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Introduction: The birth and admission of a premature infant to the NICU is often an unexpected experience and a mental and spiritual challenge for families. Spiritual health is an influential factor affecting how a mother faces and endures a stressful situation. Improving the mother's spiritual health requires cognitive therapy approaches, including mindfulness techniques. Nurses can help mothers of infants admitted to the NICU to go through the hospitalization period more peacefully by using mindfulness techniques. To this end, the present study sought to investigate the effect of a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) program on spiritual health in mothers of infants admitted to the NICU. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted using a pre-test-post-test design in two intervention and control groups. The participants were 50 mothers of infants admitted to the NICU of Afzalipur Hospital, Kerman, who were selected via convenience sampling and randomly divided into two control and intervention groups (25 mothers in each group). The intervention involved providing counseling using a short-term mindfulness-based cognitive therapy program carried out in four 2-h sessions for the participants in the intervention group. The participants in the control group received routine NICU care. The participants in both groups completed a demographic information questionnaire and the Spiritual WellBeing Scale (SWBS) before and after the intervention. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS-25 software. Results: The data showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic characteristics (P > 0.05). Moreover, the mean score of spiritual health in the intervention group was 92.80 ± 12.14 and that of the control group was 92.16 ± 16.35 before the intervention. The mean score of spiritual health in the intervention group was 104.04 ± 6.60 and that of the control group was 92.56 ± 16.35 after the intervention. The results of the paired samples t -test revealed a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of spiritual health and its dimensions before and after the intervention in the intervention group (P < 0.001). Discussion: The findings from the present study indicated that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy intervention was effective in improving the spiritual health of mothers with infants admitted to the NICU. NICU nurses can use mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as a practical intervention to improve the spiritual health of mothers of premature infants and promote the sense of meaningfulness and meaning of life in these mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractResearch has shown that experiences of systemic oppression, racism, and discrimination are associated with increased psychological distress among Black women and that this might present as thoughts of suicide and suicidal behavior. The current study aims to contribute to the growing literature on suicidality among Black women by examining spiritual well-being as a protective factor that moderates the relationship between everyday discrimination and suicidality. A moderation analysis indicated a significant moderation effect of spiritual well-being on the relationship between everyday discrimination and suicidality in Black women, indicating that at high levels of spiritual well-being, the relationship between everyday discrimination and suicidality becomes weak. The current study aims to provide clinical implications relevant to culturally specific intervention plans for suicide risk among clients who are Black women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Motorcycle traffic accidents rate remained high in Taiwan letting posttrauma care an imperative issue. This study investigates the spiritual, psychological, and physical impacts of motorcycle traffic accidents in Taiwan, focusing on the role of the Injury Severity Score (ISS) in influencing quality of life (QOL) and spiritual well-being outcomes, aiming to enhance holistic recovery strategies for trauma survivors. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted from April 2022 to March 2024 in a level I trauma center. Patients aged 20 and above with trauma from motorcycle accidents were enrolled and divided into major (ISS ≥ 16) and nonmajor (ISS < 16) trauma groups. QOL and spiritual health were assessed using 36-item short-form general health survey measures (SF-36) and spiritual scale before discharge and 6 months later. Results: Of 98 patients, we observed significant postdischarge declines in both physical and mental QOL scores, regardless of ISS. However, spiritual scores improved significantly after discharge, with notable enhancements in interpersonal relationships and adversity transcendence observed in patients with ISS < 16, but not in those with ISS ≥ 16. SF-36 analysis revealed that nonreligious groups experienced significant declines in mental health scores postdischarge, unlike religious groups, which remained stable. In addition, religious individuals showed significant postdischarge improvements in interpersonal relationships and adversity transcendence, while nonreligious showed no improvement. This suggests a beneficial link between religious adherence and enhanced spiritual well-being. Conclusions: Motorcycle accidents reduce QOL and heighten spiritual needs for survivors, regardless of accident severity categorized by ISS score. Integrating spirituality into rehabilitation processes can positively impact overall well-being. Holistic care, addressing physical, psychological, social, and spiritual needs, is vital for optimizing long-term recovery and improving prognosis in trauma survivors, especially in regions with high rates of traffic accidents like Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the importance of spiritual health, resilience, and Self-efficacy in medical students for coping with the challenges of their long training path, this study was conducted to analyze these variables and their correlations among a group of medical students. Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 300 medical students. The subjects were randomly selected, their demographic information recorded, and they were asked to carefully complete the questionnaires. The Spiritual Well-Being Scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Sherer's Self-efficacy Scale were used to measure spiritual health, resilience, and Self-efficacy, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and EQS 6.4. Results were reported as mean ± SD, and statistical significance was set at P-value ≤ 0.05. Results: In this study, the mean scores for spiritual health, resilience, and Self-efficacy were 73.02, 79.67, and 59.01, respectively. The results showed a positive and significant correlation between religious health and resilience (β = 0.34, P < 0.001) and between existential health and resilience (β = 0.33, P < 0.001). Additionally, a significant correlation was found between religious health and Self-efficacy, both directly and indirectly (β = 0.85, P < 0.001), and between existential health and Self-efficacy indirectly (β = 0.29, P < 0.001). Furthermore, resilience had a direct effect on Self-efficacy (β = 0.87, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Spiritual health can predict resilience and Self-efficacy. Since individuals with high mental health demonstrate greater resilience, it can be concluded that providing supportive factors, such as religion and spirituality, to enhance mental health and spiritual intelligence can lead to improved resilience and Self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to many surveys, the pilgrimage along the Way of St James (Camino de. Santiago) can lead to spiritual benefits, but there is some disagreement about this because these benefits can be associated with the pilgrim's motivation. This article presents a conceptual framework for understanding the phenomenon of pilgrimages to Compostela and their impact on human spiritual well-being. Many diaries mention various positive psychological effects from these trips, but they are presented in religious/spiritual dialectical tension. The article presents the classical concept of spirituality as related to the ability to transcend, and then classifies what is spiritual in the writings of some Polish pilgrims. In this way, conceptual precision will be offered, which is important for understanding the positive impact of pilgrimages on well-being and empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the spiritual health status of Iranian patients with cardiovascular diseases. A literature search was conducted in national (MagIran and Scientific Information Database) and international (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science/ISI) databases from inception to December 2021. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled score of spiritual health. Based on the eligibility criteria, 22 articles were selected for the final analysis. The pooled score of spiritual health in Iranian patients with cardiovascular diseases was 61% (95% confidence interval: 54%–68%). In subgroup analysis, the pooled score in patients with heart failure was higher than other patients (67% vs. 58%). Publication bias was not significant (p = 0.554). Results indicated that the spiritual health of Iranian patients with cardiovascular diseases was moderate. Therefore, it is recommended that proper training be provided to these patients to enhance their adaptation to the complications of cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction and purpose: In today's world, care and health in different dimensions for the elderly are important health goals. Considering the great importance of social and spiritual health and the existence of challenges in these topics, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between social and spiritual health in diabetic elderly in 2023. Methods: The current research is cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical), and its statistical population involves all diabetic elderly people in Golestan province, Iran, in 2023. The samples included 199 elderly people who were selected based on the conditions of entry into the study and by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The data collection tools in this study included questions related to demographic characteristics, Keyes's Social Well-Being Questionnaire (KSWBQ), and Paloutzian & Ellison's Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBS). After explaining the objectives of the study and how to complete the questionnaire to the research units and assuring them regarding the confidentiality of the answers, the researcher, after obtaining written consent, asked the participants to complete the questionnaires. Finally, the data were collected from the completed questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS (version 26) software. A significant level of less than 0.05 was considered. Results: The results indicated that 54.3% of the participants were females and 45.7% were males. Most (35.4%) were between 65 and 70 years old, and 89.9% were married. The majority of the participants were housewives (43.4%) and retired (41.2%). In addition, 45.2% were consuming more than five medications, and 63.5% had at least two chronic diseases. Moreover, analytical results indicated that the total social health score increased significantly with improved spiritual health under flourishing, solidarity, and social cohesion scales (P

Abstract Background End-stage renal disease (ESRD) causes numerous physical and psychological problems in patients, so that they must adhere to their treatment regimen to recover their disease, alleviate these problems, and increase their lifespan. The present study aimed to determine the predictive role of spiritual health, resilience, and mental well-being in treatment adherence among hemodialysis patients. Methods This correlational cross-sectional study investigated some variables related to treatment adherence in 184 patients undergoing hemodialysis referred to two dialysis centers in Kerman, southeastern Iran. A census method was used to select the participants and data were collected using socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire, Adherence to Treatment Questionnaire (ATQ), Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale, Reef Psychological well-being Questionnaire, and Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS). Results The overall treatment adherence score was 155.42 ± 27.98 and we found a positive significant correlation between spiritual health, resilience, psychological well-being, and treatment adherence (p

Extended Abstract Background: As a public belief, religion has always played a fundamental role in the development and strengthening of social institutions. Since the creation of mankind, religion has not only acted as a personal guide but also as a measure for regulating social behaviors and has played an important role in various areas, including natural resource management. One of the interesting patterns in the relationship between religion and nature is the connection formed based on the significance and sanctity of water in religious teachings. In this context, water is introduced as a symbol of purity, innocence, and spiritual health. According to this pattern, spiritual health, which refers to a deep connection to religious and divine values, plays a key role in regulating religious, civic, and individual relationships. Despite the great importance of this topic, few studies have investigated the role of religious beliefs in the consumption of natural resources, especially in Islamic societies. This shortage of research is largely due to the cultural and social challenges associated with studying such topics, avoided by many researchers. In reality, people’s religious beliefs and attitudes are often naturally inspired by nature and its resources, among which water is one of the most vital elements of nature, playing a crucial role in the survival and life of humanity. Islam, particularly in its Qur'anic teachings, repeatedly emphasizes the importance of water conservation and careful use. The Holy Qur'an refers to water as the source of life and stresses the need to care for this divine blessing. Alongside these teachings, religious beliefs have always played a central role in shaping people's attitudes and behaviors. One such belief, which is recognized as part of religious practice, is the concept of spiritual health, which refers to an individual's deep connection with religious teachings that can guide them toward more responsible use of natural resources, including water. This connection is not only evident in religious and ritualistic behaviors but also influences everyday life aspects, such as social interactions and the use of natural resources. However, fewer studies have specifically examined the relationship between spiritual health and optimal water use, particularly in Islamic societies. Cultural and social complexities associated with studying such topics have always posed challenges, leading to limited research in this field. Considering the role of water and its connection to religious beliefs and spiritual health, the present study seeks to investigate the relationship between religious attitudes, income levels, and water consumption in the community of Gorgan. This study aims to answer the question: Is there a relationship between individuals' religious attitudes and their water consumption? Additionally, the study explores the influence of other variables, such as gender, income level, family size, and employment status, on water consumption. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study focuses on the urban population of Gorgan in 2021. A total of 100 individuals were selected from this population using simple random sampling. The samples were selected to ensure diversity in demographic, economic, and cultural characteristics. Standard and validated questionnaires were used as data collection tools, including a Religious Attitude Scale, a Spiritual Health Questionnaire, and a Financial Questionnaire. The Spiritual Health Questionnaire, by Polotzin and Ellison, consists of 20 questions designed to measure two dimensions: religious health and existential health. This questionnaire determines an individual's overall spiritual health score from 0 to 100. The second questionnaire assessed individuals' attitudes toward water consumption and their inclination toward water conservation. This questionnaire included 21 questions to evaluate cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and responsibility dimensions related to water consumption. The validity of these tools was confirmed through content validity, and their reliability was verified using Cronbach's alpha, with values of 0.82 for spiritual health and 0.94 for the water conservation attitude questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Initially, descriptive statistics were employed to describe demographic variables and study indices (mean, standard deviation, and percentages). Then, inferential statistics, including Spearman's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis, were used to examine the relationship between independent variables (spiritual health, gender, income, family size, and employment status) and the dependent variable (water consumption) at a significance level of 0.05. All ethical principles, including informed consent from participants and confidentiality of information, were observed in this study. Results: A significant positive relationship was observed between spiritual health and water consumption, meaning that individuals with higher spiritual health were more inclined to conserve water. Additionally, a significant relationship was observed between water consumption and age. Older individuals were more likely to conserve water than younger ones. Multivariate regression analysis showed that spiritual health and age were the two main predictors of water-saving behaviors. In other words, an increase in spiritual health and age was significantly associated with a greater tendency toward optimal water use. Other demographic variables, such as gender, income level, employment status, and family size, did not significantly affect water consumption. The results suggest that improving spiritual health can lead to better water consumption behaviors and a reduction in water waste. This impact is particularly noticeable among older individuals. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that spiritual health, as an important and influential factor, plays a key role in improving water consumption behaviors. Strengthening spiritual health and religious beliefs in society, especially in arid and water-scarce regions, can serve as an effective strategy for addressing the water crisis and promoting the optimal use of natural resources. The findings also suggest that age is an important factor in reducing water consumption and encouraging conservation. Therefore, promoting and educating religious concepts related to natural resource conservation and protection, particularly through religious and educational institutions, can play a crucial role in changing water consumption patterns in society. Overall, the results of this study indicate that enhancing spiritual health through education and raising awareness can lead to reduced excessive water consumption and better protection of natural resources. This is especially important in communities facing water scarcity, requiring greater attention from policymakers and cultural and educational planners.

Abstract Background Workforce health is one of the primary and challenging issues, especially in industrialized countries. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the ability to predict accident-proneness among Saveh Industry workers in Iran, based on an extended Health Belief Model, that included the construct of spiritual health. Method This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2022 on 384 workers in Saveh, Iran. The study aimed to explore relationships between accident proneness behavior, spiritual health, and health beliefs. The accident-proneness questionnaire consisted of two parts: the first part included demographic questions, and the second part comprised 9 sections covering personality traits, workplace harmful factors, miscellaneous factors, musculoskeletal disorders, safety culture, safety attitudes, job stress, organization interest, and degree of risk-taking. The Health Belief Model included 31 questions, while spiritual health was measured with the 20-question Paloutzian and Ellison questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. Results In terms of accident proneness, 229 (59.6%), exhibited high levels, 148 (38.5%) had medium levels, and 7 (1.8%) showed low levels of accident-proneness. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that in the first model, variables of perceived self-efficacy, vulnerability, and severity independently predicted workers accident proneness, explaining a total of 43% of variance in accident proneness behavior. In the second step, perceived self-efficacy (β = 34%), perceived sensitivity (β = 27%), spiritual health (β = 16%), and perceived severity (β = 12%) were included, respectively, which explained a total of 46% of the variance of accident-prone behavior of workers. Conclusion Given the high rate of accident proneness observed in this study, there is a critical need for policymakers and health planners to design policies aimed at mitigating the risks associated with occupational accidents. Furthermore, the findings highlight the potential of integrating spiritual health into the Health Belief Model, as a conceptual framework for planning effective intervention programs to enhance workplace safety.

The purpose of this study is to explain the role of the Quranic nutrition system in spiritual health, employing a descriptive-analytical method. The research focuses on carefully evaluating key concepts, including the cognitive and behavioral roles of the Quranic nutrition system and its impact on spiritual health. This analytical approach allows for a deeper understanding of how the cognitive and behavioral aspects of the Quranic nutrition system influence spiritual well-being. The findings indicate that the Quranic nutrition system, through its interconnected elements of objectives, foundations, and principles, significantly affects spiritual health by imparting knowledge and guiding behavior. Key cognitive roles include raising awareness about one’s food, warning against consuming unlawful sustenance, reminding individuals of God’s provision, human agency in choosing food, an innate inclination toward pure foods, and the bestowal of both inherent and acquired dignity. The behavioral roles emphasized by the Quranic nutrition system include adherence to lawful and pure foods, avoidance of unlawful and impure foods, gratitude, moderation in eating, and fasting, all of which contribute to spiritual health.

Community lay leaders are critical in connecting professional services and general populations in communities. However, limited studies have explored the potential protective factors for psychological health among this group of people. In addition, based on the complex nature of spiritual health, the inconsistent findings of previous studies also suggested that different domains of spiritual health may shape psychological health differently in different contexts and among different socio-demographic groups. Therefore, we assessed the psychological health of Hong Kong community lay leaders after COVID-19 and examined the effects of different domains of spiritual health on psychological distress after controlling for age and gender. Cross-sectional data from 234 Hong Kong community lay leaders aged 18 to 84 were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that most Hong Kong community lay leaders reported moderate anxiety. In addition, personal and communal (one domain) and transcendental domains of spiritual health were negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress, and the environmental domain of spiritual health was positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. These findings imply the importance of considering both the positive and negative effects of spiritual health on psychological distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the extent of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health, academic performance, and coping mechanisms of the Grade 11 and 12 students of Saint Joseph College, Maasin City, Southern Leyte. The survey questionnaire was given to randomly selected 300 students and the results were statistically treated with an equal number of female and male students. The descriptive-correlational method of research was utilized and the questionnaire was adopted and modified from the DASS-21, Symptoms of Stress, BMSLSS-PTPB, DSES, and Coping Mechanisms. The study's findings reveal that the spiritual health was significantly affected, the social health was affected, and both the physical and mental health were slightly affected. Academic performance was outstanding, yet, few got failing grades, and coping mechanisms were often practiced. Among the profiles, age and gender has a significant relationship with health. There is a significant relationship between health and academic performance. Only the gender profile has a significant relationship with coping. The coping mechanisms and academic performance has a significant relationship. There is a significant difference in coping mechanisms when grouped together according to their gender. A health intervention plan was developed based on the findings of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clergy play an important role in the health of their congregations and communities. Unfortunately, high rates of chronic disease and burnout exist, and health promotion programs have been limited in their ability to change behaviors. This study psychometrically tested the Caring Factor Survey—Caring for Self (CFS-CS), developed to understand self-care among nurses, with clergy. Initially, five experts established face validity of the survey. Ordained Christian clergy actively ministering in the United States were then recruited for a two-phase study. In phase 1, six clergy assessed the content validity of the survey using the Content Validity Index (CVI). In phase 2, 70 clergy completed the CFS-CS, demographic questions, and two Likert scale questions assessing the importance of and their effort to care for themselves daily. Cronbach's alpha, average inter-item correlations, and exploratory factor analysis were conducted, as were correlations between the survey and the Likert scale items. During phase 1, individual CVI ranged from 1.00 to 0.83 and scale-level CVI was 0.95, indicating that the content of the scale was adequate. During phase 2, one item, Teaching & Learning, did not perform well. When removed, Cronbach's alpha and the average inter-item correlation were 0.81 and 0.33, respectively. Correlations between the nine-item survey (CFS-CS, Clergy) and the measures of importance and effort towards caring for self were r = 0.50 and 0.68, respectively, p < 0.001 for both. The CFS-CS, Clergy was found to be a valid and reliable measure for future studies to assess self-care beliefs and attitudes of clergy and their impact on clergy health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) causes numerous physical and psychological problems in patients, so that they must adhere to their treatment regimen to recover their disease, alleviate these problems, and increase their lifespan. The present study aimed to determine the predictive role of spiritual health, resilience, and mental well-being in treatment adherence among hemodialysis patients. Methods: This correlational cross-sectional study investigated some variables related to treatment adherence in 184 patients undergoing hemodialysis referred to two dialysis centers in Kerman, southeastern Iran. A census method was used to select the participants and data were collected using socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire, Adherence to Treatment Questionnaire (ATQ), Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale, Reef Psychological well-being Questionnaire, and Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS). Results: The overall treatment adherence score was 155.42 ± 27.98 and we found a positive significant correlation between spiritual health, resilience, psychological well-being, and treatment adherence (p < 0.001). The mean scores of resilience, spiritual health and psychological well-being were 70.59 ± 17.02, 90.09 ± 12.01, and 77.88 ± 11.72, respectively. Spiritual health, psychological well-being, resilience, gender and marital status predicted 54% of the variance of treatment adherence, with psychological well-being being the best predictor (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Spiritual health, psychological well-being, and resilience are factors that influence treatment adherence of the patients undergoing hemodialysis, with psychological well-being having the greatest contribution to improving patient's treatment adherence. Interventions effective in improving psychological well-being, spiritual health and resilience can improve treatment adherence of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Healthcare workers must pay more attention to the factors affecting treatment adherence of patients undergoing hemodialysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the level of spiritual health and its related influencing factors in patients after thoracoscopic partial hepatectomy. Methods A total of 110 patients who underwent elective thoracoscopic partial hepatectomy in the hospital from February 2022 to December 2023 were selected. One week after surgery, the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-being Scale-12 (FACIT-Sp-12) was used to assess the patients′ spiritual health level, and their basic information was surveyed. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to identify the level of spiritual health and its related influencing factors in patients after thoracoscopic partial hepatectomy. Results One week after surgery, the FACIT-Sp-12 score of the 110 patients after thoracoscopic partial hepatectomy was (27.69±3.58) points, indicating a moderate level of spiritual health. According to the multivariate linear regression analysis, the absence of religious beliefs, severe fatigue, sleep disturbances, low levels of hope, and impaired family care were the influencing factors of spiritual health in patients after thoracoscopic partial hepatectomy (P＜0.05). Conclusion The level of spiritual health in patients after thoracoscopic partial hepatectomy is moderate and is influenced by religious beliefs, fatigue levels, sleep status, hope levels, and family care. Based on these findings, measures such as strengthening sleep, psychological support, and family intervention can be implemented to improve patients′ spiritual health levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Workforce health is one of the primary and challenging issues, especially in industrialized countries. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the ability to predict accident-proneness among Saveh Industry workers in Iran, based on an extended Health Belief Model, that included the construct of spiritual health. Method: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2022 on 384 workers in Saveh, Iran. The study aimed to explore relationships between accident proneness behavior, spiritual health, and health beliefs. The accident-proneness questionnaire consisted of two parts: the first part included demographic questions, and the second part comprised 9 sections covering personality traits, workplace harmful factors, miscellaneous factors, musculoskeletal disorders, safety culture, safety attitudes, job stress, organization interest, and degree of risk-taking. The Health Belief Model included 31 questions, while spiritual health was measured with the 20-question Paloutzian and Ellison questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. Results: In terms of accident proneness, 229 (59.6%), exhibited high levels, 148 (38.5%) had medium levels, and 7 (1.8%) showed low levels of accident-proneness. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that in the first model, variables of perceived self-efficacy, vulnerability, and severity independently predicted workers accident proneness, explaining a total of 43% of variance in accident proneness behavior. In the second step, perceived self-efficacy (β = 34%), perceived sensitivity (β = 27%), spiritual health (β = 16%), and perceived severity (β = 12%) were included, respectively, which explained a total of 46% of the variance of accident-prone behavior of workers. Conclusion: Given the high rate of accident proneness observed in this study, there is a critical need for policymakers and health planners to design policies aimed at mitigating the risks associated with occupational accidents. Furthermore, the findings highlight the potential of integrating spiritual health into the Health Belief Model, as a conceptual framework for planning effective intervention programs to enhance workplace safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Job burnout has a high prevalence among nurses, which reduces nurses' compassion, increases medical errors, and ethical distress. Spiritual health has a positive impact on different aspects of people's jobs and lives, too. Methods & Materials: The current research was a semi-experimental type that was conducted on all nurses working in the teaching-therapeutic hospital of Lamard city (2019) who were suffering from moderate to high levels of burnout. The samples were randomly selected and assigned to two control (20 people) and intervention (20 people) groups. The tool for gathering information was questionnaires, which contained personal characteristics and job burnout of Maslach health workers. Questionnaires were completed before and immediately after the intervention. The intervention included seven training sessions in the field of spiritual health. The collected data were analyzed with SPPS 21 software. In order to compare the job burnout dimensions of the two groups before and after the intervention, independent T-test or Mann-Whitney was used, and paired T-test or Wilcoxon was used to compare before and after each group. Discussion: In various nursing texts, the design of spiritual interventions has been emphasized to enhance the spiritual health of nurses and patients. Therefore, due to the lack of executive model for spiritual care in nurses, this study can provide an appropriate model for nursing researchers and managers to examine the impact of the spiritual health program on nurses' job burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spiritual care is an important aspect of patient centered care and in healthcare research, the focus on spiritual care has been growing over the past decades. Providing spiritual care in a global, culturally entwined, and pluralistic world is complicated, as providers are sensitive to the potential variance in the secular, spiritual, and religious meaning orientations of their patients. The purpose of spiritual nursing care is to support people's spiritual health, encourage inner serenity, offer emotional support, and assist them in using their spiritual resources to get through trying times. Purpose: To identify challenges nurses face (communication, sensitivity) for improvement. Methods: In this study, we estimated ten patients from a geriatric ward in Edinburgh, Scotland, who were asked to define their spiritual requirements. Results: In our study, the majority of the patients expressed a desire to make sense of or find purpose in their lives, as well as to be loved and accepted. Conclusion: The study provides theoretical research and empirical support for nursing, creating a cumulative added value in spiritual nursing care. Future studies on spiritual care in nursing should inform changes in education and practice. This patient requirement must be prioritized alongside all other physical and mental needs. Implications for Nursing: Spiritual care in nursing practice has the potential to significantly enhance patient well-being and expand the role of nurses in healthcare. By addressing these challenges and fostering better training and education, nurses can become more equipped to integrate spiritual care into their practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe birth and admission of a premature infant to the NICU is often an unexpected experience and a mental and spiritual challenge for families. Spiritual health is an influential factor affecting how a mother faces and endures a stressful situation. Improving the mother's spiritual health requires cognitive therapy approaches, including mindfulness techniques. Nurses can help mothers of infants admitted to the NICU to go through the hospitalization period more peacefully by using mindfulness techniques. To this end, the present study sought to investigate the effect of a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) program on spiritual health in mothers of infants admitted to the NICU.MethodsThis quasi-experimental study was conducted using a pre-test-post-test design in two intervention and control groups. The participants were 50 mothers of infants admitted to the NICU of Afzalipur Hospital, Kerman, who were selected via convenience sampling and randomly divided into two control and intervention groups (25 mothers in each group). The intervention involved providing counseling using a short-term mindfulness-based cognitive therapy program carried out in four 2-h sessions for the participants in the intervention group. The participants in the control group received routine NICU care. The participants in both groups completed a demographic information questionnaire and the Spiritual WellBeing Scale (SWBS) before and after the intervention. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS-25 software.ResultsThe data showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic characteristics (P > 0.05). Moreover, the mean score of spiritual health in the intervention group was 92.80 ± 12.14 and that of the control group was 92.16 ± 16.35 before the intervention. The mean score of spiritual health in the intervention group was 104.04 ± 6.60 and that of the control group was 92.56 ± 16.35 after the intervention. The results of the paired samples t-test revealed a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of spiritual health and its dimensions before and after the intervention in the intervention group (P < 0.001).DiscussionThe findings from the present study indicated that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy intervention was effective in improving the spiritual health of mothers with infants admitted to the NICU. NICU nurses can use mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as a practical intervention to improve the spiritual health of mothers of premature infants and promote the sense of meaningfulness and meaning of life in these mothers.

Background: Spiritual health is part of the general concept of child health. Considering the effects of spiritual health on the growth and development of children, it is necessary to understand the concept of spiritual health and its dimensions in children. Accordingly, this study explains the dimensions of children’s spiritual health. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 17 children and 9 researchers and specialists in the field of children’s mental health. Interviews were conducted with an average duration of 30 min. Results: Dimensions of children’s spiritual health with two themes of balanced relationship in 4 categories of relationship with God, relationship with self, relationship with others, and relationship with the environment, and the theme of relationship transcendence in 2 categories of transcendent behaviors and love of God were explained. Conclusion: Regardless of other developmental principles that follow the rule of maturity, the balanced relationship of spiritual health and the relationship transcendence of spiritual health in children did not follow the rule of maturity, and due to the innateness of the themes of balanced relationship and relationship transcendence of spiritual health. These characteristics have existed in children since childhood, regardless of any religious-spiritual measures within the family, and their spiritual health potential has been realized from their potential state.

Background: Spiritual health is one of the most important psychological factors for university students, and it is perceived differently in various cultures and societies. Accordingly, this qualitative study investigates the definition of spiritual health and the most important factors that affect the definition of spiritual health among Gonabad University students. Methods: This is a qualitative-based study designed using semi-structured interviews with the faculty members and experts from Gonabad University of Medical Sciences and Gonabad Seminary from December 2022 to November 2023. For data collection, a total of 13 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted, and open-ended questions were asked. The data were analyzed using the framework analysis. Results: A total of 13 participants (7 men and 6 women) with threatening behaviors took part in this study. The participants’ ages ranged from 30 to 60 years. After analyzing the data, the following 6 themes were identified through framework analysis: culture, family factors, education, justice, community characteristics, and modeling. Conclusion: This qualitative study highlights diverse conceptions of spiritual health among Gonabad University students and provides valuable insights for promoting spiritual well-being in higher education settings and educating families on behavior guided by spirituality and corresponding values.

Background and purpose: Spiritual health is defined as an inner and satisfying feeling of being constructive with oneself and others and a feeling of superiority in the specific cultural framework of each society, which means life and death. On the other hand, self-efficacy is one of the results of self-confidence and self-mastery, which always has valuable results in the behavior and performance of people in different fields, especially in the field of treatment and medicine. Based on the evidence, spiritual health, and self-efficacy have a close relationship with cooperation, so the belief in self-efficacy and spirituality can cause it to be in the level of utilization and quality of self-efficacy. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between spiritual health and self-efficacy of medical interns at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Materials and methods: The method of this research is descriptive of the correlation type and the statistical population of the research includes all medical interns (320 people) studying at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in 1402. 176 internship students participated in this study. After obtaining permission, all samples were informed about the purpose of the research. To collect information, Palutzian's (1982) spiritual health questionnaire, which includes 10 religious health questions and 10 existential health questions, and Sherer's (1982) self-efficacy questionnaire, which has 17 items, were used. This scale measures three aspects of behavior, which include: the desire to initiate the behavior, the desire to try harder to complete the task, and resistance to facing obstacles. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire have been proven to be 79% in Barati Bakhtiari's research and 73% in Malek Shahi et al.'s research. The information obtained by Pearson's correlation coefficient method and stepwise regression of the measured item and independent t-test to compare spiritual health and self-efficacy in sex. Male and female were used. Results: According to demographic data, among the 176 people who entered our study, 103 (58.5%) were male and 73 (41.5%) were female. In this research, 12 people (6.8 percent) had high spiritual health and only 6 people (3.4 percent) had low spiritual health. In general, the students' spiritual scores vary between 30 and 114, and the average was 78.71±34.16. 146 people (84.4%) had high self-efficacy 25 people (14.5%) had medium self-efficacy and finally, only 2 people (1.2%) had low self-efficacy. The self-efficacy score of the participants in the present study is between 0 and 85 with an average of 60.11±12.38. There is a significant relationship between the religious part and the existential part of spiritual health with self-efficacy (P=0.001 and P

Background: Spiritual health is a state which not only increases the meaning of life but also increases mental satisfaction and gist in life. It improves the verbal communication between physician and patients, which reflects future patient care by strengthening their relationship. Aims and Objectives: (1) The present study was planned to assess the spiritual health status of undergraduate medical students of Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Burla, by use of the Spiritual Health Assessment Scale (SHAS) and coping orientation for problem experiences (COPE) score and (2) to find the association between sociodemographic variables and spiritual health status of the students. Materials and Methods: For this study, 750 undergraduate students of either sex were recruited between August 2023 and November 2023. The data were collected through "sociodemographic characteristic questionnaire's," "SHAS," and "cope score." Results: In our study, most of the students were female, i.e., 56.94%. Majority of students were having mean SHA score (96.83 ± 4.72). Regarding copping score, we found that 287 students have scored high score between 42 and 46 (38.26%). A significant association was found between SHAS and type of family (P = 0.001), ritual gathering (P = 0.000), father's education level (P = 0.009), and mother's education level (P = 0.003) at P < 0.05. Conclusion: This study concludes that the spiritual health is directly and indirectly associated with lifestyle modification of the MBBS students which help very easily to overcome from stress and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lymphedema is a debilitating condition that significantly affects quality of life due to its chronic nature and visible symptoms. Lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) has emerged as a promising surgical intervention, yet its effects on body image and spiritual health alongside physical symptoms have not been thoroughly examined. This study evaluates the efficacy of LVA in improving symptoms, quality of life (QOL), body image, and spiritual well-being in lymphedema patients. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, involving 44 patients with lymphedema undergoing LVA surgery. Evaluations were made pre-surgery, one month post-surgery, and six months post-surgery using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS), and a spiritual health scale. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Significant improvements were observed in lymphedema symptoms and QOL measures at six months post-operation. SF-36 results showed enhanced scores in nearly all domains, particularly in physical functioning and role-physical. The appearance orientation scores from the MBSRQ-AS significantly increased, indicating improved perceptions in some dimensions of body image. Conclusions: LVA surgery significantly enhances physical and psychological outcomes in patients with lymphedema, with marked improvements in symptoms, QOL, and body image perceptions. The findings suggest that while LVA is effective in addressing the physical and psychological aspects of lymphedema, it does not impact spiritual dimensions. This underscores the need for holistic approaches in the management of lymphedema to address all facets of patient well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Larceny, taking other persons property without their consent, is a crime categorised under 378 and 379 under Indian Penal Code (IPC). There are several factors behind larceny offence, but criminal propensity is a major contributing factor. This study explores the interplay between criminal propensity, spiritual health, and substance use among larceny offenders in central jails in India. Utilizing a descriptive research design, the study examines these variables through a structured questionnaire administered to 231 prisoners. The analysis reveals a neareven distribution of substance and alcohol use among participants, with 48.5% reporting use and 51.5% abstaining. Criminal propensity is notably high, with 69.3% classified as having "Above Average" tendencies, indicating a need for targeted criminal justice interventions. Spiritual health varies significantly, with 45.0% reporting "Very Low" and 20.8% "Very High" levels. The study finds no significant differences in criminal propensity or spiritual health between substance/alcohol users and non-users. However, a significant negative correlation (r = -0.395, p < 0.01) between criminal propensity and spiritual health suggests that higher spiritual health is associated with lower criminal propensity. Regression analysis supports this relationship, showing that spiritual health explains 15.6% of the variance in criminal propensity. These findings highlight the importance of integrating spiritual health into interventions aimed at reducing criminal behavior and improving overall wellbeing among prisoners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare chaplains address broad social and emotional dimensions of care within a pluralistic religious landscape. Although the development and evaluation of chaplaincy interventions has advanced the field, little research has investigated factors influencing the implementation of new chaplain interventions. In this mixed-method study, we examined attitudes about evidence-based interventions held by chaplain residents (n = 39) at the outset of an ACPE-accredited residency program in the southeast United States. We also used semi-structured interviews (n = 9) to examine residents' attitudes, beliefs, and decision-making processes after they trained in the delivery of a novel manualized intervention, Compassion-Centered Spiritual Health (CCSH). Most residents reported favorable attitudes toward manualized approaches prior to training. Interviews revealed complex decision-making processes and highlighted personal motivations and challenges to learning and implementing CCSH. Implementation science can reveal factors related to motivation, intention, and training that may be optimized to improve the implementation of healthcare chaplaincy interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this research were to study the influence of spiritual health and spiritual leadership on work engagement with workplace spirituality as a mediating variable of nurses in a regional hospital. The samples of the research were 215 nurses in a regional hospital, Central region. The data was collected through questionnaires which were consisted of five parts, including personal data, the spiritual health scale, the workplace spirituality scale, the spiritual leadership scale, and the work engagement scale. The data was analyzed by using multiple regression analysis and bootstrap method. The results of this research showed that 1) The level of spiritual health, workplace spirituality, spiritual leadership, and work engagement were at high level; 2) spiritual health, workplace spirituality, and spiritual leadership were positively related to work engagement at .001 level of significant; spiritual health and spiritual leadership were positively related to workplace spirituality at .001 level of significant; 3) spiritual health and spiritual leadership had indirect effect on work engagement with the partial mediating role of workplace spirituality at .001 level of significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Spiritual health is one of the most important psychological factors for university students, and it is perceived differently in various cultures and societies. Accordingly, this qualitative study investigates the definition of spiritual health and the most important factors that affect the definition of spiritual health among Gonabad University students. Methods: This is a qualitative-based study designed using semi-structured interviews with the faculty members and experts from Gonabad University of Medical Sciences and Gonabad Seminary from December 2022 to November 2023. For data collection, a total of 13 semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted, and open-ended questions were asked. The data were analyzed using the framework analysis. Results: A total of 13 participants (7 men and 6 women) with threatening behaviors took part in this study. The participants’ ages ranged from 30 to 60 years. After analyzing the data, the following 6 themes were identified through framework analysis: culture, family factors, education, justice, community characteristics, and modeling. Conclusion: This qualitative study highlights diverse conceptions of spiritual health among Gonabad University students and provides valuable insights for promoting spiritual well-being in higher education settings and educating families on behavior guided by spirituality and corresponding values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spiritual health is part of the general concept of child health. Considering the effects of spiritual health on the growth and development of children, it is necessary to understand the concept of spiritual health and its dimensions in children. Accordingly, this study explains the dimensions of children’s spiritual health. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 17 children and 9 researchers and specialists in the field of children’s mental health. Interviews were conducted with an average duration of 30 min. Results: Dimensions of children’s spiritual health with two themes of balanced relationship in 4 categories of relationship with God, relationship with self, relationship with others, and relationship with the environment, and the theme of relationship transcendence in 2 categories of transcendent behaviors and love of God were explained. Conclusion: Regardless of other developmental principles that follow the rule of maturity, the balanced relationship of spiritual health and the relationship transcendence of spiritual health in children did not follow the rule of maturity, and due to the innateness of the themes of balanced relationship and relationship transcendence of spiritual health. These characteristics have existed in children since childhood, regardless of any religious-spiritual measures within the family, and their spiritual health potential has been realized from their potential state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Every year, natural disasters in many countries lead to the destruction of infrastructure, loss of assets, and harm to the physical, mental, social, and spiritual health of people. The attention of policymakers and the media is mostly focused on the reconstruction of damaged buildings and the physical rehabilitation and recovery of the injured, while the spiritual rehabilitation of the people affected is often neglected. This study aims to identify the factors influencing the spiritual rehabilitation of people affected by natural disasters. Methods: This study was conducted using a systematic literature review following the PRISMA guidelines. Relevant studies were extracted from data sources, including MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Google Scholar, Embase, ProQuest, PsycInfo, Scopus, IranMedex, SID, and ISC. Systematic review studies, key journals, and conference proceedings related to the factors affecting the spiritual rehabilitation of individuals after natural disasters from January 1, 2020 to March 31, 2022 were included. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the obtained data. Results: Initially, 1,753 studies were identified based on the initial search, and eventually, 22 final studies were included in the study. Based on the thematic analysis results, the factors influencing the spiritual rehabilitation of people affected by natural disasters were classified into four main themes and eleven sub-themes. The main themes included communication with God, strengthening religious beliefs, social participation, and meaning-making. The sub-themes included praying, using supplication, reading the holy book, praising God, believing in the afterlife, understanding the position and characteristics of the world, understanding the divine, participating in religious ceremonies, membership in supportive groups, the meaning of suffering and adversity, and the meaning of death. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that the connection with the divine (God), strengthening religious beliefs, social participation, and meaning-making are influential factors in the spiritual rehabilitation of affected people after natural disasters. Incorporating these factors in the spiritual counseling and care of the affected people can improve their spiritual health after encountering the destructive effects of natural disasters. These findings can provide valuable insights for managing natural disasters through a holistic approach to the health of affected people, and can guide caregivers in implementing spiritual rehabilitation interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As a public belief, religion has always played a fundamental role in the development and strengthening of social institutions. Since the creation of mankind, religion has not only acted as a personal guide but also as a measure for regulating social behaviors and has played an important role in various areas, including natural resource management. One of the interesting patterns in the relationship between religion and nature is the connection formed based on the significance and sanctity of water in religious teachings. In this context, water is introduced as a symbol of purity, innocence, and spiritual health. According to this pattern, spiritual health, which refers to a deep connection to religious and divine values, plays a key role in regulating religious, civic, and individual relationships. Despite the great importance of this topic, few studies have investigated the role of religious beliefs in the consumption of natural resources, especially in Islamic societies. This shortage of research is largely due to the cultural and social challenges associated with studying such topics, avoided by many researchers. In reality, people’s religious beliefs and attitudes are often naturally inspired by nature and its resources, among which water is one of the most vital elements of nature, playing a crucial role in the survival and life of humanity. Islam, particularly in its Qur'anic teachings, repeatedly emphasizes the importance of water conservation and careful use. The Holy Qur'an refers to water as the source of life and stresses the need to care for this divine blessing. Alongside these teachings, religious beliefs have always played a central role in shaping people's attitudes and behaviors. One such belief, which is recognized as part of religious practice, is the concept of spiritual health, which refers to an individual's deep connection with religious teachings that can guide them toward more responsible use of natural resources, including water. This connection is not only evident in religious and ritualistic behaviors but also influences everyday life aspects, such as social interactions and the use of natural resources. However, fewer studies have specifically examined the relationship between spiritual health and optimal water use, particularly in Islamic societies. Cultural and social complexities associated with studying such topics have always posed challenges, leading to limited research in this field. Considering the role of water and its connection to religious beliefs and spiritual health, the present study seeks to investigate the relationship between religious attitudes, income levels, and water consumption in the community of Gorgan. This study aims to answer the question: Is there a relationship between individuals' religious attitudes and their water consumption? Additionally, the study explores the influence of other variables, such as gender, income level, family size, and employment status, on water consumption. Methods: This descriptive -correlational study focuses on the urban population of Gorgan in 2021. A total of 100 individuals were selected from this population using simple random sampling. The samples were selected to ensure diversity in demographic, economic, and cultural characteristics. Standard and validated questionnaires were used as data collection tools, including a Religious Attitude Scale, a Spiritual Health Questionnaire, and a Financial Questionnaire. The Spiritual Health Questionnaire, by Polotzin and Ellison, consists of 20 questions designed to measure two dimensions: religious health and existential health. This questionnaire determines an individual's overall spiritual health score from 0 to 100. The second questionnaire assessed individuals' attitudes toward water consumption and their inclination toward water conservation. This questionnaire included 21 questions to evaluate cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and responsibility dimensions related to water consumption. The validity of these tools was confirmed through content validity, and their reliability was verified using Cronbach's alpha, with values of 0.82 for spiritual health and 0.94 for the water conservation attitude questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Initially, descriptive statistics were employed to describe demographic variables and study indices (mean, standard deviation, and percentages). Then, inferential statistics, including Spearman's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis, were used to examine the relationship between independent variables (spiritual health, gender, income, family size, and employment status) and the dependent variable (water consumption) at a significance level of 0.05. All ethical principles, including informed consent from participants and confidentiality of information, were observed in this study. Results: A significant positive relationship was observed between spiritual health and water consumption, meaning that individuals with higher spiritual health were more inclined to conserve water. Additionally, a significant relationship was observed between water consumption and age. Older individuals were more likely to conserve water than younger ones. Multivariate regression analysis showed that spiritual health and age were the two main predictors of water -saving behaviors. In other words, an increase in spiritual health and age was significantly associated with a greater tendency toward optimal water use. Other demographic variables, such as gender, income level, employment status, and family size, did not significantly affect water consumption. The results suggest that improving spiritual health can lead to better water consumption behaviors and a reduction in water waste. This impact is particularly noticeable among older individuals. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that spiritual health, as an important and influential factor, plays a key role in improving water consumption behaviors. Strengthening spiritual health and religious beliefs in society, especially in arid and water -scarce regions, can serve as an effective strategy for addressing the water crisis and promoting the optimal use of natural resources. The findings also suggest that age is an important factor in reducing water consumption and encouraging conservation. Therefore, promoting and educating religious concepts related to natural resource conservation and protection, particularly through religious and educational institutions, can play a crucial role in changing water consumption patterns in society. Overall, the results of this study indicate that enhancing spiritual health through education and raising awareness can lead to reduced excessive water consumption and better protection of natural resources. This is especially important in communities facing water scarcity, requiring greater attention from policymakers and cultural and educational planners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Spiritual health is defined as an inner and satisfying feeling of being constructive with oneself and others and a feeling of superiority in the specific cultural framework of each society, which means life and death. On the other hand, self-efficacy is one of the results of self-confidence and self-mastery, which always has valuable results in the behavior and performance of people in different fields, especially in the field of treatment and medicine. Based on the evidence, spiritual health, and self-efficacy have a close relationship with cooperation, so the belief in self-efficacy and spirituality can cause it to be in the level of utilization and quality of self-efficacy. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between spiritual health and self-efficacy of medical interns at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Materials and methods: The method of this research is descriptive of the correlation type and the statistical population of the research includes all medical interns (320 people) studying at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in 1402. 176 internship students participated in this study. After obtaining permission, all samples were informed about the purpose of the research. To collect information, Palutzian's (1982) spiritual health questionnaire, which includes 10 religious health questions and 10 existential health questions, and Sherer's (1982) self-efficacy questionnaire, which has 17 items, were used. This scale measures three aspects of behavior, which include: the desire to initiate the behavior, the desire to try harder to complete the task, and resistance to facing obstacles. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire have been proven to be 79% in Barati Bakhtiari's research and 73% in Malek Shahi et al.'s research. The information obtained by Pearson's correlation coefficient method and stepwise regression of the measured item and independent t-test to compare spiritual health and self-efficacy in sex. Male and female were used. Results: According to demographic data, among the 176 people who entered our study, 103 (58.5%) were male and 73 (41.5%) were female. In this research, 12 people (6.8 percent) had high spiritual health and only 6 people (3.4 percent) had low spiritual health. In general, the students' spiritual scores vary between 30 and 114, and the average was 78.71±34.16. 146 people (84.4%) had high self-efficacy 25 people (14.5%) had medium selfefficacy and finally, only 2 people (1.2%) had low self-efficacy. The self-efficacy score of the participants in the present study is between 0 and 85 with an average of 60.11±12.38. There is a significant relationship between the religious part and the existential part of spiritual health with self-efficacy (P=0.001 and P<0.000, respectively). In addition, the results of the independent t-test showed that the spiritual health of female interns is higher than that of men. However, in the self-efficacy component, female interns scored lower than male interns. Conclusion: Considering the meaningful correlation between spiritual health and self-efficacy, it is appropriate to design spiritual education through the elements of spiritual curriculum in educational curricula, which will lead to the development of all-round learning. In medical education, to improve the level of self-efficacy of interns, it is possible to use the strengthening of the belief base, and it is also suggested to hold training courses to improve spiritual well-being and self-efficacy beliefs along with providing appropriate educational content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A holistic approach to patient care that considers not just the physical elements of health but also each person's emotional, mental, and spiritual requirements is known as comprehensive and spiritual nursing care. The interdependence of these dimensions and their role in promoting general health and healing are acknowledged in this kind of therapy. Nurses strive to establish a healing atmosphere that upholds patients' dignity, respect, and compassion by offering holistic and spiritual nursing care. This method acknowledges the significance of spiritual ideas and values in the healing process and calls on nurses to evaluate and address them with patients. Nursing has always included these elements in the care it provides. Serving the sick and impoverished was primarily a means of serving God, and nursing originated from religious orders. Florence Nightingale's spirituality and faith informed every facet of her care since she felt that nursing was her vocation from God. Despite research showing how important it is to provide care in these areas, many nurses today are afraid to address their patients' spiritual issues. To satisfy their patients' spiritual needs, nurses might employ interventions like prayer, scripture, active listening, presence, and referral. By incorporating spiritual care into nursing practice, healthcare practitioners can assist patients in discovering meaning, purpose, and hope in their health journeys. This can have better outcomes, more patient satisfaction, and a stronger sense of connection and support for people confronting health issues.

Background: Pregnancy and childbirth can be considered as an opportunity to expand thoughts or renew feeling on spiritual beliefs. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between spiritual health and childbirth experience among Iranian pregnant women. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted on 250 pregnant women referred to the Labor, Delivery and Recovery Room (LDR) of Amir al-Momenin Hospital in Zabol (Eastern Iran) for childbirth. Non-random convenience sampling method was used to collect the samples. Data collection tools included a personal characteristics questionnaire, childbirth experience questionnaire (CEQ), and spiritual health questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using statistical tests, such as Pearson correlation test, independent t-test, and One-Way ANOVA. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: The results of present study showed that the mean age of pregnant women was 25.66 ± 5.73 years, with their mean score of birth experience being 64.97 ± 4.62 and their mean score of spiritual health being 88.89 ± 7.1. The results also showed a statistically significant relationship between birth experience and spiritual health (R =1, P=0.007). Conclusion: In this study, as the score of spiritual well-being increased, the score of childbirth experience also increased. Thus, we suggest the findings of this study to be used as a basis for further research in other regions of the country and among a more diverse population of mothers with different backgrounds and cultures.

Abstract Background Dental education is one of the disciplines where students are most significantly affected psychologically. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between spiritual health, resilience and happiness levels of dental students at a state university in Turkey. Methods This cross- sectional study included 212 students from the 3rd, 4th and 5th grades of the faculty of dentistry. A questionnaire consisting of 4 sections was used in the study. The sections of the questionnaire include students’ general and academic information, Turkish adaptations of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale, The Brief Resilience Scale, and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form. Data analysis was performed with IBM SPSS 25 package program. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normal distribution of the data. The Mann-Whitney U test was preferred for comparisons between two categorical variables and one numerical variable. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was employed for comparisons involving two categorical variables and one numerical variable. The presence of a relationship between two numerical variables was examined using the Spearman test. Results In terms of resilience and happiness scores, males had higher scores than females. It was determined that third graders scored higher than fifth graders in harmony with nature scores, and third graders scored higher than fourth graders in deregulation scores. There was a positive correlation between happiness, spiritual well-being and resilience; a negative correlation between happiness and anomie. There was no significant relationship between age and happiness scores. As a result of multiple linear regression to determine the factors affecting happiness; increases in spiritual well-being and resilience will lead to an increase in happiness levels. Conclusion This study concluded that increased levels of spiritual well-being and resilience among a group of dental students would lead to increased levels of happiness. However, further research is needed to understand the relationship between mental health, resilience and happiness levels during dental education.

Background and Objectives: Adapting to COVID-19, as a stressful experience, is a challenging process that poses significant problems for affected individuals. One of the crucial issues in diseases, especially during epidemics, is the need to focus on the mental dimension and mental health of society and patients in the face of illness. A key component of mental health is resilience. The present study was designed and implemented to investigate the relationship between spiritual health and resilience of patients with COVID-19 in hospitals accepting COVID-19 patients in Qom Province, Iran. Methods: In this correlational and cross-sectional study, 215 patients with COVID-19 were selected to participate using convenience sampling. The participants were asked to complete a demographic information checklist, as well as Paloutzian and Ellison’s spiritual health questionnaire and Connor-Davidson’s resilience questionnaire. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data using SPSS software, version 26. Results: The results showed a significant and positive relationship between the score of spiritual health and the level of resilience of patients with COVID-19. The results showed no significant relationship between any of the variables—age, gender, employment status, underlying disease, marital status, economic status, inpatient department and level of education—and the patients’ spiritual health scores or their resilience. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between spiritual health and resilience of patients with COVID-19. Considering the essential role of mental health in enhancing resilience and facilitating the return of these patients to normal life, the healthcare team must pay special attention to this issue.

Background and Objectives: One of the dimensions of health in a holistic approach is spiritual health, which affects other dimensions of health and has been emphasized more in recent years than in the past. On the other hand, health literacy has been proposed as a necessity to identify health determinants and use information resources regarding health promotion. Considering the importance of spiritual health and the role of health literacy in maintaining and improving the health of individuals and society, this study was designed and implemented to investigate health literacy, spiritual health, and the relationship between the two among the youth population in Shiraz City, Iran. Methods: The present study was conducted using the cross-sectional analytical method. For this purpose, 400 men and women aged 15 to 29 years living in Shiraz City in 2022 were surveyed through random cluster sampling. The research tools included the Iranian health literacy questionnaire (IHLQ) and the spiritual health questions from the lifestyle questionnaire. The questioning process lasted for two months, and the data were analyzed using mean comparison statistics and linear regression analysis (P

Background & aim: Infertility is a culturally dependent, challenging experience for individuals and families. Understanding characteristics of Iranian infertile couples and effective coping factors can help counselors in selecting appropriate models. This study assesses the role of spiritual health in predicting stress in infertile women through resilience mediating role.Methods: This predictive correlational study was conducted on 105 women at gynecology clinics of Mashhad, Iran in 2021.They were selected through Convenience sampling method. Tools included Spiritual Well Being Scale, Connor & Davidson Resilience Questionnaire and, Newton, Schrard, and Glavas Perceived Infertility Stress. The instrument used were paper and pen, and they were completed by the participants. Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were employed to analyze the data using SPSS (version 22) and Smart PLS software (version 3).Results: Findings revealed significant negative and relationships between spiritual health and perceived stress, positive relationships between spiritual health and resilience, and a negative relationship between resilience and perceived stress. Resilience mediated the negative and significant relationship between spiritual health and stress in infertile women. The value of the VAF index was equal to 0.368 and the total effect of spiritual health on perceived stress was equal to -0.732.Conclusion: Spiritual health and resilience effectively reducestress in infertile women. Recommending psychological counseling based on spiritual health and interventions in suggested.

Background: Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) can be aggravated due to stress, depression, anxiety, emotional and spiritual problems. Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on psychological distress, alexithymia, and spiritual health among women with CVD. Materials & Methods: The current research adopted a randomized controlled clinical trial, employing a pre-test-post-test design along with a control group. The statistical population comprised women with CVD residing in the 6th district of Tehran during August and September 2021. The research sample comprised 30 women with CVD who were selected using purposive sampling and divided into experimental groups (n=15) and control group (n=15). The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of ACT, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The data collection process included utilizing questionnaires to measure psychological distress, Toronto alexithymia, and spiritual health. The data collected were subsequently subjected to analysis using multivariate analysis of covariance SPSS-24. Results: The results showed that ACT significantly decreases anxiety (F=34.71, P=0.001, η2=0.63), stress (F=30.14, P=0.001, η2=0.60), depression (F=48.34, P=0.001, η2=0.71), difficulty identifying feelings (F=28.80, P=0.001, η2=0.59), difficulty describing feelings (F=44.30, P=0.001, η2=0.68), externally oriented thinking (F=36.50, P=0.001, η2=0.68), and increases existential health (F=37.69, P=0.001, η2=0.66), and religious health (F=24.56, P=0.001, η2=0.55) in women with CVD (P

Objective: Currently, spiritual health is the most important dimension related to adaptation in chronic diseases.The aim of the present study is review of the role of spiritual health in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Improvement of spiritual health leads to better adaptation, increasing psychological well-being, decreasing mood symptoms and improvement of life quality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, it is suggested that the treatment of diabetes must include spiritual care and interventions.

Objectives Older people adults may feel incompetent due to impaired mental and physical function. It is very important to improve their satisfaction with life by increasing their spiritual health. The present study aims to determine the relationship between spiritual health and life satisfaction of the elderly in Iran and assess the mediating role of forgiveness. Methods & Materials This is a correlational study with a cross-sectional design using path analysis. The study population included older people in Zanjan, Iran, in 2022, of whom 301 were selected using a convenience sampling method. They completed the satisfaction with life scale, spiritual well-being scale, and forgiveness scale. SPSS software version 26 and LISREL software, version 10.2 were used to analyze data using path analysis. Results The mean age of the elderly was 68.84 years. According to the results of the research, spiritual health has a relationship directly and indirectly with the satisfaction of the lives of the elderly. The mediating role of passing was also confirmed. The results show the good fit of the study model. The results showed a direct and significant relationship between spiritual health and life satisfaction (β=0.23 and P

Objectives Due to increase in life expectancy, the number of aged population in the world is increasing. Focusing on various aspects of their health is important for improving their quality of life. One aspect is spiritual health, which is dependent on culture. This study aims to survey the spiritual health status of Iranian older adults. Methods & Materials In this cross-sectional study, participants were recruited from among elderly people registered in the national electronic health record system using a stratified random sampling method. The Ajamzibad’s elder spiritual health scale was used to measure spiritual health and its dimensions including spiritual belief, centricity of God, altruism, spiritual conduct, and purposefulness of life. Trained healthcare workers completed questionnaires based on a telephone-based survey method in selected health centers. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyze the data. Results Participants were 548 older adults from 28 provinces of Iran, with a mean age of 67.8±6.6 years. The mean total score of spiritual health was 91.2±10.0, with the highest score related to the spiritual belief (95.8%) and the lowest score related to the purposefulness of life (87%). Age had a statistically significant relationship with spiritual health in overall and all its dimensions (P

Background & Aim: Family caregivers of COVID-19 patients in the Intensive Care Units (ICUs) face numerous challenges that can affect their well-being. Spiritual health represents a crucial component for coping with such stressful conditions. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between spiritual health and attitude towards death in family caregivers of COVID-19 patients post-discharge from the ICUs. Methods & Materials: This descriptive-correlational study conducted between April and November 2021, focused on family caregivers of COVID-19 patients discharged from the ICUs. The sample comprised 260 family caregivers selected through convenience and purposive sampling methods. Data collection tools included a demographic and clinical questionnaire, Polotzin and Ellison's Spiritual Health Questionnaire, and Wong's Death Attitude Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 encompassed chi-square tests, one-way analysis of variance and Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: The results showed a significant inverse relationship between total spiritual health score and the total score of attitude towards death (rs=-0.101, P

The present study aimed to investigate the organizational factors influencing the conflict between professional and family roles among female nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey method was used, and the study population included 100 women nurses from both public and private hospitals in Jiroft city, selected through the census method. The standard questionnaire used to collect data on organizational factors and work-family role conflicts was validated through face validity, and reliability was assessed through Cronbach's alpha. Results from regression analysis showed that the most important predictor of work-family role conflict among working women was organizational commitment (t=-3.695, β=-0.456). The model test demonstrated that organizational justice (β=0.47, p < 0.001), possibility of role promotion (β=0.44, p < 0.001), job involvement (β=0.73, p