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Metacognition is regarded as a retrospective skill promoting learners' learning performance, deep thinking, and academic well-being. Stimulated Recall (SR) is regarded as a reliable approach to inspiring learners' metacognition in the classroom. However, the outbreak of COVID-19, causing widespread class suspension, may impair the effect of SR on cultivating distance learners' metacognition. The current study, employing multi-mode stimuli of learners' eye movements and feedforward, aimed to develop the effect of SR on activating learners' metacognition in remote settings. Forty-eight university graduates were recruited to participate in an eye-tracking experiment using digital dictionaries. Their feedforward and eye movements were collected as multi-mode stimuli. By reviewing the consistency and discrepancies between their feedforward and eye movements, participants were invited to conduct an SR interview, which stimulated them to retrospect on their prior cognitive behaviors. The results of the metacognition scale pre-post test showed that learners' metacognitive skills were significantly improved by the stimulated recall with multi-mode stimuli. The findings theoretically enrich the metacognition strategy in the Cognitive Theories of Multimedia Learning, and practically extend the implementation of stimulated recall in distance learning contexts.

Purpose: To describe the development and integration of an electronic health record‐driven, student dashboard that displays real‐time data relative to the students' patient management and clinic experiences at the University of Illinois Chicago, College of Dentistry. Materials and methods: Following development and implementation of the student dashboard, various objective metrics were evaluated to identify any improvements in the clinical patient management. A cross‐sectional retrospective chart review was completed of the electronic health record (axiUm, Exan, Coquitlam, BC, Canada) from January 2019 to April 2022 evaluating four performance metrics: student lockouts, note/code violations, overdue active patients, and overdue recall patients. Descriptive statistics were analyzed. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was applied to assess the normal distribution of data. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis tests for potential differences between pre‐dashboard and post‐dashboard implementation years with the mean overdue active/recall patient to student ratio variables. Mann–Whitney U‐tests for between‐groups comparisons with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons were performed (α = 0.05). Descriptive statistics were performed to analyze the student utilization frequency of the dashboard. Results: Post‐implementation analysis indicated a slight decrease in the number of lockouts and note/code violation; and a statistically significant decrease in overdue active patients post‐dashboard (P < 0.001). On average, students accessed their dashboards 3.3 times a week. Conclusions: Implementation of a student dashboard through the electronic health record platform within an academic dental practice has the potential to assist students with patient management and is utilized regularly by the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A note from Lynne Schrum, JRTE editor: At the 2010 National Technology Leadership Summit (NTLS), participants were introduced to and explored the educational opportunities that digital fabrication offers. Efforts to […]

Carbon-energy source starvation is a commonly encountered stress that can influence the epidemiology and virulence of Salmonella enterica serovars. Salmonella responds to C-starvation by eliciting the starvation-stress response (SSR), which allows for long-term C-starvation survival and cross-resistance to other stresses. The stiC locus was identified as a C-starvation-inducible, [[sigma].sup.s]-dependent locus required for a maximal SSR. We report here that the stiC locus is an operon composed of the yohC (putative transport protein) and pbpG (penicillin-binding protein-7/8) genes, yohC pbpG transcription is initiated from a [[sigma].sup.s]-dependent C-starvation-inducible promoter upstream of yohC. Another ([[sigma].sup.s]-independent) promoter, upstream of pbpG, drives lower constitutive pbpG transcription, primarily during exponential phase. C-starvation-inducible pbpG expression was required for development of the SSR in 5 h, but not 24 h, C-starved cells; yohC was dispensable for the SSR. Furthermore, the yohC pbpG operon is induced within MDCK epithelial cells, but was not essential for oral virulence in BALB/c mice. Thus, PBP 7 is required for physiological changes, occurring within the first few hours of C-starvation, essential for the development of the SSR. Lack of PBP 7, however, can be compensated for by further physiological changes developed in 24 h C-starved cells. This supports the dynamic overlapping and distinct nature of resistance pathways within the Salmonella SSR.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) elicits the starvation-stress response (SSR) due to starvation for an essential nutrient, e.g. a carbon/energy source (C-source). As part of the SSR, the alternative sigma factor [[sigma].sup.E] is activated and induced. The authors suspect that this activation is, in part, triggered by changes in the S. Typhimurium cell envelope occurring during the adaptation from growth to carbon/energy starvation (C-starvation), and resulting in an increased need for [[sigma].sup.E]-regulated factors involved in the proper folding and assembly of newly synthesized proteins destined for this extracytoplasmic compartment. This led to the hypothesis that a [[sigma].sup.E] activation signal might arise during C-source shifts that cause the induction of proteins localized to the extracytoplasmic compartment, i.e. the outer membrane or periplasm, of the cell. To test this hypothesis, cultures were grown in minimal medium containing enough glucose to reach mid-exponential-phase, plus a non-limiting amount of a secondary 'less-preferred' but utilizable carbon/energy source. The [[sigma].sup.E] activity was then monitored using plasmids carrying rpoEP1- and rpoEP2-lacZ transcriptional fusions, which exhibit [[sigma].sup.E]-independent and -dependent lacZ expression, respectively. The secondary C-sources maltose, succinate and citrate, which have extracytoplasmic components involved in their utilization (e.g. LamB), resulted in a discernible diauxic lag period and a sustained increase in 0-E activity. Growth transition from glucose to other utilizable phosphotransferase (PTS) and non-PTS C-sources, such as trehalose, mannose, mannitol, fructose, glycerol, D-galactose or L-arabinose, did not cause a discernible diauxic lag period or a sustained increase in [[sigma].sup.E] activity. Interestingly, a shift from glucose to melibiose, which does not use an extracytoplasmic-localized protein for uptake, did cause an observable diauxic lag period but did not result in a sustained increase in [[sigma].sup.E] activity. In addition, overexpression of LamB from an arabinose-inducible promoter leads to a significant increase in GE activity in the absence of a glucose to maltose shift or C-starvation. Furthermore, a [DELTA]lamb::[OMEGA]-[Km.sup.r] mutant, lacking the LamB maltoporin, exhibited an approximately twofold reduction in the sustained [[sigma].sup.E] activity observed during a glucose to maltose shift, again supporting the hypothesis. Interestingly, the LamB protein lacks the typical Y-X-F terminal tripeptide of the OmpC-like peptides that activate DegS protease activity leading to [[sigma].sup.E] activation. It does, however, possess a terminal pentapeptide (Q-M-E-I-W-W) that may function as a ligand for a putative class II PDZ-binding site. The authors therefore propose that the [[sigma].sup.E] regulon of S. Typhimurium not only is induced in response to deleterious environmental conditions, but also plays a role in the adaptation of cells to new growth conditions that necessitate changes in the extracytoplasmic compartment of the cell, which may involve alternative signal recognition and activation pathways that are independent of DegS.

Research indicates that carbon and energy starvation in salmonella Typhimurium triggers induction of rpoE regulon, which produces one or more sigma(sup)E regulon to restore maximal starvation-stress response. Data further suggest that carbon-starvation does not induce Cpx regulon and it is not involved in the long-term carbon-starvation survival.

Results show that several pathways can modulate Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium's ability to express hilA and its invasion. Data further indicate that integration of signals from several of these pathways may restrict gene expression leading to decreased invasion.

Research was conducted to identify the enzymes involved in the long-term-starvation survival of Salmonella typhimurium. Results indicate that nitrate reductase enzyme, regulated by narZYWV operon, plays a central role in the physiology of starved and stressed cells.

Salmonella typhimurium cells that are in stationary growth phase in LB medium (LB-stat) or are nutrient starved show a higher cross-resistance to the antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B (PmB) than cells in log phase. The loss of an active rpoS gene product has no affect on the resistance. The resistance involves phoP dependent and independent pathways that are active during early LB-stat and starvation. The phoP independent pathway persists longer than the phoP dependent pathway. P starvation induces a greater and more persistent PmB cross-resistance than C or N starvation.