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Researchers have found that gentrification is less likely in Black neighborhoods than in White or Latinx neighborhoods, and that gentrification looks different in Black neighborhoods. For example, researchers have found that Black neighborhoods experience marginal gentrification—changes in the educational level but not the income of residents. This study uses Census and National Historical Geographic Information System (NHGIS) data to explore the relationship between gentrification and racial change in Washington, DC between 2000 and 2019. We measure gentrification using four distinct but related measures: change in home value, rent, average educational level, and household income. The results show a positive association between changes in the percentage of residents with college degrees and the percentage of White residents in neighborhoods that were majority Black in 2000. We also find a positive association between changes in the percentage of Latinx residents and the average rent. We do not find a significant relationship between racial change and changes in home value and average income. Our findings point to the importance of including race in models of gentrification as well as using different measures of gentrification to capture it more fully.

Carbon emission issues are becoming increasingly severe, and the carbon emissions in shrinking cities, primarily characterized by population loss, are often overlooked and insufficiently studied. This paper focuses on the carbon emissions from county-level administrative units in China's three northeastern provinces from 2001 to 2017. The study scientifically identified shrinking cities and measured the differences in carbon emission characteristics between growing and shrinking cities using the Theil index. Ultimately, the paper constructs a panel spatial econometric model to analyze the factors influencing them and explore their spatial effects. (1) The total carbon emissions in the Three Northeastern Provinces exhibited an inverted U-shaped trend, increasing from 734.21 million tons in 2001 to 1731.73 million tons in 2017, with the Mann–Kendall trend test showing a significant increase; spatially, this manifests as a significant positive spatial autocorrelation. (2) The region has 138 shrinking cities, accounting for over 50%; regarding carbon emission characteristics, the Theil index has consistently remained above 0.18, indicating significant differences between the carbon emissions of growing and shrinking cities. (3) The panel spatial econometric model results show that the influencing factors of carbon emissions in shrinking cities have unique directions, intensities, and spatial effects. In shrinking cities, aside from localized GDP effects and per-capita GDP acting as a suppressant, the population size has a pronounced inhibitory effect on local and surrounding carbon emissions. The analysis reveals significant differences in the carbon emission patterns and mechanisms between growing and shrinking cities; based on these results, the paper proposes differentiated carbon control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global agricultural production has risen substantially in recent decades and needs to rise further to meet the ever-growing food demand. While higher production can be directly attributed to agricultural expansion and intensification, the underlying factors behind the changes in cultivated areas and yields can be complicated and have not been well understood. China has dramatically increased its food production in past decades, especially during the initial approximately 30 years following the commencement of the rural reform in the late 1970s. The agricultural land use, including cropland areas, the composition of different crops and their spatial distributions, and crop yields have experienced substantial changes. In this research, we quantitatively analysed the changes in the harvested areas and yields of the four most widely cultivated crops in China (rice, wheat, maize, and soybean) at the county level from 1980 to 2011. We used spatial panel regressions to quantify the determinants of the observed changes in harvested area and yields for the major cultivation region of each of the four crops. Results showed that growth in population, gross domestic product, and urbanisation are positively associated with harvested areas. Higher usage of machinery and fertiliser inputs increased yields of the three cereal crops, while the harvested area of soybean decreased, particularly after China's accession to the WTO. Our findings reveal how domestic urbanisation and changes in consumption patterns, coupled with the rising globalisation of agricultural markets, shaped China's agricultural production and land use over the three decades. These insights shed light on the determinants of long-term agricultural dynamics and thus inform evidence-based decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Promoting the high-quality development (HQD) of undertakings for the aged is an important action to proactively respond to the rapid population aging in China. This study analyzes spatial differentiation and driving factors of the HQD of China’s undertakings for the aged. Methods Based on a quantitative indicator system consisting of old-age social security, elder care services, health care service and older adults’ social participation, the HQD levels of 31 Chinese provincial administrative regions during 2013–2019 are measured by using the entropy weight method. Spatial panel regression models are used to analyze the impact of population aging, economic development and digital technology on the HQD of undertakings for the aged. Results The comprehensive level of the HQD slightly increased from 0.212 to 2013 to 0.220 in 2019, and the overall level was low. The HQD of the eastern region was the highest (0.292), followed by the western region (0.215), and the central region was the lowest (0.151). The high-high cluster type was mainly distributed in the eastern region; the low-low cluster type was mainly distributed in the western and central regions. Economic development and digital technology have significant positive effects while population aging has significant negative effects on the HQD of undertakings for the aged. Conclusion There is a significantly spatial differentiation in the HQD of China’s undertakings for the aged. In order to promote the HQD of undertakings for the aged, it is necessary to identify development gaps through making HQD evaluation and to focus on the indicators that are critical in maintaining sustainable economic development and to develop digital technology in order to get rid of those gaps.

Carbon emission issues are becoming increasingly severe, and the carbon emissions in shrinking cities, primarily characterized by population loss, are often overlooked and insufficiently studied. This paper focuses on the carbon emissions from county-level administrative units in China’s three northeastern provinces from 2001 to 2017. The study scientifically identified shrinking cities and measured the differences in carbon emission characteristics between growing and shrinking cities using the Theil index. Ultimately, the paper constructs a panel spatial econometric model to analyze the factors influencing them and explore their spatial effects. (1) The total carbon emissions in the Three Northeastern Provinces exhibited an inverted U-shaped trend, increasing from 734.21 million tons in 2001 to 1731.73 million tons in 2017, with the Mann–Kendall trend test showing a significant increase; spatially, this manifests as a significant positive spatial autocorrelation. (2) The region has 138 shrinking cities, accounting for over 50%; regarding carbon emission characteristics, the Theil index has consistently remained above 0.18, indicating significant differences between the carbon emissions of growing and shrinking cities. (3) The panel spatial econometric model results show that the influencing factors of carbon emissions in shrinking cities have unique directions, intensities, and spatial effects. In shrinking cities, aside from localized GDP effects and per-capita GDP acting as a suppressant, the population size has a pronounced inhibitory effect on local and surrounding carbon emissions. The analysis reveals significant differences in the carbon emission patterns and mechanisms between growing and shrinking cities; based on these results, the paper proposes differentiated carbon control strategies.

The expansion of the European Union has intensified road traffic from, at least, two perspectives: it increased free mobility of people and goods, along with structural funds available for infrastructure improvement. Consequently, connections between regions/countries have improved, and a spatial diffusion effect is seen in the car transportation behaviour. We study the effect of Human Development Index (HDI) along with other important socio-economic, demographic and institutional factors on the motor insurance market in 31 European countries. Simultaneously, we evaluate if the crucial spatial diffusion effect is present on the European motor insurance market. Findings reveal that HDI, urbanization and car fleet positively impact the motor insurance market, while unemployment and population density exhibit an opposite effect. Overall, results are robust to a set of additional control factors, but sensitive relative to institutional factors and emerging and former communist countries group. Estimations confirm the assumption of spatial diffusion, while the assessment of the direct and indirect effects shows that most of the factors internally impact the dependent variable, and an international effect is at work for the HDI. Our findings may enhance the understanding of the European motor insurance market and provide some valuable insights from a policy perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Promoting the high-quality development (HQD) of undertakings for the aged is an important action to proactively respond to the rapid population aging in China. This study analyzes spatial differentiation and driving factors of the HQD of China's undertakings for the aged. Methods: Based on a quantitative indicator system consisting of old-age social security, elder care services, health care service and older adults' social participation, the HQD levels of 31 Chinese provincial administrative regions during 2013–2019 are measured by using the entropy weight method. Spatial panel regression models are used to analyze the impact of population aging, economic development and digital technology on the HQD of undertakings for the aged. Results: The comprehensive level of the HQD slightly increased from 0.212 to 2013 to 0.220 in 2019, and the overall level was low. The HQD of the eastern region was the highest (0.292), followed by the western region (0.215), and the central region was the lowest (0.151). The high-high cluster type was mainly distributed in the eastern region; the low-low cluster type was mainly distributed in the western and central regions. Economic development and digital technology have significant positive effects while population aging has significant negative effects on the HQD of undertakings for the aged. Conclusion: There is a significantly spatial differentiation in the HQD of China's undertakings for the aged. In order to promote the HQD of undertakings for the aged, it is necessary to identify development gaps through making HQD evaluation and to focus on the indicators that are critical in maintaining sustainable economic development and to develop digital technology in order to get rid of those gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: Taylor rule is a widely adopted approach to follow monetary policy and investigate various mechanisms related to or triggered by monetary policy. To date, no in-depth examination of scale, determinants and spillovers of state-level monetary policy stress, stemming from the Federal Reserve Board's (Fed's) policy has been performed. Purpose of the article: This paper aims to investigate the nature of monetary policy stress on US States delivered by the single monetary policy by using a quarterly dataset spanning the years between 1989 and 2017. Methods: We apply a wide array of time series and panel regressions, such as unit root tests, co-integration tests, co-integrating FMOLS and DOLS regressions, and Spatial Panel SAR and SEM models. Findings & value added: When average stress imposed on states is calculated, it is observed that the level of stress is moderate, but the distribution across states is asymmetric. The cross-state determinants behind the average stress show that states with a higher percentage of working-age and highly educated population, as well as those with higher population density and more export-oriented are negatively stressed (i.e. they experience excessively low interest rates), whereas higher unemployment rate contributes to a positive stress (too high interest rates). To the best of our knowledge, the contribution of this paper lies in estimating monetary policy stress at the state level and unveiling some of the determinants of this stress. Moreover, the paper makes the first attempt to empirically test spatial spillovers of the stress, which are indeed found significant and negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land finance is a special land financing mode in China under the nationalization of urban land since 1954. The policy authorizes local governments to collect fiscal revenue from land grant premiums and land taxes. As China is experiencing the social and economic transformation, heavily replying on land finance starts causing financial sustainable problems. Based on the spatial panel data of 30 provinces in China in the last two decades, we analyzed the spatial-temporal evolution of land finance. We found that the spatial variation of land finance declined during the period of study and decreased from east to west. The results revealed that land finance had significant positive spatial autocorrelation and robust spatial clustering characteristics. In addition, the spatial distribution of land finance was consistent with the population-based Hu Line. We also assessed land finance risks via a four-dimensional risk matrix through spatial panel regression (SPR). The spatial spillover effects suggested that there is inter-provincial imitation and collaboration but no competition. Our forecast indicates that most provinces will be at a relatively low risk level in the next decade except some southwest provinces. Based on the findings, we highlight the policy implications to mitigate risks and maintain sustainable land finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban green space can help to reduce PM2.5 concentration by absorption and deposition processes. However, few studies have focused on the historical influence of green space on PM2.5 at a fine grid scale. Taking the central city of Wuhan as an example, this study has analyzed the spatiotemporal trend and the relationship between green space and PM2.5 in the last two decades. The results have shown that: (1) PM2.5 concentration reached a maximum value (139 μg/m3) in 2010 and decreased thereafter. Moran's I index values of PM2.5 were in a downward trend, which indicates a sparser distribution; (2) from 2000 to 2019, the total area of green space decreased by 25.83%. The reduction in larger patches, increment in land cover diversity, and less connectivity led to fragmented spatial patterns of green space; and (3) the regression results showed that large patches of green space significantly correlated with PM2.5 concentration. The land use/cover diversity negatively correlated with the PM2.5 concentration in the ordinary linear regression. In conclusion, preserving large native natural habitats can be a supplemental measure to enlarge the air purification function of the green space. For cities in the process of PM2.5 reduction, enhancing the landscape patterns of green space provides a win-win solution to handle air pollution and raise human well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land finance is a special land financing mode in China under the nationalization of urban land since 1954. The policy authorizes local governments to collect fiscal revenue from land grant premiums and land taxes. As China is experiencing the social and economic transformation, heavily replying on land finance starts causing financial sustainable problems. Based on the spatial panel data of 30 provinces in China in the last two decades, we analyzed the spatial-temporal evolution of land finance. We found that the spatial variation of land finance declined during the period of study and decreased from east to west. The results revealed that land finance had significant positive spatial autocorrelation and robust spatial clustering characteristics. In addition, the spatial distribution of land finance was consistent with the population-based Hu Line. We also assessed land finance risks via a four-dimensional risk matrix through spatial panel regression (SPR). The spatial spillover effects suggested that there is inter-provincial imitation and collaboration but no competition. Our forecast indicates that most provinces will be at a relatively low risk level in the next decade except some southwest provinces. Based on the findings, we highlight the policy implications to mitigate risks and maintain sustainable land finance.

Urban green space can help to reduce PM2.5 concentration by absorption and deposition processes. However, few studies have focused on the historical influence of green space on PM2.5 at a fine grid scale. Taking the central city of Wuhan as an example, this study has analyzed the spatiotemporal trend and the relationship between green space and PM2.5 in the last two decades. The results have shown that: (1) PM2.5 concentration reached a maximum value (139 μg/m3) in 2010 and decreased thereafter. Moran’s I index values of PM2.5 were in a downward trend, which indicates a sparser distribution; (2) from 2000 to 2019, the total area of green space decreased by 25.83%. The reduction in larger patches, increment in land cover diversity, and less connectivity led to fragmented spatial patterns of green space; and (3) the regression results showed that large patches of green space significantly correlated with PM2.5 concentration. The land use/cover diversity negatively correlated with the PM2.5 concentration in the ordinary linear regression. In conclusion, preserving large native natural habitats can be a supplemental measure to enlarge the air purification function of the green space. For cities in the process of PM2.5 reduction, enhancing the landscape patterns of green space provides a win-win solution to handle air pollution and raise human well-being.

Changes in land management and climate alter vegetation dynamics, but the determinants of vegetation changes often remain elusive, especially in global drylands. Here we assess the determinants of grassland greenness on the Mongolian Plateau, one of the world's largest grassland biomes, which covers Mongolia and the province of Inner Mongolia in China. We use spatial panel regressions to quantify the impact of precipitation, temperature, radiation, and the intensity of livestock grazing on the normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) during the growing seasons from 1982 to 2015 at the county level. The results suggest that the Mongolian Plateau experienced vegetation greening from 1982 to 2015. Precipitation and animal density were the most influential factors contributing to higher NDVI on the grasslands of Inner Mongolia and Mongolia. Our results highlight the dominant effect of climate variability, and especially of the precipitation variability, on the grassland greenness in Mongolian drylands. The findings challenge the common belief that higher grazing pressure is the key driver for land degradation. The analysis exemplifies how representative wall‐to‐wall results for large areas can be attained from exploring space–time data and adds empirical insights to the puzzling relationship between grazing intensity and vegetation growth in dryland areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competition in hospital services has been fostered in an increasing number of OECD countries with the goal that hospitals improve quality and/or efficiency. With the same intention competition has been promoted in Germany when introducing a system of prospective payments based on diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) in 2003. Beyond its intended effects, however, the reform led to a substantial increase in hospital activity, particularly for orthopaedic surgery. To shed more light on these developments, this paper analyses the relationship between the rates of certain orthopaedic surgical procedures and hospital competition across and within each of Germany's 402 districts. We measured competition with the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) based on market shares for hip replacements, knee replacements and spine surgeries. Using spatial panel regression, which allows for spatial dependency and unobserved individual heterogeneity, we found that the rate of hip and knee replacements rose as market concentration increased. A potential explanation might be that hospitals specialize in these particular procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relying on the IMF Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey, which reports countries' bilateral investments in financial assets at end-2001 to end-2015, this article shows that a country's stock market growth is not only spatially correlated with those of nearby countries, but also positively associated with the magnitude of connectedness of the country's international investments in debt within a dynamic financial investment flow network. The positive relation arises because debts have become an increasingly important source of capital for developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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China produces a huge amount of CO 2 emissions that need to be reduced to comply with international commitments. Identifying the driving factors is critical for achieving mitigation targets and transiting toward a low-carbon economy in China. This study is one of the first few attempts to apply panel data and spatial econometrics models to analyze the spatial dependence of province-level CO 2 emission intensity and the economic drivers of such emissions. First, we conducted a systematical review of the development of spatial econometrics. Second, we generated a panel data set about energy and socioeconomic development of 30 provinces and municipalities in China from 2005 to 2012. Next, we chose the most appropriate model to explain the predominant factors of energy-related CO 2 emissions based on a series of tests of the spatial econometrics models. The results suggested that technology improvement, adjustment of industrial and energy structures, and environmentally friendly behaviors and patterns of consumption of habitants play an important role in CO 2 emissions mitigation. The results also revealed that CO 2 emissions had strong spatial spillover effects, which indicate that policies adopted in one province will affect policy-making in neighboring provinces, implying that provinces need take combined action to balance climate change mitigation and economic policy goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vast majority of the studies on house price dynamics focus on either structural/locational/demographic variables in a cross-sectional setting (i.e., hedonic price modeling) or on the impact of macroeconomic fundamentals in a time series framework. In this work, we argue that both approaches fall short of providing adequate information as cross-sectional analyses largely ignore the macro-dynamics, whereas time series approaches fail to incorporate the cross-sectional dimension. Current work combines both dimensions in a panel framework and provides, in this way, a methodological contribution as well as more informative analyses as it captures the impact of a wide array of variables. Thus, this study examines the housing prices in Izmir/Turkey by adopting the above-mentioned dimensions with both panel and spatial panel regressions. The study area consists of 212 neighborhoods located in different districts of Izmir. The period of analysis covers 30 months between 2017 and 2019. As an outcome of the empirical analyses, both structural/demographic, and macroeconomic variables were found evidently important. Hence, it is understood that all dimensions (structural/locational/demographic, macroeconomic) should be incorporated into comprehensive modeling. A high spatial dependence and positive spatial spillover effects were also detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper tests the consistency between the responsibility and the yardstick competition hypotheses. If no evidence is found that voters reelect mayors comparing their performance with those of neighboring jurisdictions, strategic interactions among municipalities cannot be properly interpreted as yardstick competition. We innovate on the literature by looking at different indicators of popularity and several specifications of inter-jurisdictional comparisons. The dataset includes all Italian municipalities for the entire period when mayors could set the property tax rate, e.g., 1995–2004, considering all interjurisdictional comparisons and relaxing the implicit hypothesis of cross section analysis that observed phenomena are on their steady state equilibrium. The estimates confirm the presence of electoral concerns of the incumbents and a significant spatial correlation of the tax rates, especially among neighboring nonterm limited mayors. Given these results, strategic interactions among Italian municipalities appear consistent with the predictions of yardstick competition theory. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Due to its rapid economic gains in recent decades, studies of China's regional development have recently attracted scholarly attentions. Multi-scalar and multi-mechanism are proposed as crucial approaches in China's regional studies. More advanced methodological development in GIS and spatial analysis also lends power to in-depth understanding of China's regional development. This study examines the development mechanisms from a spatial-temporal perspective in Greater Beijing Area (GBA), China. In particular, with panel data of GBA from 1995 to 2001 at county level, the study intends to apply a spatial panel regression analysis to study the well identified regional development mechanisms, namely, institutional factors, globalization and urbanization. Based on the panel data analysis, a tentative geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) is also proposed to explore the potentially varying relationships between economic development and its mechanisms from a space-time standpoint. Results from the analyses are quite interesting. First, when urbanization seems to hinder regional development in GBA with cross-sectional analysis, the spatial panel analysis indicates that urbanization contributes to GBA's development in the 7 years span. Second, per capita foreign investment, which was usually deemed one of the major factors of globalization and a financial engine for regional development in the reform China, turns out to be a negligible mechanism in GBA's development. Third, among all the development mechanisms, the government's financial capability seems to dominate the regional development in GBA. GTWR analysis further revealed potential non-stationary relationships among the modeled variables, indicating that the functions of regional development mechanisms are inherently heterogeneous both spatially and temporally in GBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the effect of public spending on crime at the local level and in the Eastern European region particularly in Estonia.