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Purpose: To investigate the esthetic outcomes based on the color differences in zirconia (Zr) of varying thickness, resin cement color, and types of titanium (Ti) implant surface treatments. Materials and Methods: Overall, 28 high-translucency monolithic zirconia (HTMZ) specimens were arranged into four groups based on Zr thickness: 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mm (n = 7 per thickness). Each group was tested using two resin cement colors (clear and opaque) in combination with six surface-treated Ti groups (n = 7), including untreated titanium (UT), anodization (AN), 50-µm alumina airborne-particle abrasion followed by AN (SBAN), AN followed by 50-µm alumina airborne-particle abrasion (ANSB), 9.5% hydrofluoric acid followed by AN (HFAN), and AN followed by 9.5% hydrofluoric acid (ANHF). This created a total of 48 experimental groups, including the use of composite resin (n = 7, shade A2D) for four control groups. All specimens were measured using a spectrophotometer and subsequently compared with composite resin (control) with the corresponding Zr thickness to establish color differences. A color difference of < 2.7 was considered clinically acceptable. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc test (P = .05). Results: Zr thickness, resin cement color, and type of Ti implant surface treatment significantly affected the observed color differences (P < .05). When using 2.5-mm HTMZ with clear resin cement on AN, UT, SBAN, HFAN, and ANSB, the mean color differences were below the clinically acceptable values, and the 95% CIs of color differences were below the clinically acceptable values for AN, UT, and SBAN groups. Conclusions: HTMZ with a minimum thickness of 2.5 mm and clear resin cement on AN, UT, and SBAN groups potentially result in acceptable color matching with 95% CIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the translucency and contrast ratio of 13 different resin based restorative materials and to evaluate the effect of 2 different bleaching methods on the translucency and contrast ratio of these materials. Methods: In this study, a total of 260 samples were prepared, 20 from each of 13 different dimethacrylate-based restorative materials. Then, each material group was divided into 4 subgroups. While two different bleaching methods (home and office) were applied to two of these groups, the other two groups were created as separate control groups for each bleaching group. After the bleaching process, Translucency Parameters (TP) and Contrast Ratio (CR) were calculated with a spectrophotometer. The data obtained were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests (p < 0.05). Results: When the bleaching groups were compared in terms of the differences between the TP values ​​in general, it was seen that the TP values ​​decreased in all groups, but this decrease was least in Opalescence PF. In terms of materials, the greatest change in TP and CR values ​​was seen in composite materials, while the least change was seen in hybrid CAD/CAM materials. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the effect of bleaching agents on the translucency and contrast ratio of restorative materials depends on the material used and the bleaching method applied. Composite-based materials have been found to be more risky in terms of bleaching. For this reason, the clinician should take this into consideration, especially when performing office bleaching on teeth with restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different types of bleaching methods and repolishing on the whiteness index and staining susceptibility of additive and subtractive production resin-based materials and direct composite resins. Methods: In this study, a total of 96 samples (8*8*2m) were prepared using a nanohybrid composite resin (Neo SpectraTM-ST (NS)), a subtractive-manufactured nanoceramic resin (CerasmartTM270 (CS)), and an additive-manufactured permanent resin (Saremco print Crowntec (CT)). The samples were randomly divided into four treatment groups: control (distilled water, 14 days), in-office bleaching (Opalescence Boost-40% HP, 3*20min), at-home bleaching (Opalescence PF-16% CP, 6 h, 14 days), and toothpaste group (Opalescence Whitening, 2*5min, 14 days) (n:8). After each the bleaching procedure was completed, the samples were kept in coffee solution for 7 days. Following, all samples were repolished. The color of the samples was measured with a spectrophotometer at baseline (T0), after bleaching (T1), after staining in coffee (T2) and after repolishing (T3). The whiteness index change (∆WID, T1-T0), staining susceptibility (∆E1, T2-T1) and color change after repolishing (∆E2, T3-T1) of the samples were calculated in the CIE (Commission International De I'Eclairage) system. The data were analyzed by SPSS software One-Way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey, post-hoc Tamhane's-T2 and Paired-samples T test (α = 0.05). Results: The ∆WID of all tested materials was significantly different in the in-office bleaching group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Among the bleaching groups, the highest ∆WID was obtained in-office bleaching group of CT (2.91 ± 4.12). Staining susceptibility after bleaching (∆E1) was higher in the in-office and at-home bleaching groups compared to the control group in all tested materials. However, the difference between the treatment groups was statistically significant in NS and CS (p < 0.05). The highest ∆E1 was obtained in the in-office group of CT (7.36 ± 4.82). Color changes after repolishing (∆E2) of the tested materials were less in all groups compared to ∆E1. Conclusion: In-office and at-home bleaching can increase the whiteness index change and stain susceptibility of materials. Among the tested materials, the color stability of additive-manufactured CT was comparatively poorer. The repolishing was found to be beneficial in reducing staining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel low-cost portable spectrophotometers could be an alternative to traditional spectrophotometers and calibrated RGB cameras by offering lower prices and convenient measurements but retaining high colorimetric accuracy. This study evaluated the colorimetric accuracy of low-cost, portable spectrophotometers on the established color calibration target—RAL Design System Plus (RAL+). Four spectrophotometers with a listed price between USD 100–1200 (Nix Spectro 2, Spectro 1 Pro, ColorReader, and Pico) and a smartphone RGB camera were tested on a representative subset of 183 RAL+ colors. Key performance metrics included the devices' ability to match and measure RAL+ colors in the CIELAB color space using the color difference CIEDE2000 ΔE. The results showed that Nix Spectro 2 had the best performance, matching 99% of RAL+ colors with an estimated ΔE of 0.5–1.05. Spectro 1 Pro and ColorReader matched approximately 85% of colors with ΔE values between 1.07 and 1.39, while Pico and the Asus 8 smartphone matched 54–77% of colors, with ΔE of around 1.85. Our findings showed that low-cost, portable spectrophotometers offered excellent colorimetric measurements. They mostly outperformed existing RGB camera-based colorimetric systems, making them valuable tools in science and industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term, 21st century ground-based ozone measurements are crucial to study the recovery of stratospheric ozone as well as the trends of tropospheric ozone. This study is performed in the context of the LOTUS (Long-term Ozone Trends and Uncertainties in the Stratosphere) and TOAR-II (Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report, phase II) initiatives. Within LOTUS, we want to know why different trends have been observed by different ground-based measurements at Lauder. In TOAR-II, intercomparison studies among the different ground-based datasets are needed to evaluate their quality and relevance for trend studies. To achieve these goals, we perform an intercomparison study of total column ozone and its vertical distribution among the ground-based measurement instruments available at the Lauder station from 2000 to 2022, which are a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, a Dobson spectrophotometer, a UV2 (ultraviolet double monochromator), a microwave radiometer (MWR), ozonesondes, and a stratospheric lidar. Because only the latter two provide high-vertical-resolution profiles, the vertical ozone distribution is validated using partial columns, defined to provide independent information: one tropospheric column and three stratospheric columns. Because FTIR provides total columns and vertical information covering all partial columns as well as high temporal sampling, the intercomparisons (bias, scatter, and drift) are analyzed using FTIR as the reference. Very good agreement between the FTIR and Dobson (FTIR and UV2) total column ozone records is apparent in the high Pearson correlation of 0.97 (0.93), low biases of - 3 % (- 2 %), and 2 % (3 %) dispersions, which are within the respective systematic and random uncertainties. The small observed drifts 0.4 % (0.3 %) per decade are "non-significant" (or rather a low certainty in a 95 % confidence interval) and show good stability of the three ozone total column series at Lauder. In the troposphere we find a small bias of - 1.9 % with the ozonesondes but a larger one (+ 10.7 %) with Umkehr, which can be explained by the low degrees of freedom for signal (0.5) of Umkehr in the troposphere. However, no significant drift is found among the three instruments in the troposphere, which proves their relevance for trend studies within TOAR-II. The negative bias observed in total columns is confirmed by negative biases in all stratospheric columns for all instruments with respect to FTIR (between - 1.2 % and - 6.8 %). This, confirmed by the total column biases, points to a 2 %–3 % underestimation of the infrared spectroscopic line intensities. Nevertheless, the dispersion between FTIR and all techniques is typically within 5 % for the stratospheric partial columns, in close agreement with the given random uncertainty budgets. We observe no significant drift in the stratosphere between ozonesondes and FTIR for all partial columns, with ozonesonde trends being less negative than in LOTUS further referred to as the LOTUS22. The only significant drift in the lower-stratospheric columns is obtained between FTIR and Umkehr, as was already found in LOTUS22. Two significant positive drifts are observed in the middle stratosphere (2 % and 3 % per decade) with lidar and MWR, respectively, while two significant negative drifts are observed in the upper stratosphere (- 3 % and - 4 % per decade) with Umkehr and lidar, respectively. While remaining drifts are still present, our study explains roughly half of the differences in observed trends in LOTUS22 by the different sampling, vertical sensitivity, or time periods and gaps. In addition, the FTIR data in the present work have been improved since LOTUS22, reducing the differences in the upper-stratospheric and tropospheric trends. This shows the necessity for continuous review and improvement of the measurement and retrieval processes. This study also reflects the importance of super sites such as Lauder for cross-validating the long-term ozone measurements. Our study demonstrated that well-harmonized, optimized, well-characterized instruments that show very good agreement in terms of bias, dispersion, and correlation are capable of detecting trends that agree within their respective measurement uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, composite films were produced by incorporating different amounts (1, 3, 5, and 7%) of barium titanate nanoparticles into the thermoplastic polyurethane matrix using a solution casting method. This study examined the impact of the presence and concentration of a barium titanate additive on morphologic properties, mechanical performance, thermal stability, solar behavior, and wettability of produced film samples. The films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, ultraviolet-visible near-infrared spectrophotometer, water contact angle, and tensile strength measurements. In the present study, the mass loss of samples containing 7% barium titanate was 24% lower than that of the pure polyurethane reference. The increase of barium titanate rate added to polyurethane enhanced the solar reflectance property of the films, including the near-infrared region. As a prominent result, the transmittance value decreased significantly compared to the reference in the ultraviolet region, and it dropped to 3% for the highest additive concentration. The contact angle values of polyurethane films increased by 11–40% depending on the barium titanate addition ratio. The nano additive also positively affected the mechanical performance of the reference polyurethane film by slightly increasing the tensile strength values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendroochreatene (1), a new phenanthrene derivative with a spirolactone ring, was isolated from the whole Dendrobium ochreatum plant together with 11 known compounds (2–12). The structure of the new compound was elucidated spectroscopically and phenolic compounds were firstly reported from D. ochreatum. Moscatilin (4), major compound isolated from D. ochreatum, was found to be cytotoxic toward H460 lung-cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 147.3 ± 0.9 µM, while loddigesiinol C (7), C-α-methoxy derivative was inactive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The endometrium plays a crucial role in early human pregnancy, particularly in embryo implantation, survival, and growth. However, invasion and infection by pathogens can lead to endometritis, infertility, and poor reproductive outcomes. Understanding the mechanisms of endometritis and its impact on fertility remains limited. An infection model using patient-derived endometrial epithelial gland organoids (EEGOs) was established to advance in vitro studies on endometritis and related infertility. Methods: An EEGOs infection model was constructed and characterized from human endometrium, treating the organoids with estrogen and progesterone to observe changes in the proliferative and secretory phases. The organoids were infected with E. coli , and the release of inflammatory cytokines in the supernatant was detected using ELISA. RNA-seq was employed to analyze the differences before and after E. coli treatment, and differential gene mRNA expression was validated using real-time quantitative PCR. Additionally, the effect of E2 in alleviating inflammation was assessed through markers of receptivity (PAEP, LIF, ITGβ), proliferation (Ki67), and barrier repair (ZO-1). Results: The constructed human EEGOs exhibited long-term expansion capability, genetic stability, and characteristic hormonal responses, strongly expressing epithelial markers (MUC1, E-Cadherin). After E. coli infection, the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-8, and IFN-γ increased significantly (P < 0.05). RNA-seq indicated that the MAPK signaling pathway was activated post-infection, with increased expression levels of heat shock proteins and transcription factor mRNA. E2 treatment post-infection significantly decreased the mRNA expression of inflammatory genes IL-1β, IL8, IL6 and TNF-α compared to the E. coli infected group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the expression of genes related to receptivity, proliferation, and barrier repair was enhanced in the E2-treated organoids. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that patient-derived EEGOs are responsive to bacterial infection and are effective models for studying host-pathogen interactions in bacterial infections. These organoids revealed the anti-inflammatory potential of E2 in alleviating E. coli -induced inflammation, providing insights into the mechanisms of endometritis and its impact on infertility. The study supports the use of EEGOs as valuable tools for understanding endometrial health and developing targeted treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Despite the increasing use of chromatic intraoral scanners, color determination is often performed visually, offering poor reliability and validity. In this study, we aimed to compare the reliability and validity of the tooth shade determination tool of an intraoral scanner (Trios3 Color) with that of two dental spectrophotometers (VITA Easyshade Advance 4.0 and SpectroShade Micro) and with visual determination using the VITA 3D-Master shade guide. Methods: In vivo tooth shade determination was performed on 33 participants using positioning splints for the right central incisor. Repeated measurements assessed the reliability in determining the percentage agreement with VITA 3D-Master shades. VITA Easyshade measurements were used as reference values for validity. The metric value Delta E (ΔE) in the International Commission on Illumination L*a*b* color space was compared to the reference, with ΔE greater than 1 indicating visible differences and a maximum value of ΔE 6.8 being clinically acceptable. Results: The reliabilities of VITA Easyshade, the intraoral scanner, and SpectroShade Micro were 75.8%, 87.9%, and 89.9%, respectively. The visual method had an agreement rate of 20.6%. Validity values, compared with the reference value, were ΔE 3.8 (clinically acceptable), 8.3, and 7.4 (the latter two both being clinically unacceptable) for the intraoral scanner, area-measuring device, and visual method, respectively. Conclusions: The intraoral scanner is a reliable and valid tool for tooth shade determination and is superior to the visual method in both aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This in-vitro study aimed to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC) of dual-cured luting cement (Bifix QM, VOCO) and flowable composite (Grandio Flow, VOCO) under lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent) and hybrid ceramic (Grandio Blocs, VOCO; Cerasmart, GC) CAD-CAM blocks with different thicknesses. Materials and methods: Contrast ratio (CR), translucency (TPab, TP00), and opalescence (OP) parameters of 30 disc-shaped CAD-CAM blocks (n = 5) prepared with two different thicknesses (1.5 and 2 mm) and 8 mm diameters were calculated using a spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade V, Zahnfabrik). A total of 36 Bifix QM and Grandio Flow samples were prepared at 100 μm thickness using a specific setup by polymerizing from the top of the blocks. Following immersion in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h, luting materials were examined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for DC calculation. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney U, and Independent Samples t-tests (p < 0.05). Results: It was observed that, as the block thickness increased TPab, TP00, and OP decreased, while CR increased. There was no significant difference between the DC of Bifix QM and Grandio Flow when 1.5 mm blocks were used in all groups (p > 0.05). DC of Grandio Flow was significantly higher than Bifix QM under 2 mm-IPS e.max CAD (p = 0.011). Conclusion: The translucency of the CAD-CAM blocks varies depending on their thickness. However, there was no significant difference in the DC of the luting materials depending on the block thickness. Further studies are needed on the use of flowable resin composites as luting material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a low-cost photometer for experimental teaching designed to determine hexavalent chromium in aqueous solutions based on the detection of yellow chromate ions with ultraviolet light at 373 nm. This procedure replaces the colorimetric method that uses a spectrophotometer for the detection of the red-violet 1.5-diphenylcarbazide complex at 540 nm. To demonstrate the operation of the photometer, the Beer-Lambert law was evaluated using the linear regression technique, and the absorbance values obtained by the photometer were compared with those of a Shimadzu UV-2600 series UV-Vis spectrophotometer in five samples of hexavalent chromium in the range of 1 - 25 mg L-1. The experimental results demonstrated the linearity required by the Beer-Lambert law with a determination coefficient of 0.9988, and similarity between both analytical instruments with a relationship of 1.0041 between the absorbance values with a determination coefficient of 0.9993. In conclusion, the low-cost photometer is an excellent proposal for teaching the Beer-Lambert law in the classroom because it reduces the formation of waste, and dispenses with the reagents of the colorimetric method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astragalus membranaceus is a traditional Chinese medicine with multiple pharmacological activities. Modern pharmacological research has found that Astragalus membranaceus extract has an inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase, however, which component can inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase and its degree of inhibition are unknown. To address this issue, this study used affinity ultrafiltration screening combined with UPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS technology to screen α-glucosidase inhibitors in Astragalus membranaceus. Using affinity ultrafiltration technology, we obtained the active components, and using UPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS technology, we quickly analyzed and identified them. As a result, a total of 8 ingredients were selected as α-glucosidase inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new cucurbitane-type triterpenoid saponins, 2,20β,22β-trihydroxy-16α,23(R)-epoxycucurbita-1,5,24-triene-3,11-dione 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), 2,20β,22α-trihydroxy-16α,23(S)-epoxycucurbita-1,5,11,24-tetraene-3-one 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) were isolated from the fruit of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry, IR, 1D, and 2D NMR spectroscopy, etc. Besides, both of the compounds showed significant hepatoprotective activities at 10 μM against paracetamol-induced HepG2 cell damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the color stability of bulk-fill flowable resin composites with 2 difference shades at baseline and after artificial aging. Methods: Disk-shaped specimens (Ø10 × 4 mm) were fabricated from three bulk-fill flowable resin resin composites (Filtek Bulk-Fill Flow, Venus Bulk-Fill Flow, and Estelite Bulk-Fill Flow). The specimens in each bulk-fill resin composite group were divided into two subgroups (n = 10 per subgroup) with two different shades, A1 (N = 30) and A3 (N = 30), and were polymerized with light curing (800 mW/cm2/Valo LED Unit, Ultradent) and polished. The color difference between bulk-fill resin composites was evaluated at baseline and after artificial aging using a spectrophotometer (CM-700d, Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) under D65 illumination. Color coordinates were measured with CIEDE2000, and color differences (∆E00) and relative translucency parameter (RTP) values were calculated. Subsequently, the comparison of color changes (∆E00) before and after thermocycling was performed using the t-test for paired samples. Results: The bulk-fill flow resin composites evaluated in the present study were capable of mimicking important optical properties such as light transmission. All the resin composites provided acceptable color stability at baseline and after thermocycling when the color A1 was used. On the other hand, whenever the shade A3 was used, the Venus Bulk-Fill Flow demonstrated the best optical properties. There was no statistically significant difference when comparing baseline and after thermocycling in bulk-fill flowable resin composites (p > 0.05). After thermocycling, A1 bulk-fill flowable resin composites provided acceptable color stability, and all A3 bulk-fill flowable resin composites provided visible color change, except for the Venus Bulk-Fill Flow (∆E00 = 2.35). Conclusions: Estelite Bulk-Fill Flow displayed the best color stability (∆E00 = 2.22) between all the combinations evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper aimed to measure and characterize eleven monochromatic filters and twenty-two combinations used empirically to treat patients with visual dysfunctions to propose enhanced protocols based on solid evidence. Their wavelength, transmittance, and relative sensitivity were defined on the retinal cone cells. Methods: A double-beam UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer, VARIAN brand, Cary 5000 model, owned by the National Center of Metrology, with high precision and accuracy, was used to characterize all filters. Filters were purchased from Optomatters Corporation, Belgium. Results: When two or three filters are combined, their transmittance and relative sensitivity on the retinal cone cells decrease regardless of wavelength. As a result, the efficiency of combined filters may decrease during treatments. Additionally, most filters and combinations, regardless of the wavelength, transmit a considerable percentage of light from the red spectrum. A depressant is the best monochromatic filter, and Upsilon–Neurasthenic is the strongest combination to stimulate blue cone cells. In contrast, Stimulant and Delta–Theta are best for red and green cone cells. Mu–Delta and Mu–Theta can be interchangeable, as well as Alpha–Delta and Alpha–Theta. Conclusions: Results suggest that the current phototherapy treatment protocol must be deeply revised, and the number of filters and combinations should be reduced to reduce costs and time and boost efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Testicular cancer is one of the most common type of cancers to affect men. Medical herbs are increasingly considered useful complementary treatments for cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic, antioxidant, and anticancer capacity of Melia azedarach L. extract on testicular cancer TM4 cells. Materials & Methods: The TM4 cells were treated with various concentrations of leaf Melia azedarach L. extracts (10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 250, 750, and 1000 µg ml⁻1) for 24, 48, and 72 hours. MTT assay and real-time PCR were used for the evaluation of plant extract cytotoxicity and gene expression (CAS8, CAS9) analysis, respectively. Anthocyanin content and DPPH radical scavenging activity were evaluated for the antioxidant potential of plant extract. Statistical tests included one-way ANOVA, which was imported to SPSS V.18, and the significance level was considered less than 0.01. Results: MTT assay results revealed a decline in live cells with increasing concentration of plant extract in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Cell viability was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced, especially at a concentration of 1000 µg ml⁻1. Also, the CAS8 gene expression was increased in TM4 cells treated with bitter olive extract at 174.2 µg ml⁻1concentration (IC50), whereas the CAS9 gene expression was decreased. Moreover, a higher DPPH activity and anthocyanin content were found with increasing plant extract concentration. Conclusion: Ethanolic extracts of Melia azedarach L. have antioxidant activity, which could significantly inhibit the proliferation of testicular cancer TM4 cells (A549) by inducing apoptosis and CAS8 gene expression. Therefore, it could be regarded as an additional treatment for testicular cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Health Bulletin / Zdravstveni Glasnik is the property of Faculty of Health Studies, University of Mostar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To compare the CIE L*a*b* values of two different dental shade guides using two shade-matching spectrophotometers. Materials and Methods: SpectroShade Micro (SS) and Easyshade (ES) (VITA Zahnfabrik) were tested. One calibrated operator performed 30 measurements of each tab from three batches of the two guides, VITA Classical (VC) and VITA 3D Shade Master (VM). Receiver operaNng characterisNc (ROC) curves and intraclass coefficients (ICC) between the different batches were calculated. Results were given as mean and SD of the L*a*b* values and the respecNve color differences according to the CIEDE 2000 formula (ΔE00) for each of the shade tabs in the two spectrophotometers and then analyzed with independent student t test (a = .05). Results: A total of 1,440 and 2,610 measurements for VC and VM, respecNvely, were performed per spectrophotometer. There were staNsNcally significant differences between the two devices for all L*a*b* values, with the excepNon of: L* for 3R1.5; a* for 2R1.5, 3L1.5, 2L2.5, 3M2, 3L2.5, 4L1.5, and 4L2.5; and b* for D3, 1M2, and 3M2. When assessing the same shade guide, differences in ΔE00 were detected between devices above the acceptability threshold (AT) (ΔE00 = 1.8) for all shade tabs except for VC (C1, C2, D3, A3.5, C3, and A4) and VM (4M1, 3R2.5, 4L2.5, and 4M3). The overall mean of the interdevice ΔE00 was 2.2 ± 1.0 for VC and 2.5 ± 1.0 for VM. Conclusions: The two dental spectrophotometers presented high ICC and ROC values, which validates their indicaNon as auxiliary tools. However, there are discrepancies in the hues D (VC) and R (VM) with interdevice variability when evaluated for the L*a*b* component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes an easy and cheap inkjet printing method for producing a paper-based gas sensor consisting of a composite film made of graphene oxide and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). A glossy paper substrate is an inkjet printed with ink made by dispersing graphene oxide in a PEDOT:PSS conducting polymer solution to test its ability to detect ammonia ( NH 3) at ambient temperature. The presence of few-layer graphene oxide in the PEDOT:PSS copolymer and the existence of π – π interactions between graphene oxide and PEDOT:PSS are confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–Visible spectrophotometer, and X-ray diffraction. In a small concentration range of 1–100 ppm at ambient temperature, the ink-jet printed graphene oxide-PEDOT:PSS gas sensor displays strong responsiveness and good selectivity to NH3. The study found that NH 4 is a strong donor in the ammonia gas produced by a bubble system of ammonia water, with NH 4 molecules being ideal candidates for molecular doping of graphene. The H 2 O molecule can facilitate quick desorption by converting NH 3 to NH 4 . The interaction between graphene oxide and NH 3 molecules is weak. The attained gas-sensing performance may be attributed to the increased specific surface area of graphene oxide and enhanced interactions between the sensing film and NH 3 molecules via π and lone pair electron network. The NH 3 -sensing mechanisms of the flexible printed gas sensor are based on the competitive interaction of ammonia on the sensor, adsorption and dissociate ionization on the sensor surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of whitening toothpastes on the surface roughness and colour change of CAD-CAM materials. Materials and methods: A total of 96 samples (2 × 10 × 12 mm3) were prepared from Cerasmart (CS) and Celtra Duo blocks. Celtra Duo samples were divided into two groups. One group was fired with glaze paste (CDG) and the other was not treated (CD). All groups were then divided into 4 subgroups (n = 8). The groups were brushed with conventional (Colgate™ Max Fresh), silica (Opalescence™), charcoal (Curaprox™ Black in White) and blue covarine (Signal™ White Now) toothpastes for 30,000 brushing cycles. The initial and final surface roughness values were measured with contact profilometer and a dental spectrophotometer used for obtaining colour values. One sample from each brushed group was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. Data was analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (p = 0.05). Results: The surface roughness of CS samples brushed with Opalescence™ and Curaprox™ was significantly higher than CD and CDG. Surface roughness change values of CS samples brushed with Curaprox™ were significantly higher than the CD and CDG. Curaprox™ brushed samples showed significant difference in colour change values for all materials. Conclusions: Brushing increases the surface roughness of CAD-CAM ceramic materials. The roughness of resin-based materials is higher than zirconia-reinforced lithium silicates. Silica-contained toothpastes may cause discoloration of nanoceramic and zirconia-reinforced glass ceramic restorations. Clinical relevance: It should be clinically considered that whitening toothpastes may cause roughness in ceramic materials and change the desired color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oyster larvae in the settlement stage, referred to as pediveligers, initially have a light sensor eyespot to perceive light wavelength and intensity. Based on this ontogenetic characteristic of oyster larvae, this study investigated the effects of light wavelength and intensity on larval phototaxis in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The eyespots of pediveligers were characterized with wavelength-dependent light absorbance, measured by a microspectrophotometer system, and phototaxis was analyzed with the following processes. Horizontal larval phototaxis was observed under lighting conditions with six light wavelengths and three intensities using light-emitting diodes: 5, 15, and 25 W/m2 for near-ultraviolet light and four visible light wavelengths or 25, 50, and 100 lx for near-infrared light. Pediveligers were subjected to each lighting condition for 15 min, and then their distribution inside the experimental container was estimated. The eyespot exhibited maximum absorbance at a visible red light wavelength of approximately 638 nm. The larvae had a propensity for positive phototaxis under red light and negative phototaxis under blue light. The phototactic response varied with the light intensities. The obtained results indicate a possible mechanism for maintaining optimal water depth for the settlement of C. gigas larvae using light wavelength and intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives Materials and Methods Results Conclusions Clinical Significance To evaluate the influence of preheating and water storage on color, whiteness, and translucency of one‐shaded, group‐shaded, and multi‐shaded resin‐based composites.A total of 270 samples were fabricated from one‐shaded (Omnichroma), group‐shaded (Optishade MD), and multi‐shaded (Enamel Plus HRI) resin‐based composites and divided into six groups: no heating (control) and 1–5 heatings (test) (n = 15). The CIE L*, a*, b*, C*, and h° color coordinates were registered over white, black, and gray backgrounds with a spectrophotometer before and after 24, 72, 144 h water storage. Kruskal–Wallis test was used to evaluate differences in the color coordinates, whiteness index, and translucency parameter (α = 0.05). The Mann–Whitney U test was performed with a Bonferroni correction (p < 0.001) for pairwise comparisons. CIEDE2000 color, whiteness, and translucency differences between groups and subgroups were evaluated using their respective 50%:50% perceptibility and acceptability thresholds.Preheating influenced color coordinates, whiteness index, and relative translucency parameters (p < 0.001). Although color differences were below the acceptability threshold for all materials, translucency differences were above the acceptability threshold for Omnichroma. Water storage significantly influenced the whiteness index of Optishade MD (p < 0.001).Preheating had a more considerable effect on the color, whiteness, and translucency of one‐shaded resin‐based composite, while water storage influenced group‐shaded resin‐based composite more importantly.Preheating influences the color, whiteness level, and translucency of the resin‐based composites, but the variations remain generally clinically acceptable; however, practitioners should be aware that the modifications in translucency for one‐shaded resin‐based composites could be more important than for group‐shaded and multi‐shaded resin‐based composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the influence of air‐abrasion of enamel with three different desensitizing powders on the whitening effect of a bleaching gel containing 40% H2O2, which was used for in‐office tooth bleaching. Materials and Methods: Forty human incisors, extracted and prepared, were acquired for this study and subsequently randomized into four groups (n = 10). The control group specimens underwent no pretreatment prior to the bleaching procedure, whereas the remaining three groups underwent air abrasion using distinct desensitizing powders; (a) Sylc, which contains bioglass 45S5; (b) BioMinF, which contains calcium phospho‐fluoro‐silicate glass; and (c) MI Pearls, which contains nano‐hydroxyapatite, 1 h preceding the Opalescence Boost PF 40% bleaching procedure. Color measurements were conducted using a double‐beam UV–Vis spectrophotometer at four distinct time points (prior to bleaching, 24 h, 15 days, and 30 days post‐bleaching). Results: Tooth color change outcomes revealed that there were no statistically significant results with respect to the interaction of the two criteria (treatments and time) (p = 0.990). Additionally, there were no statistically significant results with respect to the main effects of treatments (p = 0.385), while there were statistically significant effects with respect to the time criterion (p = 0.013). Conclusions: The use of the tested desensitizing powders prior the bleaching procedure did not affect the tooth color change induced by the tested bleaching agent. Clinical Significance: Tooth color change and whiteness are not affected by air‐abrasion desensitizing treatments when applied prior to in‐office bleaching procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports the study of surface roughness based opto-mechanical properties of Chlorobutyl (CIIR)/Natural Rubber (NR) 70/30 polymers filled with different contents of hybrid (CB/CN) using indigenously designed THz spectrophotometer between 1 and 2.0 THz range. The carbon black (CB) and Carbon nano powders were mixed between 20 and 2.0–7.5 Phr range in the chlorobutyl and natural rubber matrix for improvising their surface quality and mechanical strength. The physical and structural changes were ascertained in terms of transmission, refractive indices and absorption coefficients. The percentage of filler also influences the morphology and surface roughness quality of the rubber due to intercalation and measured in terms of surface roughness factor 'g' optical impedance 'z' and reflection coefficients between 0.1 and 2.0 THz range. The obtained values of optical impedance lie between 220.2 and 235.6 Ω range and were correlated with the mechanical strength of the rubber samples. It provides a new modality to understand the effect of fillers on the strength of rubber samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Feed efficiency is important for economic profitability of dairy farms; however, recording daily DMI is expensive. Our objective was to investigate the potential use of milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectral data to predict proxy phenotypes for DMI based on different cross-validation schemes. We were specifically interested in comparisons between a model that included only MIR data (model M1); a model that incorporated different energy sink predictors, such as body weight, body weight change, and milk energy (model M2); and an extended model that incorporated both energy sinks and MIR data (model M3). Models M2 and M3 also included various cow-level variables (stage of lactation, age at calving, parity) such that any improvement in model performance from M2 to M3, whether through a smaller root mean squared error (RMSE) or a greater squared predictive correlation (R2), could indicate a potential benefit of MIR to predict residual feed intake. The data used in our study originated from a multi-institutional project on the genetics of feed efficiency in US Holsteins. Analyses were conducted on 2 different trait definitions based on different period lengths: averaged across weeks versus averaged across 28 d. Specifically, there were 19,942 weekly records on 1,812 cows across 46 experiments or cohorts and 3,724 28-d records on 1,700 cows across 43 different cohorts. The cross-validation analyses involved 3 different k -fold schemes. First, a 10-fold cow-independent cross-validation was conducted whereby all records from any one cow were kept together in either training or test sets. Similarly, a 10-fold experiment-independent cross-validation kept entire experiments together, whereas a 4-fold herd-independent cross-validation kept entire herds together in either training or test sets. Based on cow-independent cross-validation for both weekly and 28-d DMI, adding MIR predictors to energy sinks (model M3 vs. M2) significantly (P < 10−10) reduced average RMSE to 1.59 kg and increased average R2 to 0.89. However, adding MIR to energy sinks (M3) to predict DMI either within an experiment-independent or herd-independent cross-validation scheme seemed to demonstrate no merit (P > 0.05) compared with an energy sink model (M2) for either R2 or RMSE (respectively, 0.68 and 2.55 kg for M2 in herd-independent scheme). We further noted that with broader cross-validation schemes (i.e., from cow-independent to experiment-independent to herd-independent schemes), the mean and slope bias increased. Given that proxy DMI phenotypes for cows would need to be almost entirely generated in herds having no DMI or training data of their own, herd-independent cross-validation assessments of predictive performance should be emphasized. Hence, more research on predictive algorithms suitable for broader cross-validation schemes and a more earnest effort on calibration of spectrophotometers against each other should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Nanocomposite resins have been widely used in modern denture manufacturing. However, their long-term color stability is a concern for both dental professionals and patients. Purpose: to evaluate the effect of different beverages on the color stability of 3D-printed denture base resins modified with zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO2NPs). Methods: A total of 440 specimens were fabricated and distributed into 11 groups (n = 40/group). The control group of heat polymerized (PMMA) and five groups of two different 3D-printed resins (NextDent and ASIGA) as experimental groups with various concentrations of ZrO2NPs added to the 3D-printed resins (0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5 wt%) in addition to one unmodified group per resin. Specimens per group are sorted into four subgroups (n = 10) according to tested beverages, as follows: coffee, tea, cola, and mineral water. Before immersion, all the specimens were exposed to 5000 thermal cycles. Color changes (ΔE00) were assessed prior (T0) and following immersion for 6 days (T1) and 12 days (T2) using a spectrophotometer. Color difference values were calculated by using CIEDE2000 color difference. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test with a significant level of less than 0.05. Results: Tea produced the highest color change for both NextDent and ASIGA materials, whereas water caused the least color change on PMMA at T2. Increasing the immersion time resulted in more color changes, with tea and coffee showing significant differences. PMMA had considerably less color change than 3D-printed resins. The color change of 3D-printed increased after adding ZrO2NPs. Conclusions: Beverage type and immersion time have an impact on the color stability of unmodified and ZrO2NP-modified denture base resins with significant change after immersion in tea and coffee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The concentration of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are the negative regulators of cellular mRNAs, is higher in mature red blood cells (RBCs) than in other blood cell types. Age-related storage abnormalities are more prevalent in human-packed RBCs (PRBCs) but less is known about how miRNAs affect inflammation in humans after transfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four different blood bags containing the blood of four healthy donors were used to collect samples. Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was isolated from the units at 0, 14, 21, and 28 days following storage. The expression of GATA3 was assessed using the Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). To find the expression of miRNAs, the Illumina platform employed RNA sequencing (RNA seq). RESULTS: Most of the miRNAs were downregulated with storage time, however, miRNA 92a-3p was shown to be one of the most upregulated miRNAs after 28 days and downregulated at days 14 and 21 of storage. The level of GATA3 expression was increased on days 14 and 21 of storage and decreased on day 28 of storage. The results presented suggest that miRNA 92a-3p may control GATA3 expression in PRBCs kept in blood banks, which could, therefore, trigger an adverse immunological reaction. CONCLUSION: Overall, we found that there is an association between GATA3 level and miRNA 92a-3p in PRBCs which could demonstrate that GATA3 is a potential target of miR-92a-3p. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical components and antioxidant capacity of Açaí (Euterpe oleracea) give it nutritional and bioactive characteristics with anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties; it is exported mainly from Brazil to various places worldwide. In Ecuador, the cultivated Euterpe oleracea variety has an abundant production that has not been used or studied in depth; because of this, it is relevant to expand the study of this fruit's phytochemical and antioxidant properties. This paper presents the results of evaluating the concentration of antioxidants and antioxidant activity in different stages of maturation and geographical locations of the Açaí, for which samples obtained in the Ecuadorian provinces of Sucumbíos and Orellana have been evaluated. Antioxidant concentrations were determined with a UV/VIS spectrophotometer at 450–760 nm wavelengths. Antioxidant capacity was determined using the ABTS and FRAP methods. It was evidenced that the values of total polyphenols and total flavonoids decrease with increasing ripening; the opposite effect occurs with total anthocyanins that have a higher concentration in ripe fruits and evidencing an antioxidant capacity that decreases with ripening determined by both methods (FRAP and ABTS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Materials and Methods Results Conclusion Clinical Significance This systematic review and meta‐analysis compared the accuracy of intraoral scanners and spectrophotometers in determining tooth shade.An electronic search of five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, CENTRAL) was conducted on October 19, 2023. A total of 163 studies were identified from the databases, of which 23 articles were eligible for inclusion. In vivo and in vitro quasi‐experimental studies were included. After data extraction, a quantitative analysis was performed to determine the accuracy of the intraoral scanner in subgroups using four outcomes: trueness and precision with different measurement locations. A random‐effects model was used to pool effect sizes. The pooled proportion with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used for the effect size measure.Eleven articles were included in the meta‐analysis. Trueness with the intraoral scanner was between 0.28 (CI: 0.09–0.60) and 0.38 (CI: 0.24–0.53). Repeatability was between 0.81 (CI: 0.64–0.91) and 0.85 (CI: 0.74–0.92). Trueness showed low, and precision had moderate certainty of evidence.The trueness of shade matching with intraoral scanners is low compared to spectrophotometers, although the precision is considered high and is similar to spectrophotometers.Shade determination with intraoral scanners is not recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) thin films are highly sought-after for their unique characteristics of conducting electricity and transmitting visible light, making them ideal conductive coating materials for electronic devices. We carried out a comprehensive analysis of the deposition, optical, electrical, and structural properties of ITO and Ag/ITO thin films on glass substrates in this study. The weight ratio of the deposited metals was 1:10, 2:10, and 4:10 wt.% (Sn:In) for ITO films and 1:1:10 wt.% (Ag:Sn:In) for Ag–ITO film. The films were annealed at 300°C using a program controller furnace. We employed infrared cameras to analyze the surface temperature profiles of these thin films under external voltage supply. We also investigated the resistivity behavior of both ITO and Ag–ITO films, analyzing them with regard to Mott's variable range hopping (VRH) model and the fluctuation-induced tunneling model. Scanning electron microscope images revealed that adding Ag increased the grain size of ITO thin films. The average grain size for ITO thin film was determined as 186 nm, while it was found to be 270 nm for Ag–ITO thin film. Furthermore, incorporating Ag into the ITO thin film resulted in a reduction of 21.5% in transmittance over the complete visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum when compared to the ITO thin film without Ag as measured by ultra-visible spectrophotometer. The figure of merit was obtained as 0. 3 4 4 × 1 0 − 3 Ω − 1 for ITO and 0. 0 5 2 4 × 1 0 − 3 Ω − 1 for Ag–ITO thin films. However, the resistance of the ITO thin film was calculated to be 9.58 k Ω , while that of the Ag–ITO film was found to be 6.99 k Ω. The ITO thin film that included Ag exhibited a lower electrical resistivity due to the larger grain size caused by doped Ag atoms in the structure, leading to less electron scattering at the grain boundaries and a resulting decrease in resistivity as determined by four-point probe system. Thermal imaging camera measurements revealed that the surface temperature of the ITO thin film decreased with the addition of Ag under high voltage application, but not under low voltage. When a voltage of 350 V and 250 V was applied to the thin films, the ITO film exhibited a surface temperature of 73.9°C and 50.4°C, whereas under identical conditions, the Ag–ITO film showed a surface temperature of 62°C and 44.1°C, respectively. Furthermore, both films exhibited exponentially increasing surface temperature behavior under a certain voltage, suggesting that they have potential for transparent heaters and high-voltage/low-current applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of soil in the agricultural industry is profound, with healthy soil representing an important role in ensuring food security. In addition, soil is the largest terrestrial carbon sink on earth. The soil carbon pool is composed of both inorganic and organic forms. The equilibrium of the soil carbon pool directly impacts the carbon cycle via all of the other processes on the planet. With the development of agricultural systems from traditional to conventional ones, and with the current era of precision agriculture, which involves making decisions based on information, the importance of understanding soil is becoming increasingly clear. The control of microenvironment conditions and soil fertility represents a key factor in achieving higher productivity in these systems. Furthermore, agriculture represents a significant contributor to carbon emissions, a topic that has become timely given the necessity for carbon neutrality. In addition to these concerns, updating soil-related data, including information on macro and micronutrient conditions, is important. Carbon represents one of the major nutrients for crops and plays a key role in the retention and release of other nutrients and the management of soil physical properties. Despite the importance of carbon, existing analytical methods are complex and expensive. This discourages frequent analyses, which results in a lack of soil carbon-related data for agricultural fields. From this perspective, in situ soil organic carbon (SOC) analysis can provide timely management information for calibrating fertilizer applications based on the soil–carbon relationship to increase soil productivity. In addition, the available data need frequent updates due to rapid changes in ecosystem services and the use of extensive fertilizers and pesticides. Despite the importance of this topic, few studies have investigated the potential of image analysis based on image processing and spectral data recording. The use of spectroscopy and visual color matching to develop SOC predictions has been considered, and the use of spectroscopic instruments has led to increased precision. Our extensive literature review shows that color models, especially Munsell color charts, are better for qualitative purposes and that Cartesian-type color models are appropriate for quantification. Even for the color model, spectroscopy data could be used, and these data have the potential to improve the precision of measurements. On the other hand, mid-infrared radiation (MIR) and near-infrared radiation (NIR) diffuse reflection has been reported to have a greater ability to predict SOC. Finally, this article reports the availability of inexpensive portable instruments that can enable the development of in situ SOC analysis from reflection and emission information with the integration of images and spectroscopy. This integration refers to machine learning algorithms with a reflection-oriented spectrophotometer and emission-based thermal images which have the potential to predict SOC without the need for expensive instruments and are easy to use in farm applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the color change, the risk and intensity of tooth sensitivity (TS), and gingival irritation (GI) of at‐home bleaching applied on the buccal surface only or the buccal and lingual surfaces. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients with canines A2 or darker were selected and their superior arches were randomized in two groups: at‐home bleaching on the buccal‐only or on the buccal and lingual surfaces, with 7.5% hydrogen peroxide, for 1 h daily/2 weeks. The color change was evaluated at baseline, 7, 14 days, and 1 month after bleaching using shade guides scales (ΔSGU) and a spectrophotometer (ΔEAB, ΔE00, and ΔWID). Risk and intensity of TS and GI were recorded daily using visual analogic scale (0–10). Patient satisfaction was evaluated with the orofacial esthetics. Paired t‐test, McNemar's, and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test were used for data analysis (α = 5%). Results: Neither the color change nor the risk/intensity of TS was statistically different between groups (p > 0.05). Patient satisfaction increased after bleaching for both groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The addition of one contact surface does not result in an increased whitening degree compared to bleaching applied solely on the buccal surface. Clinical Significance: Understanding the influence of surfaces interacting with the bleaching agent is crucial for comprehending the bleaching mechanism and avoiding unnecessary material expenses. Notably, employing the buccal‐only technique is sufficient to achieve the desired efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Material and Methods Result Conclusion Clinical Implication New shade‐matching devices are available for clinical use, but their accuracy and reliability have not been investigated. This in vitro study compared the accuracy and reliability of a shade‐matching colorimeter (Optishade), a spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade V), and visual shade matching in simulated clinical conditions.Shade matching was conducted with two digital devices; (Optishade and Vita Easyshade) and the visual shade selection method, with a new 16‐tab Vita Classical shade guide. Shade tabs were placed within a gingival matrix and measurements were taken from the central area of each shade tab enclosed in a black box to simulate the oral cavity. Visual assessments were conducted independently by two examiners. For the reliability assessment, each shade tab was measured 20 times by each examiner. Accuracy was calculated as a percentage of the matching readings with the actual shade per each tab. Data were analyzed with the one‐way ANOVA test (α = 0.05) and Pairwise Comparison (Bonferroni Post hoc Test) to assess accuracy. The reliability evaluation was conducted by comparison between both examiners using mean and standard deviation; by a two‐tailed t‐test for the independent samples for all the three groups included in the study.The shade matching accuracy of Optishade was 97.50%, Vita Easyshade 89.38%, and visual method 62.19%. Statistically, high significant difference in accuracy (p < 0.001) was found when comparing both Optishade and VITA Easyshade with the visual method. Additionally, there was statistically significant difference in accuracy (p < 0.05) when Optishade was compared to Vita Easyshade. The reliability of the Optishade was 99.6% and Vita Easy shade was 99.38%. Statistically, showed no statistically significant difference in the reliability of shade match obtained within the same group when comparing the readings of Examiner 1 and Examiner 2 (p > 0.05).The colorimeter demonstrated the highest accuracy, followed by the spectrophotometer, and the visual shade selection method. Both digital methods investigated in this study showed comparable reliability.The results of this study emphasize the clinical advantage of digital shade‐matching devices over visual shade‐matching. The colorimeter offers high accuracy for shade matching and should be considered to use for shade matching especially with restorations in the esthetic zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moisture content of wood influences its machinability and the resulting quality of the machined surface. This study aims to explore the impact of varied moisture content on the final quality of beech wood cut by a CO2 laser (Fagus sylvatica L.). Laser cutting was performed on beech lumbers conditioned at moisture levels of 0%, 8%, 12%, and 18%. The laser-cut specimens were evaluated for surface roughness and waviness by using a stylus surface profilometer at three measuring locations: top, middle, and bottom. The total color difference ΔE was also assessed using a spectrophotometer at the same three locations. The most intriguing findings revealed that surface specimens with higher moisture content are lighter than those with lower moisture content. Specifically, the top areas of specimens with different moisture content exhibited lighter shades than those in the middle and bottom areas. Notably, the surface profile of the specimens remained unaffected by variations in moisture content levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During kiwifruit storage, quality monitoring is required for inventory planning and consistent quality maintenance. Commercial near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometers showed reduced performance in the estimation of kiwifruit flesh firmness (FF) as the FF estimation is indirect and can be affected when both, textural structures and absorbing compounds, change during postharvest ripening. Laser backscattering imaging (LBI) records the backscattered signal after a single laser beam interacts with kiwifruit tissue, including merged information on light absorption and scattering. Measurements were carried out at 830 nm, where scattering is most dominant. In this work, time series of kiwifruit 'Zesy002' (n = 30) and 'Hayward' (n = 30) LBI were collected through the postharvest ripening during a 15-day shelf life at 20°C. Four LBI parameters capturing DIP, FWHM, SLP and HWQM were selected in this study. "Zesy002' DIP, FWHM, SLP, and HWQM increased approx. 0.6 cm, 0.2 cm, 0.3 and 0.14 cm, respectively. 'Hayward' LBI increased approx. 0.2 cm, 0.1 cm, 0.2 and 0.04 cm, respectively. Different initial LBI values between cultivars and LBI changes may reflect the actual stage of softening, affected by kiwifruit ripeness. In conclusion, time series analysis could be useful in describing kiwifruit LBI change during ripening and making forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectroscopy is essential for research in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of samples. In recent years, the need to develop portable and accessible equipment for sample characterization has reduced real-time analysis. The objective is to design and build a prototype of a portable spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere using tools such as Rhinoceros and Trace-Pro for its theoretical design and radiation simulation. The result is an integrating sphere 3D printed with PLA material and an internal coating with a 95% high reflectance paint. The AS7265 Triad module is the detector, along with signal processing to obtain spectra from control samples. The spectral profiles obtained were comparable with commercial equipment, validating the viability of the measurement system as the first spectroscopic instrument in the field, in complement to other spectroscopic techniques. This breakthrough promises to facilitate research in the field and in environments where mobility and accessibility are priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anatolian Clinic Journal of Medical Sciences is the property of Hayat Saglik ve Sosyal Hizmetler Vakfi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, it was aimed to determine the active ingredient amounts of 24 expired and 3 unexpired antiparasitic drugs containing the active ingredient albendazole using UV-Vis and RP-HPLC techniques. The drugs were prepared using methanol (MeOH) and 1 N HCl (70:30, v/v) mixture. The quantitative analyses of albendazole were carried out at 338 nm in the range of 1.562-75 µg mL-1 (R2=0.9997) in UV-Vis. In RP-HPLC, separations were achieved using Nucleosil 100-5, C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5µm) in isocratic elution. 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) and MeOH mobile phase (30:70, v/v) were used at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. Detections were conducted in the same concentration range (R2=0.9998) using a PDA detector (210 nm). The results obtained using both techniques were evaluated by taking into account the studies in the literature. In this study, it was determined that the loss of active ingredient in veterinary drugs containing different albendazole active ingredient examined decreased over time and that some drugs containing albendazole active ingredient on the market may have less active ingredient amount than the acceptable limit values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: This study aimed to compare the effects of different energy drinks on the surface roughness, weight loss, and color change of various bioactive restorative materials. Methods: Charisma Diamond One, Activa™ BioActive Restorative, Activa™ Presto™ and Equia Forte HT Fil samples were prepared using plastic molds (8 × 2 mm) (n = 10/groups). After polishing, the samples were weighed, their colors were recorded using a spectrophotometer according to the CIEDE2000 system, and their surface roughness was measured using a profilometer. The samples were immersed in Powerade, Burn, Monster and distilled water for 7 days. After immersion, all the measurements were repeated. Statistical analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Mann‒Whitney U test (p < 0.05). Results: All energy drinks roughened the surface of Equia Forte HT Fil (p < 0.05). Powerade and Monster increased the Ra of all materials after 7 days (p < 0.05). Burns affected all materials except the Activa Bioactive (p < 0.05). Significant weight loss was observed in the Equia Forte group after immersion in all the energy drinks, whereas no weight loss was observed in the other groups. According to the color measurements, ΔE00 values were greater in the Burn and Monster groups, except for the Equia Forte HT Fil group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Energy drinks affected bioactive materials to varying degrees. The glass hybrid material was the most affected, and the bioactive restorative materials based on the resin matrix were the least. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) plays a significant role at the larval stage in the circular economy due to its ability to convert organic waste into valuable products for energy, food, feed, and agricultural applications. Many data are available on larval development and biomass generation, but basic research on this species is lacking and little is known about adult biology, in particular about the cues involved in sexual recognition. In the present study, using various instruments (stereomicroscope, scanning and transmission electron microscope, hyperspectral camera and spectrophotometer), wing ultrastructure of both sexes was analysed, reflectance and transmission spectra of the wings were measured and behavioural bioassays were carried out to measure male response to specific visual stimuli. The collected data showed the existence of sexual dimorphism in the wings of H. illucens due to iridescent structural colouration generated by a multilayer of melanin located in the dorsal lamina of the central part of the wing. Wing sexual dimorphism is particularly evident regarding the strong emission of blue light of female wings. Blue colour induces in males a strong motivation to mate. The obtained results can help to improve and optimize the breeding techniques of BSF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrates can cause severe ecological imbalances in aquatic ecosystems, with considerable consequences for human health. Therefore, monitoring this inorganic form of nitrogen is essential for any water quality management structure. This research was conducted to develop a novel Nitrate Portable Measurement System (NPMS) to monitor nitrate concentrations in water samples. NPMS is a reagent-free ultraviolet system developed using low-cost electronic components. Its operation principle is based on the Beer–Lambert law for measuring nitrate concentrations in water samples through light absorption in the spectral range of 295–315 nm. The system is equipped with a ready-to-use ultraviolet sensor, light emission diode (LED), op-amp, microcontroller, liquid crystal display, quartz cuvette, temperature sensor, and battery. All the components are assembled in a 3D-printed enclosure box, which allows a very compact self-contained equipment with high portability, enabling field and near-real-time measurements. The proposed methodology and the developed instrument were used to analyze multiple nitrate standard solutions. The performance was evaluated in comparison to the Nicolet Evolution 300, a classical UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The results demonstrate a strong correlation between the retrieved measurements by both instruments within the investigated spectral band and for concentrations above 5 mg NO3−/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate the effect of staining beverages on the color-changing of resin-infiltrated artificial white spot lesions (WSLs). Methods: Thirty-five artificial WSLs were created by pH cycling on flat bovine teeth specimens. The WSLs were treated with resin infiltration and were divided into five groups based on staining beverages: artificial saliva, coffee, wine, green tea, and Coca-Cola. These specimens were subjected to a 28-day exposure to the respective beverages. Color stability was assessed using a spectrophotometer at different time points: baseline, after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of exposure, and repolishing. The color difference (∆E) between each time point and the baseline was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way measures ANOVA with a significance level of p = 0.05. Results: All resin-infiltrated specimens exposed to staining beverages for 7 days exhibited more significant color changes than those exposed to artificial saliva. The color change patterns varied based on the type of beverage. The color alterations intensified with extended immersion in the wine and Coca-Cola groups, while there were no significant differences in the color of specimens after 28 days of immersion in the coffee and green tea groups. However, after cleaning with pumice powder, all specimens showed significantly reduced color changes compared to those observed after 28 days of immersion, except those immersed in coffee. Conclusions: Exposure of resin-infiltrated bovine tooth specimens to staining beverages resulted in a significant color alteration as the immersion time increased. However, the staining effect could be minimized by cleaning with pumice powder, except for the coffee group. Clinical relevance: After resin infiltration treatment, patients should be advised to minimize the consumption of colored beverages to prevent staining that could impact esthetic appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients tend to favor the whitening mouthwashes as they are easily applied and affordable. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide versus charcoal-based whitening mouthwashes on color, surface roughness, and color stability of enamel. In the current study, the whitening mouthwashes used have the ability to stop future stains due to their white seal technology. Methods: A total of 21 permanent central incisor teeth extracted for periodontal reasons were used in the present study. Teeth roots were sectioned and crowns were mounted in self-cured acrylic resin blocks. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n = 7) according to the tested whitening mouthwash: Control group ‟ DW" (Distilled water), ‟OW" group: Peroxide-based mouthwash (Colgate Optic White) and ‟CP" group: Charcoal-based mouthwash (Colgate® Plax Charcoal). Regarding ‟OW" and ‟CP" groups, the specimens were immersed in 20 ml of the tested mouthwash in each corresponding group for 1 min twice daily (morning and evening) for a total of 12 uninterrupted weeks. Color change was assessed using VITA Easyshade spectrophotometer and surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a white light interferometer. The specimens were stained using black tea solution and color was measured after 24 h of immersion for assessment of color stability. Results: Color change results revealed that both whitening mouthwashes were able to restore color comparable to the control group with no significant difference between them. Regarding surface roughness, the control group showed the highest mean Ra value, followed by ‟OW" group while ‟CP" group showed the lowest mean Ra value. While color stability after staining, the control group showed a significantly higher value than the ‟CP" and ‟OW" groups. Conclusion: Hydrogen peroxide and charcoal-based whitening mouthwashes improve the color of enamel with no adverse effect on the surface roughness. Both whitening mouthwashes were beneficial to maintain the color after staining and prevent future enamel stains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent composites are being developed to simplify shade matching in composite restorations. Only a limited amount of research has been conducted to determine the optical performance of this newly introduced composite in this area. This study investigated the Omnichroma (OMN) color matching (a single shade composite within type-I restorations) via simulated clinical cavities. A total of 72 frames were created by occupying the mold with Estelite S Quick (ES) of A1, A2, and A3 shades (n = 24). Each shade of composite frame was divided into three subgroups (n = 8) according to cavity dimension (width = 2, 3, and 4 mm/depth = 2 mm). Cavities were filled with Omnichroma. Color parameters were calculated based on CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) using a non-contact spectrophotometer. Finally, the data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA (the Tukey HSD test) (P = 0.05). The surrounding frame color significantly affected the color-matching capacity of OMN (P < 0.0001). Groups A1 and A3 showed the lowest and highest amounts of ΔE00, respectively. The cavity width also influenced the color-matching ability of OMN (P < 0.0001) significantly. According to the results, 4 mm cavity width showed the lowest amount of ΔE00, and 2 mm showed the highest amount. Monochromatic composites (OMN) did not match colors well in Class I cavities in posterior teeth. In cases of teeth with less chromatic surroundings, OMN matched shades better. OMN could better match shades in posterior teeth with wider cavities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective • A new aldehyde-free fixative has been developed and its effect has been compared to traditional formaldehyde fixative in terms of the fixation effect and HE staining of the heart, liver, lung, and kidney. The air in the experimental area was examined to evaluate its impact on the environment and human health. Methods • The organs from mice of groups 1-6 were taken respectively (thickness of liver and lung was 3 mm). After the heart and kidney capsule were removed, the organs were longitudinally cut along their maximum surface, and half was taken. Thereafter, the tissue fixation effect was observed by Hematein and Eosin (H＆E) staining and the total protein content of tissue was examined by the ultramicro spectrophotometer. Additionally, the volatility ratio of the new fixative and the traditional formaldehyde is compared. Result • The results showed that there was no significant difference between the fixation effect of the new aldehyde-free fixation and the traditional formaldehyde fixative on mouse organs and the air quality in the experimental area was found to be significantly better when the new aldehyde-free fixative is used than when the traditional formaldehyde fixative is used. Conclusion • Traditional formaldehyde fixative in HE staining can be replaced by the new environment-friendly formaldehyde-free fixative, however further special staining of fixed tissue and immunohistochemical studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present investigation is to improve the solubility of valsartan and prepare immediate release tablets. To increase the solubility and bioavailability of valsartan, a low-soluble antihypertensive drug, immediate release dosage forms were formulated by a direct compression method using a solid dispersion technique with three different carriers (β-cyclodextrin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 and poloxamer 188) at three different ratios (1:3, 1:4 and 1:5). Nine physical mixtures (PM1–PM9) were prepared and various physical parameters were characterised in in vitro release studies. Out of the prepared physical mixtures, PM8 showed the best results, with 94.2% of the drug dissolving within 30 min. Formulation PM8 solid dispersion further used for the preparation of valsartan immediate release tablets by using sodium starch glycolate superdisintegrant, at different concentrations (3%, 4% and 5%; i.e., IF1, IF2 and IF3 formulations, respectively). The optimised formulation showed friability and disintegration values of 0.456±0.9 and 6.2±0.4 min. Among the three immediate release formulations, IF2, which contains 4% sodium starch glycolate, demonstrated an 84.46% drug release in 30 min and a 99.69% drug release in 1 hr, indicating increased drug solubility. When compared with a valsartan pure drug, the solubility of the solid dispersion increased by 135.06-fold. The results show that the optimised IF2 formulation demonstrated enhanced drug solubility by 135.06-fold, using a solid dispersion technique with poloxamer 188. This can be explained by the conversion of crystalline to an amorphous form of drug, leading to a reduction in the contact angle between the drug and the gastric medium. It can be concluded that poloxamer 188 is a suitable carrier and that use of a physical mixture technique is an applicable method to improve the solubility of valsartan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) poses significant risks to maternal and fetal health. Current diagnostic methods based on glucose tolerance tests have limitations for early detection. tRNA‐derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) have emerged as potential molecular regulators in various diseases, including metabolic disorders. However, the diagnostic value of tsRNAs in plasma for early GDM or postpartum remains unclear. Methods: This longitudinal study profiled the expression of tsRNAs across different gestational stages and postpartum in women with GDM (n = 40) and healthy control gestational women (HCs, n = 40). High‐throughput small RNA sequencing identified candidate tsRNAs, which were then validated and correlated with clinical biochemical markers such as fasting blood glucose (FBG), HOMA‐IR, and GHbA1c. Results: tRF‐1:32‐Val‐AAC‐1‐M6, tRF‐1:31‐Glu‐CTC‐1‐M2, and tRF‐1:30‐Gly‐CCC‐1‐M4 were consistently upregulated in the GDM group compared to HCs during the second trimester (p < 0.05). Only tRF‐1:31‐Glu‐CTC‐1‐M2 was highly expressed during the first trimester, and tRF‐1:30‐Gly‐CCC‐1‐M4 increased during postpartum. tRF‐1:31‐Glu‐CTC‐1‐M2 showed a significant correlation with FBG levels in the first trimester (R = 0.317, p = 0.047). The expression of tRF‐1:30‐Gly‐CCC‐1‐M4 was significantly correlated with HOMA‐IR (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) and GHBA1c (r = 0.33, p = 0.037) during postpartum. A joint diagnostic model incorporating tsRNAs expression and clinical markers demonstrated enhanced predictive power for GDM (ROC AUC = 0.768). Conclusion: Our results revealed distinct expression patterns of specific tsRNAs in GDM, showcasing their correlation with key metabolic parameters. This underscores their promising role as biomarkers for early prediction and diagnosis of GDM. The integration of tRFs into a composite biomarker panel holds the potential to improve clinical outcomes by enabling personalized risk assessment and targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]