cones show a continuous sequence (no breaks) of pyroclastic beds emplaced as a result of a single coneforming eruptions. This allows us to define them “monogenetic”. Conversely, the presence of thick paleosols, reworked material, exotic tephras and deep erosional surfaces in the pyroclastic succession of the other three cones has to be regarded as clear, well developed and laterally traceable breaks in the pyroclastic sequence of these small parasitic volcanoes. In light of this, we define such edifices as the result of a polygenetic (multi-phase) evolution. These evidences indicate resumption of activity after a quite long, nonquantifiable period of quiescence. This behaviour should suggest more caution when considering the parasitic volcanoes that erupted in historical time, completely extinct. S01.14
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- 2018
27. Recent excavations at Pompeii: new findings and their volcanological implications
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Claudio Scarpati, Annamaria Perrotta, Andrea Montanaro, Domenico Sparice, Alberta Martellone, Arianna Spinosa, Massimo Osanna, AAVV, Rosa Anna Corsaro, Maria Giulia Di Giuseppe, Roberto Isaia, Angela Mormone, Rosella Nave, Scarpati, Claudio, Perrotta, Annamaria, Montanaro, Andrea, Sparice, Domenico, Martellone, Alberta, Spinosa, Arianna, and Osanna, Massimo
- Abstract
S03.06 - Volcanoes and Human History Recent excavations at Pompeii: new findings and their volcanological implications Claudio Scarpati1, Annamaria Perrotta1, Andrea Montanaro1, Domenico Sparice1, Alberta Martellone2, Arianna Spinosa2, Massimo Osanna2 1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Italy 2Parco Archeologico di Pompei, Italy Detailed descriptions of the effects of Plinian explosive eruptions on urban settlements are rare. For this reason, volcanologists spent considerable time studing the destruction of the roman towns around Vesuvius occurred during the 79 AD eruption. At Pompeii, during the eruption accumulated about three metres of pumice lapilli from the eruptive cloud and successively one to three metres of stratified ash aggraded from pyroclastic currents. Both phases caused hundreds of victims. All reconstructions followed the chronology of Pliny the Younger, who witnessed the eruption and wrote two famous epistulae to the historian Tacitus. In these letters the eruption is described as a continuous event that lasted about nineteen hours. New stratigraphic data collected during recent excavations in the Schola Armaturarum, a famous building located in the central part of the Pompeii archaeological site, seems to contradict the never discussed before continuity of the eruption. Inside this building a large quantity of debris from walls and roofs was found lying through the whole pyroclastic sequence. Roofing tiles were found in the lapilli fall deposits, while eastwest trending walls were partly demolished in the ashy deposit accumulated during the flowage of the pyroclastic currents. A relevant observation is the presence of an erosive surface, 55 cm depth and 320 cm wide, covered with a few cm thick lens of reworked material cut into the middle part of the pyroclastic succession. The finding of this structure suggests a time gap in the eruptive phenomena affecting the city of Pompeii; this pause could have pushed the inhabitants, recovered indoor during the fallout phase, to leave their homes trying to reach safer places.
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- 2018
28. Lateral facies variations in the 79 AD deposits at Pompeii
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MONTANARO, ANDREA, Claudio Scarpati, Annamaria Perrotta, Domenico Sparice, Alberta Martellone, Arianna Spinosa, Massimo Osanna, AAVV, Rosa Anna Corsaro, Maria Giulia Di Giuseppe, Roberto Isaia, Angela Mormone, Rosella Nave, Montanaro, Andrea, Scarpati, Claudio, Perrotta, Annamaria, Sparice, Domenico, Alberta, Martellone, Spinosa, Arianna, and Osanna, Massimo
- Abstract
S03.06 - Volcanoes and Human History Lateral facies variations in the 79 AD deposits at Pompeii Andrea Montanaro1, Claudio Scarpati1, Annamaria Perrotta1, Domenico Sparice1, Alberta Martellone2, Arianna Spinosa2, Massimo Osanna2 1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy 2Parco Archeologico di Pompei, Italy The 79 AD eruption destroyed Pompeii and buried the town under almost six metres of pyroclastic materials. Pompeii was excavated in the last 270 years and most of the volcanic material was removed without any geological descriptions. For this reason, most of the recent (last 30 years) illustrations of the tephra succession refer to outcrops located outside the town walls. Almost one-third of the Pompeii area is still unexcavated. The boundary between excavated and unexcavated areas cut throughout the town and a 2.5 km thick front looms over the unburied buildings. To secure the excavation front a re-profiling of this front with gentle slopes is in progress. Excavations in the Regio V exposed several new astonishingly well preserved stratigraphic successions of the 79 AD deposits. Most of these logs are ephemeral and last few days to allow archaeologists to exhume roman artefacts. A systematic survey of all exposed pyroclastic sequence allowed us to study in detail the distribution and lateral facies variations of the different 79 AD stratigraphic units. The basal lapilli fall deposit shows a remarkable thickness variation ranging from 2.7 m to 4.5 m. Local overthickening are observed where pumice lapilli rolled on sloping roofs and accumulated in the alleys around the buildings. Even more pronounced lateral variations are observed in the upper part of the sequence, a mainly pyroclastic density current (PDC), stratified ash deposit, that ranges in thickness from few tens of centimetres to two metres. In this case thin, massive ash layers can be traced laterally into thick, poorly sorted, ash and lapilli layers, with well-developed sedimentary structures. Lateral facies distribution of the PDC deposits within Pompeii are influenced by urban structures (e.g. height, direction).
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- 2018
29. Volcanism in the city of Naples
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Claudio Scarpati, Annamaria Perrotta, Domenico Sparice, Scarpati, Claudio, Annamaria, Perrotta, and Sparice, Domenico
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geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Geochemistry ,Pyroclastic rock ,Lava dome ,Geology ,Volcanism ,Ecological succession ,Urban sector ,Volcano ,Caldera ,Tephra ,Geomorphology - Abstract
A twenty years lasting geo-volcanological survey allowed us to reconstruct the eruptive history of the city of Naples which is part of the active Campi Flegrei (Phlegraean Fields) volcanic field. Naples hills are mainly modelled by volcanic and volcanotectonic processes, partly masked by historical floods that buried the lower part of the city as well as the main roman buildings. The ancient core of these hills is made by coalescent tuff cones and a lava dome older than 78 ka. Remnants of this ancient activity are draped by a thick succession of pyroclastic deposits comprising large, caldera-forming ignimbrites (Campanian Ignimbrite, 39 ka and Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, 15 ka), phlegraean tephra and monogenetic vents (e.g. Trentaremi and Nisida volcanoes). The western area of Naples collapsed during both the ignimbrite episodes. Caldera faults bound Camaldoli hill, San Martino hill, Capodimonte hill and Posillipo hill. Stratigraphical and geochronological data show that the volcanic activity in the city of Naples has lasted at least 78 ka and probably longer on the basis of the undated ancient tuffs at the base of the neapolitan succession. This persistent volcanic activity indicates that this urban sector of the Campi Flegrei volcanic field, could be considered as a likely eruption location for the next event.
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- 2015
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30. New constraints on the origin of the ophiolitic rocks within sinorogenic turbiditic sequences at Cilento region (southern Italy)
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Mazzeo, F.C., De Vita, P., Aulinas Juncà, Meritxell, Arienzo, I., Cirillo, G., Iovine, R.S., Sparice, D., Mazzeo, FABIO CARMINE, DE VITA, Pantaleone, Aulinas, M., Arienzo, I., Cirillo, G., Iovine, R. S., and Sparice, Domenico
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Southern Apennine ,Mount Centaurino ,Geology ,Southern apennine ,Cilento region ,Ophiolitic olistoliths ,MORB-type rocks ,Mount centaurino ,Ophiolitic olistolith ,MOR B-type rock ,Morb-type rocks - Abstract
Mafic igneous rocks (pillow lavas and gabbros) embedded as olistoliths within Miocene turbiditic sequences crop out in the Cilento area at the Mount Centaurino (Campania region, Southern Italy). The concentration of major oxides, as well as trace element ratios (Nb/Yb, Nb/Ta, Th/Nb) and the chondrite-normalized Rare Earth Elements (REE) patterns suggest a tholeiitic character with Mid Oceanic Ridge Basalts (MORB) affinity. The chemical composition of pillow lavas is consistent with magmas generated by 10% degrees of non-modal fractional partial melting, of a spinel-bearing MORB-type asthenospheric mantle. Regarding gabbros, the calculated composition of parental melts in equilibrium with the clinopyroxenes show a wide compositional range, and there are very different from the pillow basalts of the Mount Centaurino, suggesting that the clinopyroxenes might have derived from more evolved melts compared to those that produced the basalts. The origin of these olistoliths is not yet understood. Here we suggest that these rocks represent fragment of a dismantled accretionary wedge embedded during the deposition of the Cilento group sedimentary successions in a thrust top basin.
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- 2016
31. A chemostratigraphic study of the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (Campi Flegrei, Italy): insights on magma chamber withdrawal and deposit accumulation as revealed by compositionally zoned stratigraphic and facies framework
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Annamaria Perrotta, Claudio Scarpati, Domenico Sparice, Lorenzo Fedele, F. Laiena, Fedele, Lorenzo, Scarpati, Claudio, Sparice, Domenico, Perrotta, Annamaria, and Laiena, Fabio
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010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Geochemistry ,Pyroclastic rock ,Trachyte ,Magma chamber ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Caldera ,Geophysics ,Geochemical stratigraphy ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Pumice ,Facies ,Breccia ,Campanian Ignimbrite ,Accretion (geology) ,Campi Flegrei ,Geomorphology ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Petrochemical analyses of juvenile samples from twenty stratigraphic sections of the Campanian Ignimbrite medial deposits, located from 30 to 79 km from the vent, are presented here. Sampling has accurately followed a well-defined stratigraphic framework and the new component facies scheme. The Campanian Ignimbrite succession is formed by a basal plinian pumice fall deposit, overlain by a complex architecture of pyroclastic density current deposits emplaced from a single sustained pyroclastic density current through a mechanism of vertical and lateral accretion. The deposit is broadly zoned, from more evolved trachyte at its base to less evolved trachyte at its top, and is similarly less evolved with increasing distance from the area of emission. Irregular chemical trends are locally observed and interpreted to represent only a limited, “patchy” record of the entire vertical geochemical trend. The petrochemical variation observed horizontally was ascribed to changes in the flow dynamics and interaction between the advancing flow and the underlying topography. The results of this study were used to propose a unified volcanological-petrological model for the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption, taking into account the emplacement of both the proximal (i.e., the “Breccia Museo” formation) and medial deposits.
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- 2016
32. Facies variation in the Campanian Ignimbrite
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Annamaria Perrotta, Domenico Sparice, Claudio Scarpati, Scarpati, Claudio, Sparice, Domenico, and Annamaria, Perrotta
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Geology - Abstract
The Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (39 ka) is the most powerful caldera-forming event vented from Campi Flegrei. The pyroclastic density current (PDC) deposits associated to this plinian, high-magnitude event are mainly known as a widespread welded gray trachytic tuff containing inverse-graded scoria clasts. A new study of the lithological facies of the medial-distal CI PDC deposits has highlighted the occurrence of five different lithofacies: massive, stratified, sand-wave, inverse-graded, normal-graded. These lithofacies exhibit three main vertical association: stratified/sand-wave to massive, stratified to inverse/normal-graded, massive to inverse-graded. The facies associations reflect changing in style of deposition from the base of an ???unsteady??? pyroclastic density current.
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- 2015
33. A crystal concentration method for calculating ignimbrite volume from distal ash-fall deposits and a reappraisal of the magnitude of the Campanian Ignimbrite
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Claudio Scarpati, Domenico Sparice, Annamaria Perrotta, Scarpati, Claudio, Sparice, Domenico, and Annamaria, Perrotta
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Simple equation ,Compaction ,Mineralogy ,Magnitude (mathematics) ,Ash Fall ,Crystal ,Geophysics ,ignimbrite ,Volume (thermodynamics) ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Erosion ,Campanian Ignimbrite ,magnitude ,Petrology ,volume calculation ,Geology ,Volcanic ash - Abstract
Distribution of ignimbrites is controlled chiefly by preexisting topography forming thin veneer deposits on steep-slope relief and thicker, valley-ponding deposits in valley bottoms. The calculation of volumes of ignimbrites is difficult because of the nonlinear dependence of thickness with distance. Calculation using geometrical methods is reviewed and the uncertainty with each method is discussed. Based on the genetic relationship between vitric-enriched, co-ignimbrite air-fall ashes and crystal-enriched ignimbrites, a new method is proposed to calculate ignimbrite volume. A simple equation can be used if the volume of the associate and co-genetic distal ash fall and the ignimbrite vitric loss are known. This simple relation is unaffected by deposit geometry, paleotopography irregularities and post-depositional compaction and erosion. The proposed methodology is used to reassess the controversial volume estimates of the Campanian Ignimbrite (Campi Flegrei, southern Italy). The revised volume of the ignimbrite is 54 km3 (25 km3 DRE). The calculated magnitude of the collapsing phase (sum of the ignimbrite mass and co-ignimbrite ash mass) is 7.2.
- Published
- 2014
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