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Following the restoration of a P. oceanica meadow impacted by the Concordia shipwreck, we investigated the spatial dynamic of the most important and protected Mediterranean endemic seagrass over a two-year period applying three spatial metrics: number of patches, mean patch size and total cover. By means of underwater photomosaics, we noticed a diminution in the number of patches in favour of the mean size and total cover. The outcomes showed that, under suitable environmental conditions, P. oceanica colonizes rapidly the dead matte substrate.

Background The combined effects of biological variability and measurement-related errors on cancer sequencing data remain largely unexplored. However, the spatio-temporal simulation of multi-cellular systems provides a powerful instrument to address this issue. In particular, efficient algorithmic frameworks are needed to overcome the harsh trade-off between scalability and expressivity, so to allow one to simulate both realistic cancer evolution scenarios and the related sequencing experiments, which can then be used to benchmark downstream bioinformatics methods. Result We introduce a Julia package for SPAtial Cancer Evolution (J-SPACE), which allows one to model and simulate a broad set of experimental scenarios, phenomenological rules and sequencing settings.Specifically, J-SPACE simulates the spatial dynamics of cells as a continuous-time multi-type birth-death stochastic process on a arbitrary graph, employing different rules of interaction and an optimised Gillespie algorithm. The evolutionary dynamics of genomic alterations (single-nucleotide variants and indels) is simulated either under the Infinite Sites Assumption or several different substitution models, including one based on mutational signatures. After mimicking the spatial sampling of tumour cells, J-SPACE returns the related phylogenetic model, and allows one to generate synthetic reads from several Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) platforms, via the ART read simulator. The results are finally returned in standard FASTA, FASTQ, SAM, ALN and Newick file formats. Conclusion J-SPACE is designed to efficiently simulate the heterogeneous behaviour of a large number of cancer cells and produces a rich set of outputs. Our framework is useful to investigate the emergent spatial dynamics of cancer subpopulations, as well as to assess the impact of incomplete sampling and of experiment-specific errors. Importantly, the output of J-SPACE is designed to allow the performance assessment of downstream bioinformatics pipelines processing NGS data. J-SPACE is freely available at: https://github.com/BIMIB-DISCo/J-Space.jl.

The Antananarivo agglomeration lives daytime mostly from nocturnal activities closed to its sourcing from rural and periurban trade collectors, also by retailers coming from the other regions of Madagascar for stocking up into markets on major city all day long and travelling nightly. Those nocturnal activities use small and standard vehicles to carry products and actors changing nearby markets and roadway stations in meeting points of trade collectors and welcoming spaces. They insure minimum of surety for drivers and nocturnal travelers and allow development of other informal activities. This study seeks to analyze the functioning of those essential activities for agglomeration life, and show the importance of nights as real lungs of capital., Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, Series 14 Vol 1 No 2 (2018)

Coastal cities have been experiencing tremendous land use changes worldwide. Studies on the consequences of land use change in coastal cities have provided helpful information for spatial regulations and have attracted increased attention. Changes in forests and water bodies, however, have rarely been investigated, challenging the formation of a holistic pattern of land use change. In this study, we selected Ningbo, China, as a case study area and analyzed its land use change from 1990 to 2016. Random forest (RF) classification was employed to derive land use information from Landsat images. Transition matrices and a distribution index (DI) were applied to identify the major types of land use transitions and their spatial variations by site-specific attributes. The results showed that the entire time period could be divided into two stages, based on the manifestations of land use change in Ningbo: 1990&ndash, 2005 and 2005&ndash, 2016. During 1990&ndash, 2005, construction land expanded rapidly, mainly through the occupation of agricultural land and forest, while during 2005&ndash, 2016, the main change trajectory turned out to be a small net change in construction land and a net increase in agricultural land sourced from construction land, forests, and water bodies. In terms of land use change by site-specific attributes, the rapid expansion of construction land around the municipal city center during 1990&ndash, 2005 was restrained, and similar amounts of land conversion between construction and agricultural use occurred during 2005&ndash, 2016. During the study period, areas undergoing land use change also showed trends of moving outward from the municipal city center and the county centers located adjacent to roads and the coastline and of moving up to hilly areas with steeper slopes and higher elevations. Protecting reclaimed agricultural land, improving the efficiency of construction land, and controlling forest conversion in hilly areas are suggested as spatial regulations in Ningbo city.

We analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics of a simple model of macroeconomic geography in which demography and pollution dynamics mutually affect each other. Pollution, by reducing the carrying capacity of the natural environment – which determines the maximum amount of people a given location can effectively bear – crucially affects labor force dynamics which in turn alter the amount of resources available for abatement activities aiming to reduce pollution. Such mutual links determine the eventual sustainability of the development process in different locations and economies, and spatial interactions further complicate the picture. We show that neglecting the existence of mutual feedback between population and pollution leads to misleading conclusions about the eventual sustainability of a specific location. We also show that even neglecting the existence of spatial externalities can lead to misleading conclusions about the sustainability of different regions in the spatial economy. This suggests thus that both the nature of the population and pollution relationship and geographical factors may play a critical role in the process of sustainable development.

International audience; This article aims to explore the Tibetan Diaspora in India in one site. We will focus on Majnu Ka Tilla in New Delhi. This paper is based on an inquiry driven qualitative study. It will not give a total and exhaustive vision of the entire refugee population in Majnu Ka Tilla but will offer selected testimonies chosen for their high heuristic value to explore the connection between space and its social construction by the refugees highlighting the notion of “ethnic enclave” (Portes & Wilson, 1980) . The narratives collected are genderly oriented as we selected feminine narrations related to the representation of space. We will discuss the heuristic value of visual methodologies such as photography, auto-photography, photovoice and participant camera. Two documentaries were shot in 2008 and 2011 in the Tibetan Diaspora in India focusing on gender issues and the place of women inside the Tibetan community (Le Houérou, 2008, 014) .These non broadcasted and non-commercial movies with an ethnographic intention are available on line with a free access on Dailymotion(links http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xd94rf_les-sabots-roses-du-bouddha-webdoc_news and: http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2g236p). The two films are both exploring the singular position of women in the Tibetan Diaspora in India stressing on their economical activity for the first one and social marginality for the second one highlighting the notion of Tibetanness in exile in a specific location. How a location can shape a diasporic memory and collective identity?

International audience; Biofilms are dynamic habitats which constantly evolve in response to environmental fluctuations and thereby constitute remarkable survival strategies for microorganisms. The modulation of biofilm functional properties is largely governed by the active remodeling of their three-dimensional structure and involves an arsenal of microbial self-produced components and interconnected mechanisms. The production of matrix components, the spatial reorganization of ecological interactions, the generation of physiological heterogeneity, the regulation of motility, the production of actives enzymes are for instance some of the processes enabling such spatial organization plasticity. In this contribution, we discussed the foundations of architectural plasticity as an adaptive driver of biofilms through the review of the different microbial strategies involved. Moreover, the possibility to harness such characteristics to sculpt biofilm structure as an attractive approach to control their functional properties, whether beneficial or deleterious, is also discussed.

Considerando a necessidade por informações que visem a identificar e medir as relações espaciais dos fatores edáficos que limitam o desenvolvimento dos povoamentos de teca, neste trabalho, objetivou-se caracterizar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos pH, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, matéria orgânica e alumínio do solo e compará-las em dois períodos de avaliação, ao segundo e nono ano de idade, de um povoamento de teca no estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Foram alocadas 46 unidades amostrais e coletadas amostras de solo, a 0-0,2 m de profundidade, para a posterior modelagem geoestatística. Foram observadas alterações espaciais dos atributos químicos do solo entre as avaliações, o que permite recomendar adubações e correções de acidez do solo em regiões específicas da área florestada, visando ao estabelecimento dos indivíduos pós-plantio e o desenvolvimento daqueles conduzidos pós-desbastes. Considering the need for information aimed at identifying and measuring the spatial relationships of edaphic factors that limit the development of teak stands, the objective of this study was to characterize and compare the spatial variability of soil chemical attributes: pH, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, organic matter and aluminum at two and nine years old teak stand localized in State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Plots were allocated and soil samples were collected at 0-0.2 m depth for geostatistical modeling. Spatial changes of soil chemical attributes were detected and possible fertilization and corrections of soil acidity in specific regions of the stand for the establishment of trees and their development after thinning were recommend.

This study assessed the fish communities’ diversity and structure spatial dynamic in the Timiş River, in correlation with the biotope characteristics to establish management measures. The results are based on quantitative fish samples from 21 stations of the Timiş River, situated between its sources and the Romanian-Serbian border (241 km). The sampling campaign was conducted during 2011-2012. In the reference zone 32 fish species were identified, belonging to 27 genera and nine families. The fish associations present a high diversity along the entire Romanian sector of the Timiş River. The fish communities’ diversity distribution patterns reflect the biotope conditions diversity and the human impact factors presence and degree on the Timiş River sectors. The fish communities’ diversity assessment in correlation to biotope characteristics allows the establishment of priorities, objectives and measures for the sustainable management of the studied river biodiversity.

Peatlands cover 3 % of the continental surfaces but represent up to a third of the soil carbon stock. Peat accumulation results from the imbalance between primary production and decomposition due to the limitation of the prokaryote activity caused by the environmental conditions. Viral infection and lysis impact the diversity and the activity of the microbial communities and influence the carbon cycle. However, the functioning of the viral compartment had never been taken into account in peatlands. The aim of this thesis was to gain knowledge about the spatio-temporal dynamic of viral abundance and diversity in Sphagnum-dominated peatlands. Spatio-temporal analysis of viral and prokaryote abundance and of 12 metaviromes (viral diversity) in relation to the physico-chemical features in a temperate Sphagnum-dominated peatland in France revealed the high seasonal variability of the viral communities. This dynamic appeared mainly related to the environmental conditions shaped by the fluctuation of the water-table level. In the same peatland the taxonomic diversity of the present microorganisms (metagenomes) differed between the fen and the bog, but these communities present a similar functional diversity, which expression in selected in the same way in the two dynamic stages, in relation to depth-related environmental conditions. Viral abundance analyzed in 5 Sphagnum-dominated peatlands from Finland, Canada, France and subantarctic Amsterdam Isle presented a high geographical variability. Investigation of the diversity of the viral communities from the peat matrix and the pore-water in Finland and Canada emphasized the structuration of the viral communities by the site, then the dynamic stage, and finally depth. These results confirm the first hypotheses about the functioning of the viral compartment depending on environmental conditions and prokaryote activity. Effects of human-derived disturbances on viral ecology in peatlands were investigated based on this knowledge. While soil viral diversity was poorly documented at the start of this thesis, the collection of 31 metaviromes from Sphagnum-dominated peatlands produced for this project represents the second largest dataset representing the viral diversity from environmental samples., Les tourbières couvrent 3 % des surfaces continentales et jouent un rôle important dans le cycle du carbone en stockant le tiers du carbone des sols. L'accumulation de tourbe est liée au déséquilibre production primaire/décomposition du à une activité microbienne limitée par les conditions environnementales. L'infection et la lyse virale ont un impact sur la diversité et l'activité des communautés microbiennes, et influent sur le cycle du carbone. Cependant, le fonctionnement de ce compartiment viral n'avait jamais été pris en compte dans les études de fonctionnement des tourbières. Le but de ce travail de thèse était d'analyser et comprendre la dynamique spatiale et temporelle de l'abondance et de la diversité virale des tourbières à Sphagnum. L'analyse de l'abondance virale et procaryote et de 12 metaviromes en lien avec la physico-chimie d'une tourbière tempérée en France montre une forte variation saisonnière des communautés virales. Cette variation semble très liée aux conditions environnementales générées par la fluctuation de la nappe d'eau. Dans cette même tourbière, l'analyse de la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle des communautés de microorganismes présents (métagénomes) et métaboliquement actifs (métatranscriptomes) indique que la structure taxonomique est différente entre les des deux principaux stades, le fen et le bog, mais que ces communautés présentent une diversité fonctionnelle similaire, dont l'expression est liée aux changements des conditions environnementales avec la profondeur. L'abondance des particules virales étudiées dans 5 tourbières à Sphagnum réparties en Finlande, au Canada, en France, et sur l'île subantarctique d'Amsterdam varie fortement avec les sites. L'analyse de la diversité virale de la matrice et de l'eau de tourbe du Canada et de Finlande montre que la diversité virale est structurée par le site, puis le stade dynamique, puis la profondeur, avec un rôle important de la saturation en eau au niveau du site. Ces résultats valident le fonctionnement proposé du compartiment viral et de la communauté d'hôtes procaryotes. Ces connaissances ont été utilisées pour analyser le fonctionnement du compartiment microbien de tourbières à Sphagnum soumises à des perturbations d'origine anthropique. Les 31 métaviromes produits pour cette thèse constituent l'une des plus grandes bases de données sur la diversité virale des écosystèmes alors que la diversité virale des sols n'avait presque jamais été étudiée auparavant.

Historically, development in Brazilian Amazon was promoted by permits of deforestation and little territory control or supervision. However, due to the importance of this biome for biodiversity and ecosystem balance in a global perspective, Brazilian`s government has tighten deforestation control. Since 2004, political, institutional and market mechanisms have been implemented and annuals rates reduced from near 20,000 km² to 6,000 km² in 10 years. Despite several empirical agents behavior models in literature indicate for a spatial process of deforestation, all aspects of the spatial dynamic of deforestation has not been explored yet. In this context, this work studies the spatial pattern of deforestation in a cross-section and time perspective using exploratory spatial data analysis techniques. For these purposes, we used global and local analysis estimating Moran`s I statistic and Local Indicator of Spatial Association clusters maps. Data consisted in annual deforestation by municipality for Brazilian`s Legal Amazon, composed by 686 municipalities, within a 12 year period: from 2002 to 2013. Statistics were estimated for three variables: absolute deforestation and two indexes calculated annually by municipality. The first one represents the fraction of the total area deforested in each year and the second one is the cumulative sum of the first index. Considering the absolute deforestation analysis we clarify locations that most contribute for deforestation in a macro regional perspective. The purpose of the first index is to identify municipalities with most environmental degradation and the second index tries to capture a maximization behavior of land use agents. Global univariate results indicate the existence of high spatial correlation dependency. Moreover, despite the efficacy of the policy mechanisms adopted for controlling and reducing the level of deforestation in Legal Amazon, Moran`s I positive values show persistent spatial concentration of deforestation. This suggests that policy control mechanisms have achieved relative success to reduce the average deforestation but have not influenced its spatial dispersion. As expected, local analysis show clusters in Arch of Deforestation region, known for being the key region of deforestation. Furthermore, the low frequency of divergent neighbors, i. e., high-low and low-high clusters, supports the hypothesis of high spillover effects, as pointed out by high Moran`s I values. Comparing annual results show that municipalities with historically high relative deforestation rate presented reduction in forest area conversion, as their detachment in clusters ceased, although we cannot judge if by market, legal or political aspects. Also, we highlight the different implication of cross sectional and temporal analyses for policy selection. Municipalities that detaches in cross section should suffer control and legal action and detachment in temporal analysis indicates necessity of environmental recover and conservation actions.

Artisanal fisheries in Uruguay involve directly or indirectly more than 5000 people and constitute the main source of income in several coastal communities. However, and despite its economic and environmental importance, this activity is poorly documented. As such, this scarcity of information constrains the understanding and effective management of artisanal fisheries. This study aims to characterize different strategies of marine artisanal fisheries on the Uruguayan Atlantic coast and describe the spatial distribution of fishing effort. Based on a Principal Components Analysis we identified four fishing strategies targeting different species (mainly whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furniert, narrownose smooth-hound shark Mustelus spp., angel shark Squatina spp. and Brazilian codling Urophycis brasiliensis), exhibiting different seasonal patterns and fishing gear usage. Finally, the above outlined strategies showed differences in spatial utilization of the fishing area. Our results provide a spatially explicit framework for the management of Uruguayan marine artisanal fisheries.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-12T16:32:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013 In order to better understand the ecology of the different growth phases of the stone crab, Menippe nodifrons, and provide information for conservation of the natural stocks, this study describes the utilization of different biogenic substrates by this species in the intertidal zone. Sampling was carried out by hand at Ubatuba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Crabs were captured among rocks or in association with three different biogenic substrates: Phragmatopoma lapidosa, Sargassum cymosum and Schizoporella unicornis. In the laboratory, the substrates were sorted and scanned for specimens of M. nodifrons, which were separated and measured at their maximum carapace width (CW), and classified as juvenile or adult specimens. Sex ratio and size distribution of crabs were analyzed for each of the substrate types. A total of 686 specimens of M. nodifrons were obtained during the sampling, ranging in size between 2.4 and 82.5 mm CW. Different mean sizes were recorded in the different substrates (P < 0.05). The high prevalence of juveniles in the samples suggests that these microhabitats are fundamental for the juvenile development of M. nodifrons, as they provide refuge, protection and probably food for juveniles. Para comprender mejor la ecología de las diferentes fases de crecimiento de los cangrejos de piedra, Menippe nodifrons, y proporcionar información para la conservación de sus poblaciones naturales, se describe la utilización de los diferentes sustratos biogénicos, para esta especie en la zona intermareal. El muestreo se efectuó en Ubatuba, Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Los cangrejos fueron capturados entre las rocas o en asociación con tres diferentes sustratos biogénicos: Phragmatopoma lapidosa, Sargassum cymosum y Schizoporella unicornis. En el laboratorio, los sustratos se clasificaron y analizaron en busca de especímenes de M. nodifrons, que fueron separados y medidos en el ancho máximo del caparazón (CW), y se clasificaron como juveniles o adultos. La proporción de sexos y la distribución de tamaño de los cangrejos se analizó para cada uno de los tipos de sustrato. Se obtuvo un total de 686 ejemplares de M. nodifrons, que variaron entre 2,4 y 82,5 mm CW. Se registraron tamaños medios significativamente diferentes en los distintos sustratos (P < 0,05). El alto número de juveniles en las muestras sugiere que estos microhábitats son fundamentales para el desarrollo juvenil de M. nodifrons, ya que proporcionan refugio, protección y, probablemente, alimentación para estos juveniles. [Fransozo, Vivian] Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Brazil Bertini, Giovana] Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil Rodrigues-Alves, Douglas Fernandes; Barros-Alves, Samara de Paiva; Fransozo, Vivian; Bertini, Giovana; Cobo, Valter José] Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil Cobo, Valter José] Universidade de Taubaté, Brazil

Bajo la concepción de la Geografía como ciencia social se asume la Geohistoria como sustento para el análisis y la síntesis de la dinámica espacial en la Depresión del Lago de Valencia. La particularidad que le imprime el capital transnacional y nacional permite la selección de ella como ámbito de investigación con fines docentes. A través del tratamiento del capital industrial, de la inversión por parte del Estado venezolano, de la población, del uso del espacio, de la vialidad y de la posición geográfica se aproxima a la dinámica de la estructura espacial para el período 1971 – 1990 como espacio de reproducción y reexportación. La metodología desarrollada permitió construir una carta síntesis que expresa relaciones que se inscriben en el sistema económico dominante y se avienen con el impacto urbano – industrial que genera cambios y transformaciones a escala nacional. Under the conception of Geography, as a social science, it is assumed the Geohistory as a support for the analysis and synthesis of the spatial dynamic in the Valencia lake depression. The particularity that give the transnational and national capital to this area, allows its selection as topic for researching teaching. Throughout treatment of industrial capital, from the investment by the Venezuelan State, from population, from the use of the space, from routes and the geographical position approach to the dynamic of the spatial structure for the 1971-1990 periods, as an space for reproduction and exportation. The developed methodology allowed to build a synthesis map which expresses relationships that are insert within the dominant economic system and reconcile with the urbanindustrial impact that generate changes and transformations to national scale. 61-84 dlarosap@hotmail.com semestral