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The transcriptional repressor CBFA2T3 is a putative breast tumor suppressor. To define the role of CBFA2T3, we used a segment of this protein as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen and identified a novel uncharacterized protein, ZNF652. In general, primary tumors and cancer cell lines showed lower expression of ZNF652 than normal tissues. Together with the location of this gene on the long arm of chromosome 17q, a region of frequent loss of heterozygosity in cancer, these results suggest a possible role of ZNF652 in tumorigenesis. In silico analysis of this protein revealed that it contains multiple classic zinc finger domains that are predicted to bind DNA. Coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that ZNF652 strongly interacts with CBFA2T3 and this interaction occurs through the COOH-terminal 109 amino acids of ZNF652. In contrast, there was a weak interaction of ZNF652 with CBFA2T1 and CBFA2T2, the other two members of this ETO family. Transcriptional reporter assays further confirmed the strength and selectivity of the ZNF652-CBFA2T3 interaction. The transcriptional repression of growth factor independent-1 (GFI-1), a previously characterized ETO effector zinc finger protein, was shown to be enhanced by CBFA2T1, but to a lesser extent by CBFA2T2 and CBFA2T3. We therefore suggest that each of the various gene effector zinc finger proteins may specifically interact with one or more of the ETO proteins to generate a defined range of transcriptional repressor complexes.

Germline mutations in Fumarate Hydratase (FH) cause the development of leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas in the syndromes Multiple Cutaneous and Uterine Leiomyomata (MCUL1) and Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Cancer (HLRCC). There is little evidence, however, that FH mutation plays a role in the development of sporadic leiomyomas or leiomyosarcomas. Such observations do not, however, exclude a role for FH in tumour development outside the context of MCUL1/HLRCC, as it is possible that FH expression could be silenced by epigenetic mechanisms. To explore this possibility we have developed a highly specific antibody to FH and analysed a series of forty-five fresh-frozen uterine leiomyomas and nine leiomyosarcomas for FH expression.

Amplification and/or overexpression of genes encoding tyrosine kinase receptors KIT and ERBB2 have been reported in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). These receptors can bind the adaptor molecule GRB7 encoded by a gene adjacent to ERBB2 at 17q12, a region also frequently gained in TGCTs. GRB7 binding may be involved in the activation of RAS signaling and KRAS2 maps to 12p, which is constitutively gained in TGCT and lies within a minimum overlapping region of amplification at 12p11.2-12.1, a region we have previously defined. RAS proteins activate BRAF, and activating mutations of genes encoding these proteins have been described in various tumors. Here we determine the relationships between expression levels and activating mutations of these genes in a series of 65 primary TGCTs and 4 TCGT cell lines. High levels of expression and activating mutations in RAS were mutually exclusive events, and activating mutations in RAS were only identified in the seminoma subtype. Mutations in BRAF were not identified. Increased ERBB2 expression was associated with differentiated nonseminoma histology excised from lymph nodes postchemotherapy. Mutation, elevated expression, and correlations between expression levels of KRAS2, GRB7, and KIT are consistent with their involvement in the development of TGCTs.

We report two brothers with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), obesity and short stature associated with a maternally inherited pericentric inversion (X)(p11.4q11.2). On the basis that either breakpoint might disrupt a gene whose function is critical to normal sexual development we mapped the chromosomal breakpoints using two-colour fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH). The position of both the Xp11.4 and Xq11.2 breakpoints was refined using a panel of ordered BAC clones. No known genes were shown to map to the breakpoint regions. While we cannot entirely exclude the possibility that association between the clinical and cytogenetic phenotypes in the family is coincidental, it is possible that the inversion is responsible for HH through alternative molecular mechanisms such as position effects., (Copyright 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Activating mutations in exon 15 of BRAF have been detected in a high proportion of cutaneous melanomas. To determine whether such mutations are a feature of conjunctival or uveal melanomas, we screened DNA from these tumours. Twenty-one conjunctival and 88 uveal tumours were included in the study. Mutation analysis of BRAF exons 11 and 15 was undertaken using a combination of conformationally sensitive gel electrophoresis and direct sequencing. Mutations in exon 15 were detected in three of the conjunctival tumours (two V599E and one E585 K). None of the uveal tumours possessed a BRAF mutation in either exon 15 or 11. We conclude that uveal melanomas arise independently of oncogenic BRAF mutations, but the development of a proportion of conjunctival tumours involves mutation of this gene.

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome 16q24.3 is a common genetic alteration observed in invasive ductal and lobular breast carcinomas. We constructed a physical map and generated genomic DNA sequence data spanning 2.4 Mb in this region. Detailed in silico and in vitro analyses of the genomic sequence data enabled the identification of 104 genes. It was hypothesized that tumor-suppressor genes would exhibit marked mRNA expression variability in a panel of breast cancer cell lines as a result of downregulation due to mutation or hypermethylation. We examined the mRNA expression profiles of the genes identified at 16q24.3 in normal breast, a normal breast epithelial cell line, and several breast cancer cell lines exhibiting 16q24.3 LOH. Three of the genes, CYBA, Hs.7970, and CBFA2T3, exhibited variability ten times higher than the baseline. The possible role of these genes as tumor suppressors is discussed.

Numerous cytogenetic and molecular studies of breast cancer have identified frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the long arm of human chromosome 16. On the basis of these data, the likely locations of breast cancer tumor suppressor genes are bands 16q22.1 and 16q24.3. We have mapped the CBFA2T3 (MTG16) gene, previously cloned as a fusion partner of the AML1 protein from a rare (16;21) leukemia translocation, to the 16q24.3 breast cancer LOH region. The expression of CBFA2T3 was significantly reduced in a number of breast cancer cell lines and in primary breast tumors, including early ductal carcinomas in situ, when compared with nontransformed breast epithelial cell lines and normal breast tissue. Reintroduction of CBFA2T3 into different breast tumor derived cell lines with decreased expression of this gene reduced colony growth on plastic and in soft agar. CBFA2T3 was shown to function as a transcriptional repressor when tethered to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain in a reporter gene assay and, therefore, has the potential to be a transcriptional repressor in normal breast epithelial cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that CBFA2T3 is a likely candidate for the breast cancer tumor suppressor gene that is the target for the frequent 16q24 LOH in breast neoplasms.