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Spigelian hernia is a rare type of abdominal hernia; diagnosis is primarily through computed tomography, which is crucial for accurate diagnosis and planning early surgical intervention to preserve the herniated sac's contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spigelian hernia is a abdominal wall hernia that originates from a discontinuity of the Spigelian fascia located lateral to the rectus abdominis muscle. It can be acquired in adults or congenital in newborns. In very rare cases in male it can be associated with cryptorchidism, in which case it is known as “Spigellian-Cryptorchidism Syndrome”. It can be clinically highlighted with abdominal swelling wall along the semilunar line and intestinal obstruction. The diagnosis, as in all pediatric emergencies, must be timely and the method of choice is ultrasound which allows a rapid localization of the hernia breach and herniated structures. The treatment of choice is surgical with herniopexy and repositioning of the testicle into the scrotal sac, or orchipessy in cases of testicular necrosis. We describe ultrasound characteristics of Spigellian-cryptorchidism syndrome presenting with acute intestinal obstruction in a newborn.

Introduction: Spigelian hernias are among the rare primary ventral hernias. Diagnosis is often difficult, as many cases are asymptomatic. Spigelian and inguinal hernias are usually considered separately in current scientific literature. With this case series, we want to illustrate a possible relationship between the neighboring hernia types. Methods: In this article, we report on a case series of Spigelian hernias that were operated on in five hernia centers in the period from January 1st, 2021 to October 31st, 2023. We have summarized all patient characteristics with previous operations and the result of the secondary operation. Results: We report a case series with 24 Spigelian hernias, 15 of which have a connection to previous inguinal hernias. In these cases, however, it is not certain whether these are primarily overlooked or occult hernias or whether these Spigelian hernias have arisen secondarily, as a result of previous hernia surgery. Summary: With this case series, we would like to point out a possible connection between Spigelian hernia and inguinal hernia. Further studies are needed to shed more light on this entity and explain its genesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Spigelian hernias represent only 0.1–0.2 % of all abdominal wall hernias and are infrequently encountered in pediatric patients. Limited literature surrounding pediatric Spigelian hernias exists, and there is no uniform or optimal surgical repair technique. Case presentation: A term female with unremarkable prenatal history presented a left-sided Spigelian hernia at birth that contained loops of bowel, by physical examination and ultrasound. The hernia was easily reducible, so she was discharged with a plan for an elective repair at a later point. At 8 months of age, she underwent an abdominal wall ultrasound that showed a defect of 6 cm in length. She underwent elective repair at 9 months of age due to parental preference in the setting of an enlarging defect size. The hernia repair was done through a combination of laparoscopic and open techniques. The laparoscopy part, which consisted in one port placed in the umbilicus for a camera, enabled visualization of the suspected hernia site, confirm the proper approximation of the lateral and medial borders of the hernia, and helped avoid any intra-abdominal injuries during the repair. The repair itself was completed in an open manner with interrupted sutures in a top to bottom approach, in a transverse orientation. The patient recovered well from the operation. At 1 year of follow up she has shown no signs of recurrence. Conclusion: Congenital pediatric Spigelian hernias can be successfully repaired using a combination of laparoscopy and open approach. The addition of a laparoscopy allows proper visualization of the intra-abdominal side of the repair.

Spigelian hernia (SH) represents less than 1% of all hernias and about 0,1% of abdominal wall hernias. Although it is a very rare hernia, it has a considerably high risk of strangulation. The aim of this work is to propose the open approach based on local anesthesia on a Day Surgery regimen as a safe treatment for Spigelian Hernia surgery. We report a series of 17 clinical cases (9 men and 8 women, between 40 and 80 years old) who underwent SH open repair on a Day Surgery basis between 2004 and 2021 in our University Hospital. In our single-center case series, no early postoperative complications occurred, except for a bulky seroma of about 800 cc. No prosthesis or surgical wound infections occurred and no recurrences were observed in the early postoperative period. Looking at our experience and the literature, Spigelian hernia repair under local anesthesia on a Day Surgery regimen, using a pre-peritoneal polypropylene mesh, could be proposed as a safe and "real minimally invasive" approach in elective settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ventral hernia is a broad term that describes all anterolateral abdominal wall defects. These defects are either primary or incisional. It is a common pathology encountered frequently by general surgeons globally. This article describes the pathogenesis, risk factors and the current management, as well as highlighting practice points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Spigelian hernia is a type of lateral ventral hernia, localized between the rectus abdominis muscle and the semilunar line. Current literary data indicate that the prevalence of Spigelian hernia is 1–2% of all hernias of the abdominal wall. Patients are most commonly asymptomatic. Case outline. We present a 63-year-old male patient admitted to our hospital as an emergency case due to lower abdominal pain. Upon hospital admission, radiological diagnostics, and a physical examination, the presence of a Spigelian hernia was verified, which, at the moment of the examination, was incarcerated. It was established that surgical treatment was indicated. We performed laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh plastic in the standard way. The patient was discharged from hospital on the following day with normal values of vital and laboratory parameters. Conclusion. The Spigelian hernia, although first described many years ago, remains a diagnostic challenge, which is why its occurrence requires a multidisciplinary approach for the purpose of establishing a timely and accurate diagnosis. Within the surgical treatment of this state, there are several surgical techniques, and special focus is placed on the minimally invasive surgical approach. Also, within the minimally invasive surgical approach, there are several operating techniques.

Background: Compared to other types of abdominal protrusions, Spigelian hernias are not very common. In prosthetic repair of abdominal protrusions, mesh fixation and defect overlap are an open issue, as they are a source of complications. A newly developed tentacle-shaped mesh has been used to ensure a fixation-free repair with a broader defect overlap in the repair of abdominal hernias. This study describes the long-term results of a fixation-free repair of Spigelian hernias carried out with a tentacle mesh. Methods: A proprietary mesh composed of a central body with integrated radiating arms was used for repairing Spigelian hernias in 54 patients. The implant was positioned in preperitoneal sublay, and the straps were delivered across the abdominal musculature with a needle passer, and then, after fascia closure, cut short in the subcutaneous layer. Results: The friction of the straps passing through the abdominal wall served to hold the mesh in place, guaranteeing a wide overlap over the defect without fixation. In a long-term follow-up of 6 to 84 months (mean 64 months), a very low rate of complications occurred, but no recurrence was reported. Conclusions: The tentacle strap system of the prosthesis allowed for an easy, fast and safe fixation-free placement granting a wide overlap, avoiding intraoperative complications. Greatly reduced pain and a negligible amount of postoperative complications characterized the postoperative outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Spiegelian hernia is an extremely rare ventral hernia, with an incidence of less than 2 %. The laparoendoscopic approach has become the surgical method of choice, with successful use of transabdominal (IntraPeritoneal Onlay Mesh [IPOM]) and preperitoneal (TransAbdomino-PrePeritoneal [TAPP] and Totally ExtraPeritoneal [TEP]) techniques. We present our experience in the implementation of these techniques, over the last 10 years, in an outpatient and short stay surgery hospital. Methods: We present a series of 31 patients operated by laparoendoscopic approach between February 2011 and June 2021. The three techniques were used according to the location of the defect and the progressively acquired experience in laparoendoscopic abdominal wall surgery. Demographic, clinical, diagnostic, surgical and postoperative characteristics are evaluated in the short and medium term. Results: 33 hernias were operated on in 31 patients (22 females and 9 males) with a mean age of 66.43 years, all ASA I-II. 14 IPOM were performed at the beginning of the series, 11 TAPP and 8 TEP with subsequent implementation. The mean operative time was 58.14 minutes. The mean hospital stay was 24.76 hours. The most frequent complication was seroma. Follow-up was between 1 month and 2 years. All histories were reviewed and no recurrence was found in any patient. Conclusion: Laparoendoscopic surgery offers excellent results and should become the standard of care. It has not been demonstrated which technique is superior and the choice will depend on the type of patient and the surgeon's expertise, experience and results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spigelian hernias represent only 0.1–0.2 % of all abdominal wall hernias and are infrequently encountered in pediatric patients. Limited literature surrounding pediatric Spigelian hernias exists, and there is no uniform or optimal surgical repair technique. A term female with unremarkable prenatal history presented a left-sided Spigelian hernia at birth that contained loops of bowel, by physical examination and ultrasound. The hernia was easily reducible, so she was discharged with a plan for an elective repair at a later point. At 8 months of age, she underwent an abdominal wall ultrasound that showed a defect of 6 cm in length. She underwent elective repair at 9 months of age due to parental preference in the setting of an enlarging defect size. The hernia repair was done through a combination of laparoscopic and open techniques. The laparoscopy part, which consisted in one port placed in the umbilicus for a camera, enabled visualization of the suspected hernia site, confirm the proper approximation of the lateral and medial borders of the hernia, and helped avoid any intra-abdominal injuries during the repair. The repair itself was completed in an open manner with interrupted sutures in a top to bottom approach, in a transverse orientation. The patient recovered well from the operation. At 1 year of follow up she has shown no signs of recurrence. Congenital pediatric Spigelian hernias can be successfully repaired using a combination of laparoscopy and open approach. The addition of a laparoscopy allows proper visualization of the intra-abdominal side of the repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spigelian hernia with concurrent inguinal hernia is not uncommon. The hernia location makes conventional laparoscopic repair challenging and this is commonly repaired by the open method. We present the technical considerations and feasibility, as well as literature review, of such a hernia repaired via a minimally invasive fashion. We performed a laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal hernia repair for a 59‐year‐old woman who presented with symptomatic irreducible large Spigelian‐inguinal complex hernia, with a hernia neck of 4 cm on computed tomography scan. The hernia contents were reduced transabdominally and subsequently, the preperitoneal space was created via a transabdominal preperitoneal method to allow for hernia defect closure and subsequent mesh placement. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 2 without complication. At 6 months follow‐up, she had no complications or recurrence. With increased experience, the laparoscopic repair of complex Spigelian‐inguinal concurrent hernias is safe and feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spigelian hernias (SpH) belong to the group of eponymous abdominal wall hernias. Major reasons for diagnostic difficulties are its low incidence reaching maximum 2% of abdominal wall hernias, a specific anatomical localization with intact external oblique aponeurosis covering the hernia sac and non-constant clinical presentation. Methods: A literature review was completed to summarize current knowledge on surgical treatment options and results. Results: SpH presents a high incarceration risk and therefore should be operated upon even if the patient is asymptomatic. Both laparoscopic and open repair approaches are validated by current guidelines with lesser postoperative complications and shorter hospital stay in favour of minimally invasive surgery, regardless of the technique used. Overall recurrence rate is very low. Conclusion: All diagnosed SpH should be planned for elective operation to prevent strangulated hernia and, therefore emergency surgery. Both open and laparoscopic SpH treatment can be safely performed, depending on surgeon's experience. In most cases, a mesh repair is generally advised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Importance: Traumatic Spigelian hernias, an unusual subtype of traumatic abdominal wall hernias (TAWH). This case highlights the individualized surgical management of Spigelian hernia depending on the presentation, history, and existence of concurrent intra-abdominal injuries. This case report, presented in line with the SCARE criteria, highlights a case of obstructed Spigelian hernia., Case Presentation: We present a 37-year-old male patient involved in a free fall from a coconut tree while harvesting fruits. A sharp branch injured the scrotum before he landed on the ground. Then he started presenting with abdominal pain, failure to pass stool, abdominal distention, and later on vomiting. Abdominopelvic CT-scan showed ventral hernia concealed at the right lower quadrant of the abdomen with proximal intestinal dilatation. Exploratory laparotomy was done along with Spigelian hernia repair., Clinical Discussion: This case was atypical, lacking evidence-based guidelines on surgical treatment. Considering the emergency aspect of the case, we performed an exploratory laparotomy along with hernia repair. The scrotal wound was cleaned and left open. The postoperative follow-up was conclusive, as the patient recovered with the hernia tract having healed by fibrosis., Conclusion: Spigelian hernia can be caused by trauma and may be difficult to diagnose at first glance. The attention should be paid to a thorough clinical examination and adequate workup. The surgical intervention may depend on intraoperative findings if done on an emergency basis., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement Hervé Tshikomba Mbuyamba reports financial support from Else Kröner-Fresenius Foundation through BEBUC Schorlarship Program to sponsor his master of medicine in General Surgery at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences. However, the authors declare that there is not competing interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: The association between congenital spigelian hernia and ipsilateral ectopic testis has been debated in the literature, and the management of such cases has yet to be standardized. Both pediatric surgeons and sonographers should be aware of this entity to allow for prompt diagnosis and monitoring/repair because congenital spigelian hernias have a high risk of incarceration. Case Report: A 3-month-old male presentedwith left-sided abdominalwall swelling present since birth with coexisting left-sided undescended testis. Ultrasound confirmed the suspicion of a congenital spigelian hernia with undescended testis but failed to locate the ectopic testis. Diagnostic laparoscopy and open repair of the spigelian hernia were performed when the patient was 9 months of age. Left-sided orchidopexy was also performed as the left testis was located within the spigelian sac. The patient was asymptomatic at 1-year follow-up. Conclusion: The association between congenital spigelian hernia and ipsilateral ectopic testis requires the surgeon and sonographer to pay special attention to the spigelian hernia sac as it may contain the ectopic testis. Orchidopexy and hernia repair in very young childrenmay be delayed while closely monitoring for incarceration to allow for improvement in immunity, an increase in size of the spermatic cord and vasculature, and avoidance of the stress of 2 separate surgeries. The surgical approach can be laparoscopic or open depending on the experience of the surgeon and the complexity of intraoperative findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Spigelian hernias are a rare type of lateral ventral abdominal hernia and their content can include any of the intra-abdominal organs. Many cases have described the presence of a variety of abdominal organs in Spigelian hernias, but only few cases report the presence of an incarcerated appendicitis. Imaging is an important step in the diagnosis to avoid the lack of knowledge in such cases. Surgical treatment can be through open or laparoscopic approach, with or without using a mesh according to the size of the defect. Case Report We report a case of an 82-year-old patient who presented with an acute appendicitis with peri-appendicular abscess strangulated in a right Spigelian hernia. The patient was successfully treated by a laparoscopic appendectomy, a surgical drainage of the abscess, and direct muscle approximation without using of mesh due to inflammation. Conclusion Spigelian hernias with acute appendicitis in their content are a very rare condition. Clinical diagnosis is usually difficult and challenging and computed tomography scan is the imaging modality of choice. The treatment is surgical.

A Spigelian hernia is a rare hernia, making up approximately 0.1% of all abdominal wall hernias. This hernia goes through a defect in the Spigelian fascia which is the part of the transversus abdominis aponeurosis lateral to the rectus muscle, often at the level of the arcuate line, where the fascia is widest and weakest. Clinical diagnosis is difficult in patients without obvious abdominal mass but imaging can be a valuable adjunct in diagnosis.We report the case of a 64-year-old male who presented to our hospital with small bowel obstruction secondary to an incarcerated Spigelian hernia who was pre-operatively diagnosed with ultrasound and computed tomography. At ultrasound and computed tomography a closed loop obstruction in a Spigelian Hernia was detected, resembling on both imaging modalities a “bulb-like“ appearance.

We present a case of spigelian hernia in a 77-year-old patient to highlight the difficulty in making this diagnosis and to raise awareness of this rare condition among physicians who care for geriatric patients with chronic bouts of abdominal pain. The patient presented to the emergency department with a two-day complaint of abdominal pain after three years of similar recurrent attacks. Results of the physical examination and computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen were consistent with a left-sided spigelian hernia. Operative repair was performed using robotic-assisted reduction and the patient recovered without any complications

Introduction: There is the obscurity of published data on surgical management of external abdominal wall hernias in our environment. This study was, therefore, to describe the pattern, outcome, and experience in the surgical management of anterior abdominal wall hernias in Shisong, Cameroon. Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective study conducted at St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Shisong. The various cases of abdominal wall hernias performed in the hospital during the study period of three years covering January 2017 to December 2019 by the surgical teams were included. We ensured that Ethical clearance and written informed consent were obtained before the start of the project. Information includes detailed sociodemographic data collected and analyzed by using SPSS 22 statistical software. Results: 465 cases of various abdominal wall hernias were included in this study. The most common type of hernia was indirect inguinal hernia (86.5%), and one rare Spigelian hernia was also there. The sub-arachnoid block was the most prevalent form of anesthesia. The various surgical procedures performed, including herniotomy (8.7%), hernioplasty (38.7%), and herniorrhaphy (28.6%), which were done for various inguinal hernias. In contrast, only mesh repair (9%) was performed for epigastric, lumbar, umbilical, Spigelian, and incisional hernia. Amongst the inguinal hernias, 55.2% were right-sided, 40.6% were left-sided, and 4.2% were bilateral, whereas 50% each of femoral hernia was left and right-sided. Overall, the annual recurrence rate for groin hernia was 1.9%. Conclusion: Inguinal Hernia was the most common type of hernia (86.3%). Among the inguinal hernia, the right side was more common (58.42%). The adoption of newer modalities of care should be considered standard. However, in resource-constrained settings like ours in Cameroon, the goal should be to perform a skillful and technically effective technique. Also, it is critical to ensure adequate anesthesia for optimal post-operative pain control, coupled with minimal morbidity.

Scrotal and penile edema is a noninfectious complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). A tear in the Spigelian fascia is occasionally recognized as a Spigelian hernia. However, there is no documented evidence that this is a contributing factor for scrotal edema in individuals undergoing PD. We encountered a case of scrotal edema in a patient undergoing PD due to bilateral metachronous tears in the Spigelian fascia, which was successfully treated through surgical repair. A 20-year-old man with end-stage kidney disease due to Alport syndrome underwent PD. Eight months after induction of PD, he heard a rupture sound in the left inguinal region after coughing and developed genital edema. A computed tomography scan showed a tear in the left Spigelian fascia. Surgical repair was successful and there was no recurrence after PD was resumed. Seven months after surgery, he heard a rupture sound in the right inguinal region after coughing and developed genital edema. A computed tomography scan showed a tear in the right Spigelian fascia. Surgical repair was successful and there has been no recurrence since. It is important to recognize that the development of scrotal edema in a patient undergoing PD may be indicative of a tear in the Spigelian fascia., Competing Interests: AcknowledgementsNone. Author contributionsKW wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and edited the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript. Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objective: General Surgical units are burdened with abdominal wall hernias. Main risk factors include obesity, chronic cough, smoking, constipation, previous surgery. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence pattern of different anterior abdominal wall hernias along with risk factors involved. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in Department of Surgery, District Head Quarter (DHQ), Abbottabad, from January 2017 to December 2020. After ethical approval study on prevalence of anterior abdominal wall carried out with causative factors involved. 132 patients were included in study. SPSS 17 used for analysis. Groin hernias were not included in study. Results: Study comprised of 132 patients. Mean age of presentation was 39.54±12.16 years. 95(72%) patients were female while 37(28%) were male. Para-umbilical hernia was the most common hernia found in our study, occurring in 81(61.4%) patients. This was followed by umbilical and epigastric hernia both of which comprised of 19 (14.4%) population individually. Incisional hernia was found in 12 (9.1%) of hernias. Spigelian hernia was found in 1(0.76%). Conclusion: Hernias are a major concern in general surgical unit. As risk involved in causation are nearly avoidable or treatable. By addressing etiological factor burden can be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spigelian hernia is an uncommon surgical condition in children and accounts for only 1% of all abdominal hernias. Its traumatic origin has been described sporadically in the literature.We report a case of a 9-year-old boy, brought to the emergency department 2 hours after abdominal trauma caused by a bicycle's handlebar grip at the lower abdomen, complaining of abdominal pain. Apart from edema, bruising and tenderness of the right of lower abdomen, physical examination showed a 1.5 * 2 cm reducible swelling lateral to the rectus muscle and a 1-cm facial defect of the anterior abdominal wall at the same site. Ultrasonography concluded to diastasis between the rectus abdominis muscle and the broad abdominal muscles with evidence of a hernia sac. The diagnosis of traumatic Spigelian hernia was retained and the patient was operated on. He had primary repair of the defect in layers using interrupted sutures. He was discharged in the same day and the aftermath of surgery was uneventful.In conclusion, traumatic Spigelian hernias are rare entities in children which diagnosis should be considered following blunt abdominal trauma. We recommend careful abdominal examination after trauma to highlight swelling and/or aponeurotic defect.

Background: Spigelian hernia (SH) is a rare entity characterized by a defect of the anterior abdominal wall located along the Spigelian line, it may be congenital or acquired.Association with other anomalies is worth reporting. Case Presentation: A 22-day-old male newborn was admitted with strangulated right inguinal hernia and operated on emergently. Clinical examination also revealed a Spigelian hernia in the left lower abdominal quadrant with bilateral cryptorchidism, associated with polydactyly of the small right finger and anal stenosis. At surgery, the SH contained a part of the small intestine and the ipsilateral undescended testis. Conclusion: Pediatric SH is rare, but its association with undescended ipsilateral testis is frequent. Other abnormalities can be concomitant to this association.

Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair with intraperitoneal onlay mesh reinforcement is often performed in clinical practice. We herein describe a patient who developed a Spigelian hernia at the edge of the mesh due to rupture of the muscular layer in the abdominal wall. A 69‐year‐old woman developed a left‐sided abdominal bulge 15 months after laparoscopic ventral hernia repair. CT showed a 33‐mm defect in the abdominal wall at the lateral edge of the left abdominal rectus muscle with an intestinal prolapse through the defect. She was diagnosed with a Spigelian hernia and underwent operation. The hernia orifice was located at the aponeurosis of the transverse abdominal muscle where the thread had been used to fix the mesh through all layers of the abdominal wall. This report details a case of a Spigelian hernia after laparoscopic ventral hernia repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operative technique for Spigelian hernia (SH) continues to evolve over the last few decades. The primary endpoint of this systematic review was to evaluate the evolution of surgical technique for the management of SH in adults, and to identify the optimum technique for easy identification of anatomical landmarks. The secondary outcome was to evaluate the operative management of bilateral SH. A systematic search using Cochrane, Medline, and Google Scholar databases was performed to identify all studies from 1989 to 2019 investigating the management of SH. Of 535 articles identified, 29 studies reporting on 619 patients (389 open repair and 230 laparoscopic repair) were included, out of which 25 studies (469 patients) described complication and recurrence rate. Five additional studies reporting on five patients with bilateral SH were identified for a total of 19 cases (3.1%) of bilateral SH. There has been a gradual transition from open to laparoscopic SH repair over the last three decades. Overall complication and recurrence rates after SH repair were 5.5% and 2.8% respectively, with higher rates in open repair (complication 7.7% and recurrence 4.2%). The laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal repair (TAPP) has the lowest recurrence and complication rate reported in the literature. The choice of SH repair should be based on the need for abdominal wall reconstruction, any associated intra-abdominal pathology, and the experience of the surgeon. Laparoscopic TAPP with mesh appears to have the lowest complication and recurrence rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spigelian hernias are rare, constituting about 1–2 % of all abdominal wall hernias. They present clinically significant challenges due to their potential for incarceration and strangulation. This case report highlights a unique presentation of a Spigelian hernia involving sigmoid colon strangulation, emphasizing the critical need for awareness and timely intervention. A 60-year-old female with hypertension and diabetes presented with severe left abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Examination revealed leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and signs of acute abdomen. CT imaging showed a complicated left lateral abdominal wall hernia containing the sigmoid colon. Surgical intervention included sigmoidectomy with colorectal anastomosis and hernia repair. Postoperative recovery was successful with subsequent elective ileostomy reversal. The rarity of Spigelian hernias and their atypical presentations can complicate diagnosis and management. This case was particularly challenging due to the strangulation of the sigmoid colon within the hernial sac. Surgical management was necessary to address the incarcerated bowel segment and prevent further complications. This case underscores the utility of CT scans in diagnosing complex cases and guiding surgical strategy. Despite their rarity, Spigelian hernias carry significant risks of strangulation. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to avoid severe complications. This case highlights the importance of including Spigelian hernia in the differential diagnosis for acute abdominal symptoms, especially when they are nonspecific. • Describes a unique instance of Spigelian hernia involving sigmoid colon strangulation in a 60-year-old female, leading to severe symptoms. • Emphasizes the importance of CT in diagnosis and details the complex surgical intervention required for treatment. • Notes the successful recovery following surgery, highlighting the effective management of this complicated case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blunt abdominal trauma due to bicycle accident is a common occurrence in the pediatric population; however, traumatic abdominal wall hernia as the result of blunt trauma is a rare presentation. Abdominal wall injuries can be isolated or associated with multiple intra-abdominal pathologies. A high index of suspicion is essential for prompt intervention, especially when there is concurrent intra-abdominal pathology. We present a case of a traumatic spigelian hernia in a pediatric patient following a handlebar injury with the intraoperative discovery of a bucket-handle type mesenteric injury to the jejunum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Spigelian hernia is a rare lateral ventral hernia traditionally repaired through open incision with extensive dissection. Three laparoscopic techniques have been reported in the literature: intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM), transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP), and total extraperitoneal (TEP). TEP is less popular than the other approaches. We evaluated TEP's safety and effectiveness and compared different laparoscopic techniques. Methods: All patients with Spigelian hernia who had undergone extended TEP (eTEP) repair with mesh in our center from January 2007 to February 2020 were studied. A three‐port technique with a preperitoneal space created by telescope at the midline was adopted. A systematic review on laparoscopic mesh repair was performed by searching for "Spigelian hernia" and "laparoscopic" from 1999 to 2019 in the MEDLINE database. Results: Seven patients underwent eTEP repair for Spigelian hernia. Five presented with abdominal mass and underwent preoperative imaging. Two were diagnosed incidentally during TEP for inguinal hernia. The mean operative duration was 65 minutes (range, 40‐93 minutes). There were no open conversions or intraoperative complications. The mean length of hospital stay was 1.4 days (range, 1‐3 days). The mean follow‐up period was 44.3 months. One patient developed seroma. There was no recurrence or chronic pain. We identified 197 laparoscopic mesh repairs reported in 41 articles. IPOM (n = 91) was the most popular approach, followed by TAPP (n = 70) and TEP (n = 36). Laparoscopic mesh repair of Spigelian hernia is safe and offers excellent outcomes. Conclusion: We found the eTEP approach safe and effective for Spigelian hernia repair. IPOM, TAPP, and TEP are comparable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spigelian hernia is an uncommon congenital or acquired defect in the transversus abdominis aponeurosis with non-specific symptoms posing a diagnostic challenge. There is a paucity of radiology literature on imaging findings of Spigelian hernia. The objective of this study is to explore the role of MDCT in evaluating Spigelian hernia along with clinical and surgical implications. In this IRB approved, HIPAA compliant retrospective observational analysis MDCT imaging findings of 43 Spigelian hernias were evaluated by two fellowship-trained radiologists. Imaging features evaluated were: presence of Spigelian hernia, laterality, relation to "hernia belt" (between 0 and 6 cm cranial to an imaginary axial line between both anterior superior iliac spines), the hernia neck and sac sizes, hernia content, and other coexistent hernias (umbilical, incisional, inguinal). Patient's demographics (age, gender, BMI, conditions with increased intra-abdominal pressure) were also recorded for any correlation. 60% (26/43) of Spigelian hernias were located below the hernia belt while 33% (14/43) within the hernia belt and 7% (3/43) above the hernia belt. The most common subtype of Spigelian hernia encountered was interparietal (84%). The mean hernia neck diameter was 3.4 cm, mean hernia sac volume was 329 cc. Hernia content included: fat (43/43) bowel (23/43), fluid (3/43). 3 patients had no clinical history provided, the remaining 37 patients' clinical presentation was asymptomatic in 73% (27/37), acute abdominal pain in 5% (2/37) and chronic abdominal pain in 22% (8/37). None of the hernia were incarcerated and none of the patients underwent emergent surgery. No significant correlation was noted between Spigelian hernia and causes of increased intra-abdominal pressure. 90% of our patients had other abdominal hernias. 30.9 was the mean BMI (20.8–69.1). Most of the Spigelian hernia occurred below the traditionally described hernia belt and the majority are of interparietal subtype that can be best diagnosed with MDCT in contrast to physical examination. • There is a paucity of radiology literature on imaging findings of Spigelian hernia • Only 50% of Spigelian hernias are diagnosed preoperatively by physical examination and have nonspecific clinical symptoms, with abdominal pain varying in type, severity, and location depending on the contents of a hernia and thus pose a diagnostic challenge clinically. • There are two major types of Spigelian hernia- interparietal and subcutaneous. The interparietal type does not penetrate the external oblique aponeurosis, and the subcutaneous type penetrates it. • The majority of Spigelian hernias occur in the hernia belt according to the surgical literature. Our findings show only 33% of the Spigelian hernias were located in the hernia belt. There was no significant statistical correlation between a Spigelian hernia and a list of causes that increase intra-abdominal pressure. • We found no statistically significant correlation between patient age, gender, body mass index (BMI) at the time of imaging, or history of acute or chronic hernia symptoms, and the presence of a Spigelian hernia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Spigelian hernias (SH) are rare intraparietal abdominal wall hernias occurring just medial to the semilunar line. Several small series have reported on laparoscopic SH repair and both totally extraperitoneal (TEP) and transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) approaches have been described. However, there are limited outcome data including both of these techniques. We present the largest series to date of laparoscopic SH repair comparing both popular approaches. Methods: Consecutive patients (n = 77) undergoing laparoscopic SH repair from 2009 to 2019 were identified from a prospectively managed quality database. All procedures were performed at a single institution. Patients were divided based on laparoscopic approach used, TEP group (n = 37) and TAPP group (n = 40). Comparison of patient demographics, surgical characteristics, and post-operative complications between TAPP and TEP groups was made using the Wilcoxon rank-sum and Fisher's exact tests. Results: Individuals undergoing TAPP had higher mean BMI (29.3 ± 5.4 vs. 26.3 ± 5.6 kg/m2; p = 0.019) and were more likely to have had prior abdominal surgery (65% vs 24.3%, (p < 0.001). Mean procedure length was 77 ± 45 min for TAPP repairs and 48 ± 21 for TEP repairs (p = 0.001). TAPP repairs had a significantly longer median LOS than TEP (25 vs. 7 h; p < 0.001). Days of narcotic use were significantly shorter after TEP repair than for TAPP (0 vs. 3; p = 0.007) and return to ADL was significantly shorter after TEP repair than for TAPP (5 vs. 7 days; p = 0.016. There were no significant differences in readmission, reoperations, SSI, or recurrence between the two groups. Conclusion: Our large series revealed that both preperitoneal laparoscopic approaches, TEP, and TAPP, for SH repair are equally safe, effective, and can be performed on an outpatient basis. Therefore, we suggest that the approach used for repair should be based on surgeon experience, preference, and individual patient factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History of cryptorchidism is present in about 10% of infertile patients seeking medical help, whereas 20% of them are azoospermic. Most of the patients with bilateral cryptorchidism have a low testicular volume and high serum FSH level. Ectopic testes are present only in 5% of the patients with cryptorchidism. The anterior abdominal wall is a rare site for ectopic testis where Spigelian hernia is usually accompanied. We present a case of bilateral ectopic anterior abdominal wall testes associated with Spigelian hernia on the left side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Abdominal wall defects' is a collective term used to describe two distinct pathologies: primary ventral hernias and incisional hernias. This article describes the pathogenesis, risk factors and the management of each. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

A 49-year-old woman with a complicated hernia presentation, including direct and indirect inguinal hernias, Spigelian hernias, and Pantaloon hernias, is presented in the case report. The diagnosis was verified by a comprehensive physical examination and imaging, which resulted in a Lichtenstein operation for repair. The surgical procedure for hernia comprised of painstaking dissection, reduction of the hernia sac, and implantation of a prosthetic mesh. The instance emphasizes the value of individualized treatment programs and draws attention to the intricate anatomical details of hernia surgery. Analyzing situations that are similar to one another highlights the necessity of customized strategies to improve patient outcomes., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Navandhar et al.)

Intraparietal inguinal hernias are a rare variant of inguinal hernia in which the hernia sac lies between the layers of the abdominal muscles. Intraparietal inguinal hernias mimic Spigelian hernias clinically; the diagnosis presents superior difficulties than its treatment. We report a case of a giant intraparietal hernia misdiagnosed as a Spigelian hernia clinically. The patient was 83 years old woman presented with complain of a large swelling over right abdomen for around 25 years. The patient had a huge mass of 25 x 30 cm occupying right flank, right lumbar region extending up to the umbilicus and inguinal region, partially reducible with gurgling sounds. Surgery started with transversal incision over the mass, it was found to be an interstitial variety of intraparietal inguinal hernia with a long viable segment of the small bowel with their mesentery as content of the sac. Hernioplasty with a polypropylene mesh was achieved satisfactorily. The patient was discharged on third postoperative day without complications. It is challenging to diagnose intraparietal hernias preoperatively; intraoperative findings defined its definitive diagnosis and its surgical technique.

BACKGROUND: A Spigelian hernia is rare. Diagnosis and treatment remain controversial, mainly because of its unusual presentation. The aim of this study was to report the outcomes of open treatment of eight rare cases and to evaluate our experiences in managing this condition. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective and descriptive study about operated patients for Spigelian hernia in our department of surgery between 2002 and 2016. RESULTS: Eight patients were enrolled. The mean age was 52.25 years. There was a female predominance. All cases presented hernia risk factors. A painful abdominal mass presented the reason for consultation in four cases. Two of our patients had an associated inguinal hernia and one other had an umbilical hernia. In three cases, the hernia was strangulated. The diagnosis was confirmed by clinical examination in two cases and using radiological examinations in six cases. The content was a small bowel in four cases, epiploic in three cases, and colic in one case. A sublay mesh repair was performed in five cases and a primary suture in three cases. No recurrences were detected after 2 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Spigelian hernia is underestimated. Open sublay mesh repair is feasible and safe. It ensure a great short and long term results. The open approach is feasible and safe to treat this condition.

World over, Spigelian hernia (SH) is a puzzling entity and is a diagnosis of exclusion. It has a low incidence rate and a relatively high rate of omission. We present a 57-year-old female patient who came to our clinic 2 years ago with an incisional hernia. During dissection, she was found to have a bulge in the right Spigelian belt adjacent to the incisional hernia. Both the herniae were repaired. She again presented to us with a large bulge over the left iliac fossa. On evaluation, she was diagnosed with a left SH which was then repaired. We present this case to highlight the possibility of bilateralism of SH in patients.

Spigelian hernia is a rare entity, with an incidence of approximately 2% of all hernias. Adriann Spieghel first described it in 1645. It is a congenital or acquired defect in the Spigelian aponeurosis - an area between the semilunar line and lateral border of the rectus muscle. It is challenging to diagnose Spigelian hernia preoperatively as the sac is usually located between the muscle layers of the abdominal wall. Computed tomography or ultrasound of the abdomen is often the preferred diagnostic modality for confirming the diagnosis. Surgery should be performed immediately after the diagnosis, either by open or laparoscopic repair because the rate of incarceration is very high in the case of Spigelian hernia. We report a female patient presenting with pain in the right lower abdomen and a palpable swelling, and later diagnosed as a case of Spigelian hernia. The patient underwent open-mesh repair and recovered well without any complication or recurrence at a 6-month follow-up.

• Hernia repair is associated with higher morbidity in chronic liver disease. • Chronic abdominal pain following transplantation is a diagnostic challenge. • Incidental appendectomy in the immunosuppressed carries additional risk. • Mesh repair can be safely performed following liver transplantation. • Uncommon ventral hernias can be the source of chronic abdominal pain following liver transplantation. Abdominal ventral hernias are common in chronic liver disease due to increased abdominal pressure and sarcopenia. Following liver transplantation, diagnosis of chronic abdominal pain is challenging because it may relate to immunosuppression, scaring or opportunistic infections. A 62 years-old male presented with chronic abdominal pain one year following liver transplantation due to hepatocellular carcinoma. After work-up he was diagnosed with a Spigelian hernia containing the appendix. We did hernia repair with mesh but appendectomy was not performed since it showed no signs of inflammation. On follow-up the patient had complete resolution of the pain. This is the first case of spigelian hernia containing the appendix following liver transplantation. Mesh repair can be safely performed in this setting but incidental appendectomy is controversial due to higher morbidity and mortality. In this case report we discuss the relationship between liver transplantation, abdominal hernias and the pitfalls of incidental appendectomy. Uncommon ventral hernias are a possible cause for chronic abdominal pain after surgery and should be investigated with imaging studies. Mesh repair is safe but incidental appendectomy in the immunosuppressed is not encouraged due to increased morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraparietal inguinal hernias are a rare variant of inguinal hernia in which the hernia sac lies between the layers of the abdominal muscles. Intraparietal inguinal hernias mimic Spigelian hernias clinically; the diagnosis presents superior difficulties than its treatment. We report a case of a giant intraparietal hernia misdiagnosed as a Spigelian hernia clinically. The patient was 83 years old woman presented with complain of a large swelling over right abdomen for around 25 years. The patient had a huge mass of 25 x 30 cm occupying right flank, right lumbar region extending up to the umbilicus and inguinal region, partially reducible with gurgling sounds. Surgery started with transversal incision over the mass, it was found to be an interstitial variety of intraparietal inguinal hernia with a long viable segment of the small bowel with their mesentery as content of the sac. Hernioplasty with a polypropylene mesh was achieved satisfactorily. The patient was discharged on third postoperative day without complications. It is challenging to diagnose intraparietal hernias preoperatively; intraoperative findings defined its definitive diagnosis and its surgical technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]