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The Florida State Collection of Arthropods (FSCA) is one of the top insect collections in the United States with in excess of eight million curated specimens and significant amounts of materials in bulk collections and other unprocessed samples. The subphylum Myriapoda currently comprises approximately 17,500 species in the four classes Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Symphyla, and Pauropoda. The FSCA houses type material in the Diplopoda orders Callipodida, Chordeumatida, Glomeridesmida, Julida, Polydesmida, Polyzoniida, Siphonophorida, Spirobolida, and Spirostreptida. This catalog documents the FSCA primary type material for 74 species in 45 genera in 25 families and nine orders within Diplopoda.

Orthoporus vialis Loomis, 1974: 185 Holotype: 1 ♂. HOLOTYPE / 1 ♂/ DIPLOPODA / SPIROSTREPTIDAE / Orthoporus vialis / Loomis/ det H. F. Loomis/ COSTA RICA: Prov. of/ San Jose, San Isidro,/ Cerro de la Muerte,/ Inter-American Hwy./ 16-IV-1972 / E. M. & H. F. Loomis/ altitude 5,000 ft. // [hw label] HOLOTYPE ♂ // [barcode label] FSCA 00070974. Conservation status: Good condition; in 75% EtOH; gonopodia in microvial., Published as part of Keller, Oliver, Dunn, Ann & Soto-Adames, Felipe, 2023, An annotated catalog of the primary type material of Myriapoda deposited in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods in Gainesville, FL, USA, pp. 230-250 in Zootaxa 5293 (2) on page 246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5293.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7960066, {"references":["Loomis, H. F. (1974) Millipeds from southern Costa Rican highlands. Florida Entomologist, 57 (2), 169 - 187. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3493479"]}

Orthoporus nodosus Loomis, 1974: 185 Holotype: 1 ♂. HOLOTYPE / 1 ♂/ DIPLOPODA / SPIROSTREPTIDAE / Orthoporus nodosus / Loomis/ det. H. F. Loomis/ COSTA RICA: Prov. of/ Puntarenas, San Vito,/ Finca las Cruces/ 17-18-IV-1972 / E. M. & H. F. Loomis // [barcode label] FSCA 00070892. Conservation status: Good condition; in 75% EtOH; gonopodia in microvial., Published as part of Keller, Oliver, Dunn, Ann & Soto-Adames, Felipe, 2023, An annotated catalog of the primary type material of Myriapoda deposited in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods in Gainesville, FL, USA, pp. 230-250 in Zootaxa 5293 (2) on page 245, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5293.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7960066, {"references":["Loomis, H. F. (1974) Millipeds from southern Costa Rican highlands. Florida Entomologist, 57 (2), 169 - 187. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3493479"]}

TROPOSTREPTUS PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Twenty-one of our included mitochondrial genomes belong to Tropostreptus, allowing for a thorough investigation of the evolution of this genus in the Eastern Arc. We observe a clear genetic structure in Tropostreptus, with distinct lineages (both inter- and intraspecific) being defined by the mountain blocks (Fig. 4). This is consistent with previous genetic results of Eastern Arc gene pools (e.g. cat snakes: Gravlund, 2002; chameleons: Tolley et al., 2011; African violets: Dimitrov et al., 2012), where forestadapted species inhabit the montane forests and are absent from the adjacent savannah lowlands. Today, the mountains capture the oceanic winds from the Indian Ocean, which maintains sufficient humidity for dense rain forest to grow, resulting in the forest ‘sky islands’ (Lovett, 1993a, b; Burgess et al., 2007). Until 30 Mya, the Eastern Arc region is thought to have been covered by rain forest (Rodgers, 1998; Couvreur et al., 2008), and an uplifting of the Eastern Arc Mountains is believed to have occurred within the last 7 Myr (although this is debated), changing the whole topography of East Africa (Griffiths, 1993; Ring, 2014; Macgregor, 2015). Climatic and geological fluctuations through time have thus repeatedly affected the forest cover and, presumably, resulted in a multitude of vicariance events when species were isolated in patchy forest remnants (Lovett, 1993a; Sepulchre et al., 2006; Couvreur et al., 2008). For these reasons, the splitting order we observe in the Tropostreptus phylogeny might well reflect forest fragmentation in ancient times. We observe a general trend, whereby northern lineages appear to split off first. The earliest split in Tropostreptus separates the Tropostreptus austerus + Tropostreptus severus lineage from the rest, and the second split separates these two species, today occupying Nguru and Usambara Mountains in the north. A similar intraspecific pattern is evident in more recent splits in Tropostreptus hamatus and Tropostreptus sigmatospinus (Fig. 4), suggesting a repeated pattern of vicariance events occurring first in the north. A separation of species between northern and southern mountains has also been observed in several other Eastern Arc taxa, including amphibians (Blackburn & Measey, 2009), gastropods (Tattersfield et al., 1998) and reptiles (Gravlund, 2002; Tolley et al., 2011), but also in well-dispersing taxa, such as birds (Fjeldså & Bowie, 2008). This indicates a forest retraction southwards during dry periods, resulting in vicariance events, followed by forest expansion and thus northward recolonization of species during periods with higher humidity. Northward migration is also observed in other Eastern Arc species, such as chameleons (Tolley et al., 2011; Ceccarelli et al., 2014). A recent cycle of forest expansion/retraction can explain why Tropostreptus hamatus and Tropostreptus sigmatospinus exist across several of the mountains without having evolved into distinct species yet. Other events have isolated Tropostreptus kipunji in the forest on Mount Rungwe, the most south-westerly occurring species in the Eastern Arc region, in addition to Tropostreptus sigmatospinus in Zanzibar and, potentially, also the Rondo Plateau, from where Tropostreptus has been observed but for which molecular data are still lacking (Enghoff, 2017). Regarding the timing of the species splits (Fig. 5), several major events might have played a role. Around 30 Mya the Antarctic ice sheet started to form (Couvreur et al., 2008), along with rifting that started to occur in northern East Africa (Ring, 2014), possibly initiating the fragmentation of the pan-African forest. Through millions of years, the rifting would continue southwards (Ring, 2014), affecting the topology and possibly related to the forest fragmentation responsible for the divergence of Tropostreptus austerus and Tropostreptus severus observed ~22 Mya. The observed divergence of Tropostreptus hamatus and the split between Tropostreptus austerus and Tropostreptus severus correspond well to the closing of the Tethys Sea (17 Mya), which would have altered ocean currents and, probably, the climate of the area (Couvreur et al., 2008). Likewise, the isolation of the Tropostreptus kipunji lineage corresponds with the uplifting of Mount Rungwe from ~8 Mya (Ring, 2014). Finally, between 5 Mya and today, we observe a radiation in Tropostreptus hamatus and Tropostreptus sigmatospinus (Fig. 5). A reasonable explanation for this is the uplift of the Eastern Arc Mountains, shifting the precipitation from the lowlands to the mountains (Lovett, 1993a, b), in combination with the Antarctic ice sheet forming, thus decreasing global humidity (Polyak et al., 2010). This would lead to the emergence of savannah in the lowlands between the mountains (Sepulchre et al., 2006; Ségalen et al., 2007; Couvreur et al., 2008), isolating the montane forest and limiting migration between populations of forest-restricted species. We emphasize that we have neither good fossil records nor mtDNA mutation rates estimated specifically for millipedes, which is why the split times of our millipede phylogenetic tree should be interpreted with caution. Moreover, comparable studies with dated phylogenies of Eastern Arc species are sparse, hence it is difficult to compare the split times we have estimated with those of other species in the region. Examining two separate studies of chameleons (Kinyongia Tilbury, Tolley & Branch, 2006 and Trioceros Swainson, 1839) with dated phylogenies based on both mitochondrial and nuclear markers did show some correspondence with our dated splits (Tolley et al., 2011; Ceccarelli et al., 2014). Tolley et al. (2011) dated the earliest split between the northern and southern Eastern Arc species to ~28 Mya, and both studies show several radiation events between 5 and 20 Mya, corresponding to the same overall time frame that we are discussing for the millipedes. In contrast, the chameleons display fewer speciation events during the last 5 Myr than the millipedes, perhaps suggesting that the latter have been more susceptible to vicariance during more recent climatic events., Published as part of Nielsen, Martin, Margaryan, Ashot, Nielsen, Tejs Lind, Enghoff, Henrik & Allentoft, Morten E., 2022, Complete mitochondrial genomes from museum specimens clarify millipede evolution in the Eastern Arc Mountains, pp. 924-939 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2) on pages 933-934, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac058, http://zenodo.org/record/7184588, {"references":["Gravlund P. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of Tornier's cat snake (Crotaphopeltis tornieri), endemic to East African mountain forests: biogeography, vicariance events and problematic species boundaries. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 40: 46 - 56.","Tolley KA, Tilbury CR, Measey GJ, Menegon M, Branch WR, Matthee CA. 2011. Ancient forest fragmentation or recent radiation? Testing refugial speciation models in chameleons within an African biodiversity hotspot. Journal of Biogeography 3 8: 1748 - 1760.","Dimitrov D, Nogues-Bravo D, Scharff N. 2012. Why do tropical mountains support exceptionally high biodiversity? The Eastern Arc mountains and the drivers of Saintpaulia diversity. PLoS One 7: e 48908.","Lovett JC. 1993 a. Climatic history and forest distribution in eastern Africa. In: JC Lovett, SK Wasser, eds. Biogeography and ecology of the rain forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 23 - 29.","Burgess N, Butynski TM, Cordeiro NJ, Doggart NH, Fjeldsa J, Howell KM, Kilahama FB, Loader SP, Lovett JC, Mbilinyi B, Menegon M. 2007. The biological importance of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Biological Conservation 134: 209 - 231.","Rodgers WA. 1998. An introduction to the conservation of the Eastern Arc Mountains. Journal of East African Natural History 87: 7 - 18.","Couvreur TLP, Chatrou LW, Sosef MSM, Richardson JE. 2008. Molecular phylogenetics reveal multiple tertiary vicariance origins of the African rain forest trees. BMC Biology 6: 54.","Griffiths CJ. 1993. The geological evolution of East Africa. In: JC Lovett, SK Wasser, eds. Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9 - 22.","Ring U. 2014. The East African rift system. Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 107: 132 - 146.","Macgregor D. 2015. History of the development of the East African Rift System: a series of interpreted maps through time. Journal of African Earth Sciences 101: 232 - 252.","Sepulchre P, Ramstein G, Fluteau F, Schuster M, Tiercelin J-J, Brunet M. 2006. Tectonic uplift and Eastern Africa aridification. Science 313: 1419 - 1423.","Blackburn DC, Measey GJ. 2009. Dispersal to or from an African biodiversity hotspot? Molecular Ecology 18: 1904 - 1915.","Tattersfield P, Seddon MB, Meena C. 1998. Ecology and conservation of the land-snails of the Eastern Arc Mountains. Journal of East African Natural History 87: 119 - 138.","Fjeldsa J, Bowie RCK. 2008. New perspectives on the origin and diversification of Africa's forest avifauna. African Journal of Ecology 46: 235 - 247.","Ceccarelli FS, Menegon M, Tolley KA, Tilbury CR, Gower DJ, Laserna MH, Kasahun R, Rodriguez- Prieto A, Hagmann R, Loader SP. 2014. Evolutionary relationships, species delimitation and biogeography of Eastern Afromontane horned chameleons (Chamaeleonidae: Trioceros). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 80: 125 - 136.","Enghoff H. 2017. A new East African genus of spirostreptid millipedes (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae), with notes on their fungal ectoparasite Rickia gigas. Zootaxa 4273: 501 - 530.","Polyak L, Alley RB, Andrews JT, Brigham-Grette J, Cronin TM, Darby DA, Dyke AS, Fitzpatrick JJ, Funder S, Holland M, Jennings AE, Wolff E. 2010. History of sea ice in the Arctic. Quaternary Science Reviews 29: 1757 - 1778.","Segalen L, Lee-Thorp JA, Cerling T. 2007. Timing of C 4 grass expansion across sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 53: 549 - 559."]}

Urostreptus tampiitauensis (Schubart, 1947) Stenostreptus tampiitauensis Schubart, 1947: 23, 1957: 317, 1958: 245. Urostreptus tampiitauensis: – Hoffman, 1968: 84; Krabbe, 1982: 416; Golovatch et al., 2005: 278; Batistella et al., 2015: 162; Battirola et al., 2016: 175; Santos-Silva et al., 2018: 5, et al., 2019: 4. RecordsfromMatoGrosso: SantaTerezinha(=formerlyBarra doTapirapé)(Schubart,1947);FazendaSãoNicolau,CotriguaÇu (Batistella et al., 2015); Parque Estadual do Cristalino, Novo Mundo(Battirola et al., 2016);Poconé(Santos-Silva et al., 2018)., Published as part of Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti, Bouzan, Rodrigo Salvador, Battirola, Leandro Dênis & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2022, New records for the poorly-known monotypic genera Exallostreptus and Guaporeptus, and a list of species from Mato Grosso state, Brazil (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae), pp. 1-12 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 62 on page 10, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.040, http://zenodo.org/record/7177624, {"references":["Schubart, O. 1947. Os Diplopodos da viagem do naturalista Antenor Leitao de Carvalho aos rios Araguaia e Amazonas em 1939 e 1940. Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, 82: 1 - 74.","Schubart, O. 1957. Sobre Alguns Diplopoda da Serra do Cachimbo no Sul do Estado do Para. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 29 (2): 309 - 318.","Schubart, O. 1958. Sobre alguns Diplopoda de Mato Grosso e Goias, Brasil e a familia Spirostreptidae. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 46: 203 - 252.","Hoffman, R. L. 1968. Studies on Spirostreptoid millipeds. VII. A synopsis of the species of Urostreptus Silvestri. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 21: 67 - 85.","Krabbe, E. 1982. Systematik der Spirostreptidae (Diplopoda, Spirostreptomorpha). Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (N. F.), 24: 1 - 476.","Golovatch, S. I.; Hoffman, R. L.; Adis, J.; Marques, M. I.; Raizer, J.; Silva, F. H. O.; Ribeiro, R. A. K.; Silva, J. L. & Pinheiro, T. G. 2005. Millipedes (Diplopoda) of the Brazilian Pantanal. Amazoniana, 18 (3 - 4): 273 - 288.","Batistella, D. A.; Pinheiro, T. G.; Rodrigues, D. J. & Battirola, L. D. 2015. Distribuicao de especies de Spirostreptidae (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida) em uma area na Amazonia mato-grossense. Acta BiolOgica Paranaense, 44 (3 - 4): 159 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.5380 / abpr. v 44 i 1 - 4.44121.","Battirola, L. D.; Silva, L. S.; Almeida, F. M.; Batistella, D. A.; Pena-Barbosa, J. P. P.; Chagas-Jr., A. & Brescovit, A. D. 2016. Artropodes de Solo. In: Domingos, D. J; Noronha, J. C.; Vindica, V. F.; Barbosa, F. R. (Eds.). Biodiversidade do Parque Estadual Cristalino. Sao Paulo, Attema Editorial. p. 165 - 177.","Santos-Silva, L.; Pinheiro, T. G.; Chagas-Jr., A.; Marques, M. I. & Battirola, L. D. 2018. Temporal and spatial variation of Myriapoda (Diplopoda and Chilopoda) assemblages in a Neotropical floodplain. Biota Neotropica, 18 (2): 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - bn- 2018 - 0514."]}

Genus Guaporeptus Hoffman, 1988 Guaporeptus Hoffman, 1988a: 327. Type species: Guaporeptus paradisius Hoffman, 1988, by monotypy. Diagnosis: Modified after Hoffman (1988a). Specimens of Guaporeptus resembles those of Urostreptus Silvestri, 1897 by presence of keel-shaped projection on epiproct (Fig. 3B, D); paraproct with broadened edge. Males of Guaporeptus can be easily distinguished by broad, birdhead-shaped distolateral metaplical process (dmp); very short antetorsal process (atp); telopodite with two complete 360° torsions (tp) (Figs. 7 A-B; 8D). First leg-pair with subtriangular, glabrous prefemoral process (pfp) (Fig. 6 C-D)., Published as part of Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti, Bouzan, Rodrigo Salvador, Battirola, Leandro Dênis & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2022, New records for the poorly-known monotypic genera Exallostreptus and Guaporeptus, and a list of species from Mato Grosso state, Brazil (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae), pp. 1-12 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 62 on page 4, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.040, http://zenodo.org/record/7177624, {"references":["Hoffman, R. L. 1988 a. Diplopoda from Rondonia, Brasil. I. Two new genera and species of Spirostreptidae. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 36 (28): 323 - 331.","Silvestri, F. 1897. Viaggio del Dott. Alfredo Borelli nel Chaco boliviano e nella Repubblica Argentina. IV. Chilopodi e Diplopod. Bollettino del Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Reale Universita di Torino, 12 (283): 1 - 11."]}

Urostreptus robustus (Verhoeff, 1951) Exospermatix robustus Verhoeff, 1951: 41. Urostreptus robustus: – Hoffman, 1974: 78; Krabbe, 1982: 415. Records from Mato Grosso: close to Bandeira River (Verhoeff, 1951)., Published as part of Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti, Bouzan, Rodrigo Salvador, Battirola, Leandro Dênis & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2022, New records for the poorly-known monotypic genera Exallostreptus and Guaporeptus, and a list of species from Mato Grosso state, Brazil (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae), pp. 1-12 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 62 on page 10, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.040, http://zenodo.org/record/7177624, {"references":["Verhoeff, K. W. 1951. Zur vergleichenden Morphologie sudamerikanischer Spirostreptiden und eine neue Familie der Rhachidesmidea. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 146 (1 - 2): 31 - 44.","Hoffman, R. L. 1974. Studies on spirostreptoid millipeds. XIII. Supplementary notes on the genus Urostreptus. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 9: 77 - 83.","Krabbe, E. 1982. Systematik der Spirostreptidae (Diplopoda, Spirostreptomorpha). Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (N. F.), 24: 1 - 476."]}

Gymnostreptus pictus (Schubart, 1945) Conchostreptus pictus Schubart, 1945: 78, 1947: 25, 1958: 224; Demange, 1964: 198; Hoffman, 1988b: 31. Conchostreptus schubarti Demange, 1970: 403; Krabbe, 1982: 321 (syn.). Gymnostreptus pictus: – Hoffman, 1975: 251; Krabbe, 1982: 321; Golovatch et al., 2005: 278. Records from Mato Grosso: Santa Terezinha (= formerly Barra do Tapirapé) (Schubart,1945); Jacaré, Alto do Xingu (Schubart, 1958)., Published as part of Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti, Bouzan, Rodrigo Salvador, Battirola, Leandro Dênis & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2022, New records for the poorly-known monotypic genera Exallostreptus and Guaporeptus, and a list of species from Mato Grosso state, Brazil (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae), pp. 1-12 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 62 on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.040, http://zenodo.org/record/7177624, {"references":["Schubart, O. 1945. Sobre os representantes Brasileiros da familia Spirostreptidae. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 17: 51 - 87.","Schubart, O. 1947. Os Diplopodos da viagem do naturalista Antenor Leitao de Carvalho aos rios Araguaia e Amazonas em 1939 e 1940. Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, 82: 1 - 74.","Schubart, O. 1958. Sobre alguns Diplopoda de Mato Grosso e Goias, Brasil e a familia Spirostreptidae. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 46: 203 - 252.","Demange, J. - M. 1964. Les appendices posteriqueurs (9 e paire) du diplopsegment gonopodial (VIIe) des Spirostreptoidea (Myriapodes Diplopodes). Bulletin du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, 2 e serie, 36: 191 - 210.","Hoffman, R. L. 1988 b. A new genus and species of spirostreptoid millipeds from the eastern Peruvian Andes (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida). Myriapodologica, 2 (5): 29 - 36.","Demange, J. - M. 1970. Elements d'une revision des Spirostreptidae. I. Etude de quelques caracteres taxonomiques des Spirostreptinae. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Serie A, 32: 366 - 411.","Krabbe, E. 1982. Systematik der Spirostreptidae (Diplopoda, Spirostreptomorpha). Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (N. F.), 24: 1 - 476.","Hoffman, R. L. 1975. Studies on spirostreptoid millipeds. XII: A new species of Gymnostreptus from Sao Paulo, with notes on the composition of the genus. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 28 (14): 245 - 253.","Golovatch, S. I.; Hoffman, R. L.; Adis, J.; Marques, M. I.; Raizer, J.; Silva, F. H. O.; Ribeiro, R. A. K.; Silva, J. L. & Pinheiro, T. G. 2005. Millipedes (Diplopoda) of the Brazilian Pantanal. Amazoniana, 18 (3 - 4): 273 - 288."]}

Orthoporus americanus perpromixus (Silvestri, 1902) Diaporus americanus perpromixus Silvestri, 1902: 16; Schubart, 1945: 69, 1958: 210; Krabbe, 1982: 375. Gymnostreptus (Diaporus) americanus perpromixus: – Attems, 1914: 136. Records from Mato Grosso: Corumbá, Carandasinho (Silvestri, 1902); Miranda (Schubart, 1958)., Published as part of Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti, Bouzan, Rodrigo Salvador, Battirola, Leandro Dênis & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2022, New records for the poorly-known monotypic genera Exallostreptus and Guaporeptus, and a list of species from Mato Grosso state, Brazil (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae), pp. 1-12 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 62 on page 7, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.040, http://zenodo.org/record/7177624, {"references":["Silvestri, F. 1902. Viaggio del Dr. A. Borelli nel Matto Grosso. VII. Diplopodi. Bollettino del Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Reale Universita di Torino, 17 (432): 1 - 25.","Schubart, O. 1945. Sobre os representantes Brasileiros da familia Spirostreptidae. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 17: 51 - 87.","Schubart, O. 1958. Sobre alguns Diplopoda de Mato Grosso e Goias, Brasil e a familia Spirostreptidae. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 46: 203 - 252.","Krabbe, E. 1982. Systematik der Spirostreptidae (Diplopoda, Spirostreptomorpha). Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (N. F.), 24: 1 - 476.","Attems, C. M. T. G. 1914. Die indo-australischen Myriapoden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 80 (4): 1 - 398."]}

New records for the species Exallostreptus vanzolinii Hoffman, 1988 and Guaporeptus paradisius Hoffman, 1988, known only from the state of Rondônia, are made from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Figures of gonopods, first and second leg-pair of males are provided. In addition, an updated list of 19 Spirostreptidae species from Mato Grosso is provided, with the species Plusioporus salvadorii, Trichogonostreptus (Oreastreptus) mattogrossensis, and Urostreptus tampiitauensis widely distributed in the state.

Plusioporus salvadorii Silvestri, 1895 Plusioporussalvadorii Silvestri,1895b:10, 1902:12; Attems, 1914: 117; Hoffman, 1955: 93; Krabbe, 1982: 395; Adis et al., 2001: 127; Golovatch et al., 2005: 278; Battirola et al., 2009:428, et al., 2017:5, Batistella et al., 2015:162, Santos-Silva et al., 2018: 5, et al., 2019: 4. Records from Mato Grosso: Nova Xavantina, close to Rio das Mortes (Golovatch et al., 2005); Pirizal, Nossa Senhora do Livramento (Adis et al., 2001); Poconé (Santos-Silva et al., 2018); Fazenda São Nicolau,CotriguaÇu(Batistella et al., 2015)., Published as part of Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti, Bouzan, Rodrigo Salvador, Battirola, Leandro Dênis & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2022, New records for the poorly-known monotypic genera Exallostreptus and Guaporeptus, and a list of species from Mato Grosso state, Brazil (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae), pp. 1-12 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 62 on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.040, http://zenodo.org/record/7177624, {"references":["Silvestri, F. 1895 b. Viaggio del dottor Alfredo Borelli nella Repubblica Argentina e nel Paraguay. XIV. Chilopodi e Diplopodi. Bollettino del Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Reale Universita di Torino, 10 (203): 1 - 12.","Silvestri, F. 1902. Viaggio del Dr. A. Borelli nel Matto Grosso. VII. Diplopodi. Bollettino del Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Reale Universita di Torino, 17 (432): 1 - 25.","Attems, C. M. T. G. 1914. Die indo-australischen Myriapoden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 80 (4): 1 - 398.","Hoffman, R. L. 1955. Studies on spirostreptoid millipeds. II. The genus Plusioporus Silvestri. Lloydia, Cincinnati, 18 (2): 88 - 94.","Krabbe, E. 1982. Systematik der Spirostreptidae (Diplopoda, Spirostreptomorpha). Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (N. F.), 24: 1 - 476.","Adis, J.; Marques, M. I. & Wantzen, K. M. 2001. First observations on the survival strategies of terricolous arthropods in the northern Pantanal wetland of Brazil. Andrias, 15: 127 - 128.","Golovatch, S. I.; Hoffman, R. L.; Adis, J.; Marques, M. I.; Raizer, J.; Silva, F. H. O.; Ribeiro, R. A. K.; Silva, J. L. & Pinheiro, T. G. 2005. Millipedes (Diplopoda) of the Brazilian Pantanal. Amazoniana, 18 (3 - 4): 273 - 288.","Battirola, L. D.; Marques, M. I.; Rosado-Neto, G. H.; Pinheiro, T. G. & Pinho, N. G. C. 2009. Vertical and time distribution of Diplopoda (Arthropoda: Myriapoda) in a monodominant forest in Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Zoologia, 26 (3): 479 - 487. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1984 - 46702009005000008.","Batistella, D. A.; Pinheiro, T. G.; Rodrigues, D. J. & Battirola, L. D. 2015. Distribuicao de especies de Spirostreptidae (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida) em uma area na Amazonia mato-grossense. Acta BiolOgica Paranaense, 44 (3 - 4): 159 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.5380 / abpr. v 44 i 1 - 4.44121.","Santos-Silva, L.; Pinheiro, T. G.; Chagas-Jr., A.; Marques, M. I. & Battirola, L. D. 2018. Temporal and spatial variation of Myriapoda (Diplopoda and Chilopoda) assemblages in a Neotropical floodplain. Biota Neotropica, 18 (2): 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - bn- 2018 - 0514."]}

Plusioporus sicki (Schubart, 1950) Alloporus sicki Schubart, 1950: 337. Nesostreptus sicki: – Jeekel, 1952: 74. Alloporus (Nesostreptus) sicki: – Schubart, 1958: 220. Plusioporus sicki: – Hoffman, 1955: 93; Krabbe, 1982: 396. Records from Mato Grosso: Nova Xavantina, close to Rio das Mortes (Schubart, 1958)., Published as part of Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti, Bouzan, Rodrigo Salvador, Battirola, Leandro Dênis & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2022, New records for the poorly-known monotypic genera Exallostreptus and Guaporeptus, and a list of species from Mato Grosso state, Brazil (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae), pp. 1-12 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 62 on page 9, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.040, http://zenodo.org/record/7177624, {"references":["Schubart, O. 1950. Novas especies brasileiras da familia Spirostreptidae (Opisthospermophora, Diplopoda). Dusenia, 1 (6): 331 - 350.","Jeekel, C. A. W. 1952. Milliped miscellany. Entomologische Berichten, 14 (323): 71 - 77.","Schubart, O. 1958. Sobre alguns Diplopoda de Mato Grosso e Goias, Brasil e a familia Spirostreptidae. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 46: 203 - 252.","Hoffman, R. L. 1955. Studies on spirostreptoid millipeds. II. The genus Plusioporus Silvestri. Lloydia, Cincinnati, 18 (2): 88 - 94.","Krabbe, E. 1982. Systematik der Spirostreptidae (Diplopoda, Spirostreptomorpha). Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (N. F.), 24: 1 - 476."]}

Gymnostreptus heterogona (Silvestri, 1902) Orthoporus heterogona Silvestri, 1902: 14; Schubart, 1945: 84. Gymnostreptus (Orthoporus) heterogona: – Attems, 1914: 135. Paulistostreptus digitalis Schubart, 1945: 80, 1958: 248; Krabbe, 1982: 318 (syn.). Tibiozus armatus Attems, 1950: 223; Hoffman, 1975: 251 (syn. of G. digitatus). Conchostreptus armatus: – Demange, 1970: 404. Gymnostreptus armatus: – Hoffman, 1975: 251. Gymnostreptus digitatus: – Hoffman, 1975: 251. Gymnostreptus heterogona: – Krabbe, 1982: 318. Records from Mato Grosso: unknown exact location (Schubart, 1945)., Published as part of Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti, Bouzan, Rodrigo Salvador, Battirola, Leandro Dênis & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2022, New records for the poorly-known monotypic genera Exallostreptus and Guaporeptus, and a list of species from Mato Grosso state, Brazil (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae), pp. 1-12 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 62 on page 5, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.040, http://zenodo.org/record/7177624, {"references":["Silvestri, F. 1902. Viaggio del Dr. A. Borelli nel Matto Grosso. VII. Diplopodi. Bollettino del Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Reale Universita di Torino, 17 (432): 1 - 25.","Schubart, O. 1945. Sobre os representantes Brasileiros da familia Spirostreptidae. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 17: 51 - 87.","Attems, C. M. T. G. 1914. Die indo-australischen Myriapoden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 80 (4): 1 - 398.","Schubart, O. 1958. Sobre alguns Diplopoda de Mato Grosso e Goias, Brasil e a familia Spirostreptidae. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 46: 203 - 252.","Krabbe, E. 1982. Systematik der Spirostreptidae (Diplopoda, Spirostreptomorpha). Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (N. F.), 24: 1 - 476.","Attems, C. M. T. G. 1950. Uber Spirostreptiden (Diplopoda). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 57: 179 - 257.","Hoffman, R. L. 1975. Studies on spirostreptoid millipeds. XII: A new species of Gymnostreptus from Sao Paulo, with notes on the composition of the genus. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 28 (14): 245 - 253.","Demange, J. - M. 1970. Elements d'une revision des Spirostreptidae. I. Etude de quelques caracteres taxonomiques des Spirostreptinae. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Serie A, 32: 366 - 411."]}

Heteropyge paraguayensis (Silvestri, 1895) Odontopyge paraguayensis Silvestri, 1895b: 11; Viggiani, 1973: 363. Heteropyge paraguayensis: – Silvestri, 1902: 17; Attems, 1914: 179; Hoffman, 1960: 113; Krabbe, 1982: 334; Golovatch et al., 2005: 278; Santos-Silva et al., 2019: 4. Orthoporus paraguayensis: – Schubart,1945:84, 1958:237. Records from Mato Grosso: Itaici, Santo Antônio do Leverger, and Cuiabá (Golovatch et al., 2005; Santos-Silva et al., 2019)., Published as part of Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti, Bouzan, Rodrigo Salvador, Battirola, Leandro Dênis & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2022, New records for the poorly-known monotypic genera Exallostreptus and Guaporeptus, and a list of species from Mato Grosso state, Brazil (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae), pp. 1-12 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 62 on page 7, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.040, http://zenodo.org/record/7177624, {"references":["Silvestri, F. 1895 b. Viaggio del dottor Alfredo Borelli nella Repubblica Argentina e nel Paraguay. XIV. Chilopodi e Diplopodi. Bollettino del Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Reale Universita di Torino, 10 (203): 1 - 12.","Viggiani, G. 1973. Le specie descritte da Filippo Silvestri (1873 - 1949). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria \" Filippo Silvestri \", 30: 351 - 417.","Silvestri, F. 1902. Viaggio del Dr. A. Borelli nel Matto Grosso. VII. Diplopodi. Bollettino del Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Reale Universita di Torino, 17 (432): 1 - 25.","Attems, C. M. T. G. 1914. Die indo-australischen Myriapoden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 80 (4): 1 - 398.","Hoffman, R. L. 1960. Studies on spirostreptoid millipeds. V. A synopsis of the genus Heteropyge, with some notes on the status of the names Alloporus and Plusioporus. Lloydia, Cincinnati, 23: 109 - 114.","Krabbe, E. 1982. Systematik der Spirostreptidae (Diplopoda, Spirostreptomorpha). Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (N. F.), 24: 1 - 476.","Golovatch, S. I.; Hoffman, R. L.; Adis, J.; Marques, M. I.; Raizer, J.; Silva, F. H. O.; Ribeiro, R. A. K.; Silva, J. L. & Pinheiro, T. G. 2005. Millipedes (Diplopoda) of the Brazilian Pantanal. Amazoniana, 18 (3 - 4): 273 - 288.","Santos-Silva, L.; Golovatch, S. I.; Pinheiro, T. G.; Chagas-Jr., A.; Marques, M. I. & Battirola, L. D. 2019. Myriapods (Arthropoda, Myriapoda) in the Pantanal of Pocone, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 19 (3): 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - bn- 2018 - 0631.","Schubart, O. 1945. Sobre os representantes Brasileiros da familia Spirostreptidae. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 17: 51 - 87.","Schubart, O. 1958. Sobre alguns Diplopoda de Mato Grosso e Goias, Brasil e a familia Spirostreptidae. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 46: 203 - 252."]}

Plusioporus nigricollis (Schubart, 1947) Alloporus nigricollis Schubart, 1947: 4, 1950: 349. Nesostreptus nigricollis: – Jeekel, 1952: 74. Plusioporus nigricollis: – Hoffman, 1955: 92; Krabbe, 1982: 393; Golovatch et al., 2005: 278. Plusioporus (Ptemtoporus) nigricollis: – Demange, 1970: 375. Records from Mato Grosso: close to Rio Araguaia (Schubart, 1947)., Published as part of Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti, Bouzan, Rodrigo Salvador, Battirola, Leandro Dênis & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2022, New records for the poorly-known monotypic genera Exallostreptus and Guaporeptus, and a list of species from Mato Grosso state, Brazil (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae), pp. 1-12 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 62 on page 8, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.040, http://zenodo.org/record/7177624, {"references":["Schubart, O. 1947. Os Diplopodos da viagem do naturalista Antenor Leitao de Carvalho aos rios Araguaia e Amazonas em 1939 e 1940. Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, 82: 1 - 74.","Schubart, O. 1950. Novas especies brasileiras da familia Spirostreptidae (Opisthospermophora, Diplopoda). Dusenia, 1 (6): 331 - 350.","Jeekel, C. A. W. 1952. Milliped miscellany. Entomologische Berichten, 14 (323): 71 - 77.","Hoffman, R. L. 1955. Studies on spirostreptoid millipeds. II. The genus Plusioporus Silvestri. Lloydia, Cincinnati, 18 (2): 88 - 94.","Krabbe, E. 1982. Systematik der Spirostreptidae (Diplopoda, Spirostreptomorpha). Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (N. F.), 24: 1 - 476.","Golovatch, S. I.; Hoffman, R. L.; Adis, J.; Marques, M. I.; Raizer, J.; Silva, F. H. O.; Ribeiro, R. A. K.; Silva, J. L. & Pinheiro, T. G. 2005. Millipedes (Diplopoda) of the Brazilian Pantanal. Amazoniana, 18 (3 - 4): 273 - 288.","Demange, J. - M. 1970. Elements d'une revision des Spirostreptidae. I. Etude de quelques caracteres taxonomiques des Spirostreptinae. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Serie A, 32: 366 - 411."]}

Trichogonostreptus (Oreastreptus) mattogrossensis (Silvestri, 1902) Nanostreptus mattogrosensis Silvestri, 1902: 10; Attems, 1914: 140; Schubart, 1945: 65, 1958: 237. Trichogonostreptus (Oreastreptus) mattogrosensis: – Krabbe, 1982: 404; Battirola et al., 2009: 482, et al., 2016: 175, et al., 2017: 5; Batistella et al., 2015: 162; Santos-Silva et al., 2018: 5, et al., 2019: 4. Records from Mato Grosso: Itaici, Santo Antônio do Leverger; Cuiabá (Silvestri, 1902); Pirizal, Nossa Senhora do Livramento (Battirola et al., 2009, et al., 2017); Fazenda São Nicolau, CotriguaÇu (Batistella et al., 2015); Parque Estadual do Cristalino, Novo Mundo (Battirola et al., 2016); Poconé (Santos-Silva et al., 2018)., Published as part of Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti, Bouzan, Rodrigo Salvador, Battirola, Leandro Dênis & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2022, New records for the poorly-known monotypic genera Exallostreptus and Guaporeptus, and a list of species from Mato Grosso state, Brazil (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae), pp. 1-12 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 62 on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.040, http://zenodo.org/record/7177624, {"references":["Silvestri, F. 1902. Viaggio del Dr. A. Borelli nel Matto Grosso. VII. Diplopodi. Bollettino del Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Reale Universita di Torino, 17 (432): 1 - 25.","Attems, C. M. T. G. 1914. Die indo-australischen Myriapoden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 80 (4): 1 - 398.","Schubart, O. 1945. Sobre os representantes Brasileiros da familia Spirostreptidae. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 17: 51 - 87.","Schubart, O. 1958. Sobre alguns Diplopoda de Mato Grosso e Goias, Brasil e a familia Spirostreptidae. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 46: 203 - 252.","Krabbe, E. 1982. Systematik der Spirostreptidae (Diplopoda, Spirostreptomorpha). Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (N. F.), 24: 1 - 476.","Battirola, L. D.; Marques, M. I.; Rosado-Neto, G. H.; Pinheiro, T. G. & Pinho, N. G. C. 2009. Vertical and time distribution of Diplopoda (Arthropoda: Myriapoda) in a monodominant forest in Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Zoologia, 26 (3): 479 - 487. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1984 - 46702009005000008.","Batistella, D. A.; Pinheiro, T. G.; Rodrigues, D. J. & Battirola, L. D. 2015. Distribuicao de especies de Spirostreptidae (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida) em uma area na Amazonia mato-grossense. Acta BiolOgica Paranaense, 44 (3 - 4): 159 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.5380 / abpr. v 44 i 1 - 4.44121.","Santos-Silva, L.; Pinheiro, T. G.; Chagas-Jr., A.; Marques, M. I. & Battirola, L. D. 2018. Temporal and spatial variation of Myriapoda (Diplopoda and Chilopoda) assemblages in a Neotropical floodplain. Biota Neotropica, 18 (2): 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - bn- 2018 - 0514.","Battirola, L. D.; Silva, L. S.; Almeida, F. M.; Batistella, D. A.; Pena-Barbosa, J. P. P.; Chagas-Jr., A. & Brescovit, A. D. 2016. Artropodes de Solo. In: Domingos, D. J; Noronha, J. C.; Vindica, V. F.; Barbosa, F. R. (Eds.). Biodiversidade do Parque Estadual Cristalino. Sao Paulo, Attema Editorial. p. 165 - 177."]}

Millipedes are widely distributed in Saudi Arabia but they were not studied before. In Taif governorate, two species were found that are similar morphologically, which resulted in incorrect identif...

During a soil zoological expedition to São Tomé and Príncipe in 2010 by the California Academy of Sciences, millipedes of the genus Globanus were collected. Samples of G. marginescaber (Karsch, 1884) and G. integer (Karsch, 1884) were recovered in addition to those containing a new species. Globanus drewesisp. nov. is described and additional records, illustrations, and descriptive notes are given for the other two species. A key to all three species of the genus is provided, and a distribution map is presented. The monotypic genus Lobogonus Demange, 1971, which includes L. trilobatus Demange, 1971, from Sierra Leone, mainland western Africa, is revalidated and removed from synonymy under Globanus. Lobogonus is illustrated from a type specimen.

The Eastern Arc Mountains in Tanzania represent a hotspot for biological diversity of global importance. The level of endemism is high, and Eastern Arc biodiversity has been studied extensively in vertebrates and invertebrates, including millipedes. However, millipede evolution is vastly understudied at the molecular level. Therefore, we used next-generation ‘shotgun’ sequencing to obtain mitochondrial genome sequences of 26 museum specimens, representing six genera and 12 millipede species found across the Eastern Arc Mountains. Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods yielded consistent topologies with high node support, confirming a high level of congruence between molecular and morphological analyses. The only exception was a Tropostreptus sigmatospinus individual from Zanzibar, which was placed outside an otherwise monophyletic group consisting of mainland individuals of the same assumed species. For two species with a distribution across several mountain blocks (Tropostreptus sigmatospinus and Tropostreptus hamatus), each mountain population represents a distinct monophyletic lineage. In contrast, we also observe that distinct species exist sympatrically in the same montane forests, indicative of older speciation events that are not defined by current forest distribution. Our results are important for understanding speciation mechanisms in montane rain forests and highlight that ethanol-preserved invertebrates exhibit a tremendous potential for genomic analyses.

Male gonopods are useful in taxonomic diagnoses and descriptions of millipedes, although they may vary intraspecifically in shape and size. To assess this intraspecific variation, we used geometric morphometric analysis to compare gonopod morphology among eight isolated populations of the colour-polymorphic southern African millipede Bicoxidens flavicollis. Our results showed that gonopod shapes vary significantly across the examined populations, and elucidated subtle variations. CVA cross-validation test indicates an average classification rate of 75% for the five populations for which we had more than one specimen. Although we had a small number of replicates for three populations, our results still illustrate the importance of applying quantitative approaches to what would otherwise be qualitative and subjective gonopod shape categories in millipedes. As such, the taxonomic assignment of the populations of B. flavicollis may require further investigation, and further revisions would be required with an integrative approach, including molecular data, in order to re-evaluate the taxonomic diversity and distribution data of this species. Finally, we highlight the conservation potential of divergent populations as evolutionary insurance against a dynamic and unpredictable climate, whether or not they undergo full speciation.

A new millipede species of the genus Sechelleptus Mauriès, 1980 is described and illustrated from Mayotte Island, Indian Ocean. This new species, S. arborivagus sp. nov., found on trees, looks particularly similar to the sympatric S. variabilis VandenSpiegel & Golovatch, 2007, but is much larger and has a very different ecological behavior. Phylogenetic analyses based on a concatenated dataset of the COI and 16S rRNA genes and including nine species of Spirostreptidae (including Sechelleptus, Doratogonus Attems, 1914, Bicoxidens Attems, 1928 and Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833), strongly support the monophyly of Sechelleptus. Despite the similarity of their genitalia, the molecular analyses also reveal a clear-cut genetic divergence between S. arborivagus sp. nov. and S. variabilis (22.55% for COI and 6.63% for 16SrRNA) and further suggest the presence of a higher diversity within the genus Sechelleptus on Mayotte.

Sechelleptus arborivagus sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0F7B3368-17F8-4CAD-8B11-C34B564FE8DE Figs 3���8 Diagnosis A medium-sized arboreal millipede with relatively long legs, particularly similar to S. variabilis by sharing the structure of the male first leg and rather simple gonopods with the metaplica widened and a little higher than proplica, the latter without lateral cone. The two species differ by the gonotelopodite being apically divided in two branches in S. arborivagus sp. nov. and simple in S. variabilis. Etymology Referring to the ecology of the species, which has always been observed climbing trees. Material examined Holotype FRANCE ��� Department of Mayotte (Comoros archipelago) ��� ♂; Mt. Tchaourembo; 12��52���14��� S, 045��08���44��� E; 540���550 m a.s.l.; 25 Nov. 2019; D. VandenSpiegel and A. Mathys leg.; on tree; by hand; GenBank accession numbers: MW168813 (COI), MW148622 (16S rRNA); BE_RMCA_MYR. Dip.22874. Paratypes FRANCE ��� Department of Mayotte (Comoros archipelago) ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; GenBank accession numbers: MW168814 (COI), MW148623 (16S rRNA); BE_RMCA_ MYR.Dip.22875 ��� 9 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; GenBank accession numbers: MW168815 (COI), MW148624 (16S rRNA); BE_RMCA_MYR.Dip.22876. Additional material FRANCE ��� Department of Mayotte (Comoros archipelago) ��� 1 ♀; Mt. Benara; 12��52��� S, 045��11��� E; 23 Jan. 1999; R. Jocqu�� and G. De Smet leg.; forest; by hand; GenBank accession numbers: MW148621 (16S rRNA); BE_RMCA_MYR.Dip.17917. Description Holotype With 57 body rings (plus telson, no apodous rings); ca 100 mm long, 7 mm wide. LIVE COLORATION (Fig. 3). Head, collum, antennae, telson, anal valves and legs uniformly light brownish to dark brownish. Metazonae light brown to red-brown. Posterior margin of metazonites dark brown. HEAD. Smooth. Each eye patch with circa 60 ommatidia arranged in seven horizontal rows (Fig. 4A), Labrum with three smoothly rounded teeth and a single row of 21 short labral setae (Fig. 4G). Clypeus with four supra-labral setae, two on each side (Fig. 4G). Antennae moderately long (Fig. 3), protruding back to ring 2. Relative length of antennomeres: 1>2>3=4=5>6. Terminal antennomere (disc) with four large sensory cones located together inside a membranous area. Each of antennomeres 5 and 6 apicolaterally with a field of narrow and long sensilla basiconica (Fig. 4B). Gnathochilarium, usual for spirostreptideans (Fig. 4D). Prementum (pm) smooth and straight, not depressed. Mentum (me) smooth. Lamellae linguales each with two strong apical setae, one equally strong seta behind these, plus, basally, an oblique line of four setae. Stipites with a basal longitudinal field of setae, lateral margin in distal half with a row of setae; one isolated, subapical, stout seta or sensillum; cardo small, kidney-shaped. Mandibles (Fig. 4E, F) with stipes devoid of differentiation. Odontomere (od) long, moveable. Sectile edge (se) of psectromere (ps) with four lobes; eight pectinate lamellae (pl). One wide molar furrow (mf). COLLUM. Smooth, ventrally with six longitudinal furrows, anteroventral angle 80���90��. BODY RINGS. Prozonae smooth. Metazonae with longitudinal striae ventrally from ca ⅔ ring length below ozopore. Ozopores located on metazonae, starting with ring 6, located close to, but not touching the suture between pro- and metazonae. Limbus simple (Fig. 4H). Defensive glands well-developed (Fig. 4I). TELSON. Preanal ring with a shallow submarginal depression. Anal valves smooth, without submarginal depression. Hypoproct, small, widely triangular. LEGS. Length 0.45���0.5 �� body diameter, postfemoral and tibial pads (Fig. 4J) from third male leg-pair until beyond midbody, pads decreasing in size posteriorly; claw large, curved (Fig. 4K). First pair of male legs with a well-developed prefemoral process ending in an inward curved tip (Fig. 5A). Coxosternum with a laterobasal field of four strong setae on anterior side. GONOPODS (Figs 5B���E, 6). Sternum (st) triangular, not reaching as far distad as paracoxite (px). Metaplica (mp) higher than proplica, rounded apically (Fig. 5C; mp). Proplica with straight sides, in apical part with scattered short setae, ending apically in a more or less spiniform mesapical projection (Fig. 5C; mpp) and a well-developed, apicolateral, lamellose lobe (Fig. 6C; al); telopodite (Fig. 5B, E; tlp) long and slender, without a distinct demarcation between femoral and postfemoral parts, femorite with a small and pointed antetorsal process (Fig. 5E; ats), postfemorite spiralled, ribbon-shaped, broad and long, with a divided tip, the longer branch carrying the terminal opening of the solenomere (Fig. 5B; sl). Paratypes Male similar to holotype. Female coloration as in male, but generally larger in size than male (up to 120 mm long 9 mm wide (58���61 body rings plus telson, no apodous rings). Vulvae located in membranous pouches attached to coxae 2 and 3 and to the inner lateral margin of ring 1, simple, consisting of two simple, subequallysized, moderately sclerotized valves, the aboral valve with an apical cluster of setae; ridge between valves covered with a lateral longitudinal operculum (Fig. 7). Distribution The species seems endemic to Mayotte (Fig. 8). Affinities On the basis of the gonopod structure having the telopodite with a spine arising well distad of the knee, a ribbon-shaped distal part, and a small free solenomerite arising just near the apex, the new species is manifestly a new member of the large genus Sechelleptus. Following the key published by Jeekel in 1999, arborivagus keys out close to sulcicollis and macilentus. Indeed the three species have a rather simple gonocoxite with a distally widened metaplica without a strong lateral cone but the new species do not show the small lateral uncus present on the metaplica of sulcicolis and possess a more or less spiniform mesapical projection on the proplica which is not present in sulcicolis neither in macilentus. By the overall shape of the male first leg and gonocoxite, the new species seems to be especially close to S. variabilis, also from the Comoros, but it differs strikingly by the structure of the gonotelopodite (in S. variabilis the gonotelopodite has a simple and pointed tip carrying the terminal opening of the seminal groove whereas in the new species the gonotelopodite has a divided tip, the longer branch carrying the terminal opening of the seminal groove) as well as by the larger body size and the longer and curved claws (Fig. 4K vs Fig. 2C). Other important differences concern the defensives glands, large in S. arborivagus sp. nov. (Fig. 4I) (vs inconspicuous in S. variabilis (Fig. 2A)), and the size of eyes: in the new specie the eyes are larger and include 60 �� 5 ommatidia (n = 10) arranged in 12 rows; whereas in S. variabilis the eyes, smaller, include 34 �� 3 (n = 10) ommatidia arranged in 9 rows. Natural history Most of the specimens belonging to the new species were collected on Mt Tchaourembo (see Fig. 8) in a forest fragment at 500���550 m a.s.l. All specimens were seen in trees and never in pairs, the males being rare (sex ratio> 1/6). The species possesses enlarged ommatidia, relatively long legs with strongly curved tarsal claws, as well as a tendency for specimens to secrete extremely copiously from their defensive glands when irritated. Such modifications are considered by several authors as an adaptation to tree climbing and to arboreal life (Enghoff & Enghoff 1976; Hoffman & Howell 1983; VandenSpiegel 2001). Discussion Millipede systematics is mainly based on male gonopods because they use to be species-specific (Bond et al. 2003). However, studies based on DNA have demonstrated that molecular divergence in different millipede groups may not reflect divergence in morphology-based identifications and may hide considerable variation (Bond & Sierwald 2002; Bond et al. 2003; Adams et al. 2009; Mwabvu et al. 2013, 2015; Tinago et al. 2017). Although our relatively small taxon sampling, the phylogenetic analysis strongly recovers Sechelleptus as monophyletic and discriminates at least two or three different groups. Furthermore, the mean inter-specific distance values (14.9% for COI and 5.1% for 16S) were remarkably similar to previous studies that reported the presence of high genetic divergence among population of different spirostreptid species (Mwabvu et al. 2013, 2015), suggesting the existence of more than one species in those taxa. It is argued that high level of divergence between identified spirostreptid species may indicate that changes in genital morphology occur rather slowly relative to the high rate of substitution in mitochondrial sequences (especially for COI), and may underestimate species diversity. This also appears to be the case among the different forms of Mayottan Sechelleptus, which also share strongly similar gonopods. At the first glance, the new species of Sechelleptus seems to be a giant form of S. variabilis. However, although only subtle morphological differences are observed within the gonopods, the comparatively large body size and the behavior of S. arborivagus sp. nov. are remarkable. These observations finally corroborate our molecular analyses that clearly show sufficient genetic difference between the different Sechelleptus species collected on Mayotte (22.6% for COI and 6.6% for 16S between S. arborivagus sp. nov. and S. variabilis). The genetic analyses also suggest the presence of another different species, i.e., DU1, although its phylogenetic position remains unresolved. This unique specimen found at Mont Combani is a sub-adult female that could not allow a formal identification, but, judging from its general appearance, appears to be an intermediate from between the two Sechelleptus species collected on Mayotte. The genetic divergences, along with adaptations to arboreal life observed in the novel species, may indicate an ���adaptive micro-radiation��� on Mayotte Island or even the Comoros. However, the inclusion of more specimens, including adult males, in phylogenetic analyses is needed to test this hypothesis and evaluate the status of that putative new species., Published as part of Vandenspiegel, Didier, Henrard, Arnaud & Mathys, Aurore, 2021, Sechelleptus arborivagus sp. nov., a new arboreal spirostreptid millipede (Diplopoda, Spirostreptidae) endemic to Mayotte Island (Comoros Archipelago), Indian Ocean, pp. 1-21 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 (1) on pages 8-16, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1395, http://zenodo.org/record/4966001, {"references":["Enghoff I. B. & Enghoff H. 1976. Notes on myriapods observed and collected in Tanzania and Kenya during the summer 1974. Xeroxed report, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen.","Hoffman R. L. & Howell K. M. 1983. Dendrostreptus, a new genus for an arboreal Tanzanian milliped, with notes on related forms (Diplopoda: Spirostreptidae). Revue zoologique africaine 97 (3): 625 - 632.","VandenSpiegel D. 2001. Taitastreptus flavipes, a new genus and new species for an arboreal millipede from Kenya (Diplopoda, Spirostreptidae). Insect Systematics and Evolution 32 (4): 475 - 480. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631201 X 00317","Bond J. E., Beamer B. A., Hedin M. C. & Sierwald P. 2003. Gradual evolution of male genitalia in sibling species complex of millipedes (Diplopoda: Spirobolida: Rhinocricidae: Anadenobolus). Invertebrate Systematics 17: 711 - 717. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 03026","Bond J. E. & Sierwald P. 2002. Cryptic speciation in the Anadenobolus excisus millipede species complex on the Island of Jamaica. Evolution 56: 1123 - 1135. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2002. tb 01426. x","Adams D. C., Berns C. M., Kozak K. H. & Wiens J. J. 2009. Are rates of species diversification correlated with rates of morphological evolution? Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276 (1668): 2729 - 2738. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2009.0543","Mwabvu T., Lamb J., Slotow R., Hamer M. & Barraclough D. 2013. Is millipede taxonomy based on gonopod morphology too inclusive? Observations on genetic variation and cryptic speciation in Bicoxidens flavicollis (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae). African Invertebrates 54: 349 - 356. https: // doi. org / 10.5733 / afin. 054.0203","Mwabvu T., Lamb J., Slotow R., Hamer M. & Barraclough D. 2015. Do cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene sequences differentiate species of spirostreptid millipedes (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae)? African Invertebrates 56: 651 - 661. https: // doi. org / 10.5733 / afin. 056.0311","Tinago T., Mwabvu T. & MacDonald A. 2017. Evidence of multiple divergent mitochondrial lineages within the southern African diplopod genus Bicoxidens Attems, 1928 (Spirostreptida). African Zoology 52 (4): 229 - 235. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 15627020.2017.1387504","VandenSpiegel D. & Golovatch S. I. 2007. The millipedes from the Comoros Islands (Myriapoda, Diplopoda). Journal of Afrotropical Zoology 3: 41 - 57."]}

Sechelleptus variabilis VandenSpiegel & Golovatch, 2007 Fig. 2 Material examined Holotype UNION OF THE COMOROS ��� ♂; Moh��li, Fomboni; 12��15��� S, 043��45��� E; 21 May 2003; dead wood; R. Jocqu�� and D. VandenSpiegel leg.; BE_RMCA_MYR.Dip.21733. New material FRANCE ��� Department of Mayotte (Comoros archipelago) ��� ♂; Mereni, back of mangrove; 19 Nov. 2019; hand collecting; D. VandenSpiegel and A. Mathys leg.; BE_RMCA_MYR.Dip.22878 ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 21 Nov. 2019; BE_RMCA_MYR.Dip.22879 ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; BE_RMCA_MYR.Dip.22983 ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Mont Benara; 12��52��� S, 045��09��� E; 21 Nov. 2019; hand collecting & sieving, litter; D. VandenSpiegel and A. Mathys leg.; BE_ RMCA_MYR.Dip.22883 ��� 1 ♂; Mont Combani, 500 m before Lodge; 12��47��� S, 045��09��� E; 15 Nov. 2019; sieving; litter; D. VandenSpiegel and A. Mathys leg.; BE_RMCA_MYR.Dip.22930. Remarks In the original description of the species, the length unit given for the specimens��� sizes is wrong and should have been cm instead of mm. Correct measurements are: length ♂♂: 3.4���8.0 cm; ♀♀: 5.0��� 7.0 cm; midbody width 0.34���0.5 cm and 0.3 ��� 0.5 cm, respectively. Taking this modification into account, the recently collected specimens agree with the description (VandenSpiegel & Golovatch 2007)., Published as part of Vandenspiegel, Didier, Henrard, Arnaud & Mathys, Aurore, 2021, Sechelleptus arborivagus sp. nov., a new arboreal spirostreptid millipede (Diplopoda, Spirostreptidae) endemic to Mayotte Island (Comoros Archipelago), Indian Ocean, pp. 1-21 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 (1) on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1395, http://zenodo.org/record/4966001, {"references":["VandenSpiegel D. & Golovatch S. I. 2007. The millipedes from the Comoros Islands (Myriapoda, Diplopoda). Journal of Afrotropical Zoology 3: 41 - 57."]}

Genus Sechelleptus Mauri��s, 1980 Sechelleptus Mauri��s, 1980: 147. Rubanostreptus Krabbe, 1982: 183, synonymized by Golovatch & Kors��s (1992). Sechelleptus ��� Golovatch & Kors��s 1992: 24. Type species Iulus seychellarum Desjardins, 1835 Diagnosis (adapted from Mauri��s 1980 and Golovatch & Kors��s 1992) A genus of moderate to large spirostreptid millipedes (up to 120 mm long) characterized by the rather simple gonocoxite and the long, slender, ribbon-shaped gonotelopodite with a spine arising well distad of the knee and a small free solenomerite arising just near the apex. Distribution Tanzania, Zanzibar, Comoros archipelago, Seychelles, Madagascar, Mauritius. Species included (adapted from Millibase: Sierwald & Spelda 2021) Sechelleptus aberrans (Br��lemann, 1923); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1044974 S. anulatus (Attems, 1914); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=999985 S. argus (Attems, 1896); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=998239 S. betaminena (De Saussure & Zehntner, 1902); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1044975 S. confusus (Attems, 1950); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1044977 S. coriaceus (De Saussure & Zehntner, 1901); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=998243 S. dauphini (De Saussure & Zehntner, 1902); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=998244 S. fulgens (De Saussure & Zehntner, 1901); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=998237 S. gonospinosus (Atems, 1910); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1044978 S. kalobaptus (Attems, 1914); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1044979 S. krabbae Jeekel, 1999; http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=940073 S. lambertoni (Br��lemann, 1923); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1155959 S. lobifer (Attems, 1951); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1044980 S. macilentus (De Saussure & Zehntner, 1897); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=998247 S. metazonalis (De Saussure & Zehntner, 1901); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=998238 S. moramangae (De Saussure & Zehntner, 1897); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=998249 S. multiporus (Attems, 1951); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1246528 S. nigritus (De Saussure & Zehntner, 1897); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=998250 S. obscuratus (Attems, 1914); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1248577 S. obscurus (Attems, 1951); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1248590 S. piesthopygus (Attems, 1914); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=999987 S. praepolitus (Attems, 1910); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1248594 S. procerus (Attems, 1951); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1249715 S. punctatulus (Attems, 1910); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1249718 S. pyrhozonus (Gerst��cker, 1873); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=998242 S. scabricollis (De Saussure & Zehntner, 1897); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=998252 S. seychellarum (Desjardins, 1835); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=947475 S. speculorbis (Attems, 1910); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1249894 S. sulcicollis (De Saussure & Zehntner, 1897); http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=999880 S. unilineatus Golovatch & Kors��s, 1992; http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=940074 S. variabilis VandenSpiegel & Golovatch, 2007; http://www.millibase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1024527 S. arborivagus sp. nov. Key to species of Sechelleptus Waiting a complete revision work of the genus, only the following additional lines to the key of Jeekel (1999) is given here: 22. Metaplica (posterior blade) with a small latero-distal uncus. Number of body rings 49���52, width 7.0���8.0 mm........................................................... S. sulcicollis (De Saussure & Zehntner, 1897) ��� Metaplica without latero-distal uncus. Number of body rings usually higher.........................22A 22A. Metaplica simply widened. Number of body rings 59, width 12.0 mm...................................................................................................................... S. macilentus (De Saussure & Zehntner, 1897) ��� Metaplica widened and a little higher than proplica (anterior blade).......................................22B 22B. Proplica with a lateral finger-shaped lobe. Number of body rings 50���60, width 3.0���5.0 mm.................................................................................... S. variabilis VandenSpiegel & Golovatch, 2007 ��� Proplica ending apically in a more or less spiniform mesapical projection. Number of body rings 57���62, width 7.0���9.0 mm.......................................................................... S. arborivagus sp. nov., Published as part of Vandenspiegel, Didier, Henrard, Arnaud & Mathys, Aurore, 2021, Sechelleptus arborivagus sp. nov., a new arboreal spirostreptid millipede (Diplopoda, Spirostreptidae) endemic to Mayotte Island (Comoros Archipelago), Indian Ocean, pp. 1-21 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 (1) on pages 6-7, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1395, http://zenodo.org/record/4966001, {"references":["Mauries J. - P. 1980. Contributions a l'etude de la faune terrestre des iles granitiques de l'archipel des Sechelles (Mission P. L. G. Benoit - J. J. Van Mol 1972). Myriapoda - Diplopoda. Revue zoologique africaine 94 (1): 138 - 168.","Krabbe E. 1982. Systematik der Spirostreptidae (Diplopoda, Spirostreptomorpha). Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (N. F.) 24: 1 - 476.","Golovatch S. I. & Korsos Z. 1992. Diplopoda collected by the Soviet zoological expedition to the Seychelles Islands in 1984. Acta Zoologica Hungarica 38: 1 - 31.","Desjardins M. 1835. Description d'un insecte myriapode du genre Julus. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France Series 1 4: 171 - 174.","Sierwald P. & Spelda J. 2021. MilliBase. https: // doi. org / 10.14284 / 370","Jeekel C. A. W. 1999. A new Sechelleptus from Madagascar, with a key to the species of the genus (Diplopoda - Spirostreptida). Myriapod Memoranda 1: 45 - 57.","VandenSpiegel D. & Golovatch S. I. 2007. The millipedes from the Comoros Islands (Myriapoda, Diplopoda). Journal of Afrotropical Zoology 3: 41 - 57."]}

Methanogens represent the final decomposition guild in anaerobic degradation of organic matter, occurring in digestive tract of various invertebrates. However, factors determining their community structure and activity in distinct gut sections is still debated. In this study, we focused on the tropical millipede species Archispirostreptus gigas (Diplopoda, Spirostreptidae) and Epibolus pulchripes (Diplopoda, Pachybolidae), which release considerable amounts of methane. We aimed to characterize relationships between physicochemical parameters, methane production rates, and methanogen community structure in the two major gut sections, midgut and hindgut. Microsensor measurements revealed that both sections were strictly anoxic, with reducing conditions prevailing in both millipedes. Hydrogen concentration culminated in anterior hindgut of E. pulchripes In both species, the intestinal pH was significantly higher in the hindgut than in the midgut. An accumulation of acetate and formate in the gut indicated bacterial fermentation activities in the digestive tract of both species. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed a prevalence of Methanobrevibacter spp. (Methanobacteriales), accompanied by a small fraction of so far unclassified "Methanomethylophilaceae" (Methanomassiliicoccales), in both species, which suggests that methanogenesis is mostly hydrogenotrophic. We conclude that anoxic conditions, negative redox potential, and bacterial production of hydrogen and formate promotes the gut colonization by methanogens. The higher activities of methanogens in the hindgut are explained by the higher pH of this compartment and their association with ciliates, which are restricted to this compartment and present an additional source of methanogenic substrates.ImportanceMethane (CH4) is the second most important atmospheric greenhouse gas after CO2 and is believed to account for 17% of global warming. Methanogens are a diverse group of archaea and can be found in various anoxic habitats including digestive tract of plant-feeding animals. Termites, cockroaches, the larvae of scarab beetles, and millipedes are the only arthropods known to host methanogens and emit large amounts of methane. Millipedes are ranked third most important detritivores after termites and earthworms, and they are considered keystone species in many terrestrial ecosystems. Both methane producing and non-emitting species have been observed in millipedes, but what limits their methanogenic potential is not known. In the present study, we show that physico-chemical gut conditions and the distribution of symbiotic ciliates are important factors determining CH4 emission in millipedes. We also find great similarities to other methane-emitting arthropods, which might be associated with their similar plant-feeding habits.

Genus Odontostreptus Attems, 1914 Diagnosis (based on Krabbe 1982) Differs from other genera of Spirostreptidae by having a gonopod telopodite with an antetorsal process and a terminal, large, ladle-like lamella protecting an unbranched solenomere, in combination with having a simple gonopod coxal metaplica without terminal lamellae, moderately developed prefemoral processes on the first pair of male legs, a dorsally smooth preanal ring, and body rings without longitudinal keels. Of the 13 included species (Krabbe 1982), two are restricted to Morocco, viz., O. maroccanus (Attems, 1914) and O. lepineyi (Verhoeff, 1938). The latter is very poorly known; it was described from a female and according to Schubart (1960) may be a synonym of O. maroccanus tidsiaccola. In contrast, O. maroccanus has been collected frequently. In its present concept it is quite a variable species; the following forms have been described: - O. maroccanus tidsiaccola (Brolemann, 1928) - O. maroccanus ahmedensis (Brolemann, 1928) - a form of ahmedensis with particularly many body rings (Schubart 1960) - a form of ahmedensis (���Rif-Form���) with ozopores on body ring 5 (Schubart 1960) Schubart (1952, 1960) considered the possibility that ahmedensis could be a separate species. We here present some notes and illustrations of O. maroccanus s. lat., but a clarification must await a study of a much more comprehensive material. On the other hand, we are confident in describing the new eyeless Odontostreptus as a separate species., Published as part of Enghoff, Henrik & Reboleira, Ana Sofia, 2020, The first blind spirostreptid millipede, found in a cave in Morocco; with notes on the genus Odontostreptus Attems, 1914 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae), pp. 1-11 in European Journal of Taxonomy 668 on page 2, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.668, http://zenodo.org/record/3900281, {"references":["Attems C. 1914. Afrikanische Spirostreptiden, nebst Uberblick uber die Spirostreptiden orbis terrarum. Zoologica Stuttgart 25 (65 - 66): 1 - 233.","Krabbe E. 1982. Systematik der Spirostreptidae (Diplopoda, Spirostreptomorpha). Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (NF) 24: 1 - 476.","Schubart O. 1960. Ein weiterer Beitrag zur Diplopoden-Fauna Marokkos. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences naturelles et physiques du Maroc 40: 159 - 232.","Brolemann H. - W. 1928. Diplopodes des collections de l'Institut scientifique cherifien. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences naturelles du Maroc 8: 34 - 60.","Schubart O. 1952. Diplopoden aus Marokko gesammelt vom Institut Scientifique Cherifien. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences naturelles et physiques du Maroc 32: 199 - 225."]}

Odontostreptus fadriquei sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 767E2E89-4A01-4CA1-B246-09C4792F4333 Figs 1���2 Diagnosis Differs from other species of Odontostreptus, and from all other known spirostreptid millipedes, by the lack of eyes. Further differs from all other known species of Odontostreptus by its smaller diameter. Etymology The species is dedicated to our friend Floren Fadrique, intrepid collector of invertebrates in caves of Morocco. Material examined Holotype MOROCCO ��� ♂; Agadir, Ifni (= Cave) Bougayou, Ouauosrou Kbt, Immouzer des Ida ou Tanane; 30 Jul. 2003; A. Ighious, J. Esguius and F. Fadrique leg.; MZB 2003-1301. Paratype MOROCCO ��� 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; MZB 2019-2016. Description Male SIZE. Body length 39 mm, vertical midbody diameter 1.34 mm. 70 podous + 2 apodous rings in front of telson. COLOUR. Uniform pale yellowish-whitish, faint dark shadows posteriorly on some metazonites. HEAD. No eyes. Antennae reaching back to end of body ring 6; relative lengths of antennomeres 2���7: 21 / 19 / 20 /18 / 18 / 4. COLLUM. Lateral lobes broadly rounded, with ca 4 faint striae. BODY RINGS. Very faintly constricted between pro- and metazonite. Prozonites without concentric furrows; metazonites dorsally smooth, laterally (from well above ozopores) and ventrally with regular, fairly dense longitudinal striae. Ozopores starting on body ring 6, situated ca in middle of metazonites. LEGS. Projecting laterad of body rings, tibia visible from above. Relative lengths of podomeres: prefemur 19 / femur 19 / postfemur 16 / tibia 13 /tarsus 20 / claw 12. Indistinct ventral pads on postfemur, and slightly more distinct one on tibia, on anterior postgonopodal legs. First pair with short, apically rounded, diverging prefemoral lobes. TELSON. Completely smooth; preanal ring without a process; anal valves with raised distal margins, the ���labiate��� type of Hoffman (2011: fig. 10). GONOPODS (Fig. 2). Sternum (not visible in Fig. 2) triangular, low, not reaching end of paraxocite (px). Coxal proplica (pp) with lateral margin very shallowly concave, apical margin concave, slanting distad towards mesal margin. Metaplica (mp) considerably higher than proplica, apically regularly rounded, with a long, subdistal lateral process (lap). Lateral process distinctly set off from main body of metaplica by rounded incision (in), distal to incision straight, regularly tapering and directed laterad and slightly basad. Telopodite (tlp) first directed basad after exit from coxa, then turning mesad at ca right angles and passing posterior side of coxa, torsotope (tp) located at this horizontal section, distal to torsotope making another ca 90�� distad turn and ending in a broad, curved lamella (���ladle���) protecting short, slender solenomere (slm). Female (Fig. 1) SIZE. Body length 60 mm, vertical midbody diameter 1.93 mm. 84 podous rings, no apodous rings in front of telson. OTHER NONSEXUAL CHARACTERS. As in male, except for relatively shorter appendages. Remarks On the head, antennae and legs of both specimens, thalli of a very conspicuous amphoromorph fungus were seen (Fig. 1E), similar to those reported from other species of millipedes by Enghoff & Reboleira (2017). The type locality is a ���small cave with sixty meters of horizontal development descending��� (F. Fadrique in litt.), located in the Tasroukht plateau, about 60 km northeast of Agadir. Its biocoenosis includes other cave-adapted species as the staphylinid beetle Domene (Spelaeomene) cantonsi Espa��ol, 1972 (Hernando 2007)., Published as part of Enghoff, Henrik & Reboleira, Ana Sofia, 2020, The first blind spirostreptid millipede, found in a cave in Morocco; with notes on the genus Odontostreptus Attems, 1914 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae), pp. 1-11 in European Journal of Taxonomy 668 on pages 3-6, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.668, http://zenodo.org/record/3900281, {"references":["Hoffman R. L. 2011. A review of the millipede genus Haplogonopus with commentary on the socalled \" Charactopygus-Bildung \" modification of spirostreptid paraprocts (Diplopoda: Spirostreptidae). Zootaxa 2734: 53 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2734.1.4","Enghoff H. & Reboleira A. S. P. S. 2017. Diversity of non-Laboulbenialean fungi on millipedes. Studies in Fungi 2 (1): 130 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.5943 / sif / 2 / 1 / 15","Hernando C. 2007. Nuevos datos faunisticos y una nueva especie cavernicola de Domene Fauvel, 1885 subgenero Spelaeomene Espanol, 1977 de Marruecos (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae). Heteropterus Revista de Entomologia 7 (1): 1 - 6."]}

The first eyeless species of the suborder Spirostreptidea, Odontostreptus fadriquei sp. nov., is described from a cave in Morocco. The new species, which exhibits some troglomorphic traits, is compared with the highly variable O. maroccanus (Attems, 1914) of which new material is presented.

inconstans Carl, 1914b: 869-871, figs 88-91 [Spirostreptus (Nanostreptus)]. La Camelia, Kaffeepflanzung bei Angelopolis 1800 m. Unspecified number of ♂ and ♀. The MHNG collection contains six specimens in alcohol (MHNG-ARTO-18477). Two of the specimens have a pin running all or part of the length of the body, and they are accompanied by a vial containing gonopods. The identification labels in the jar have “Camelia (Colombie) 1800 m. Coll. Fuhrm. ” and “Camelia (Colombie) Coll. Fuhrmann ” written on them respectively, indicating that the specimens are syntypes. There are two syntypes (one ♂ and one ♀ referred to as “Co-Typus” in the NMB catalogue) in the NMB (inventory number NMB-DIPL- 00216a). Hyloecostreptus inconstans (Carl, 1914), Spirostreptidae, Published as part of Hollier, John, Stöckli, Eduard, Wesener, Thomas, Mesibov, Robert, Decker, Peter & Sierwald, Petra, 2020, An annotated list of the millipede (Diplopoda) species described by Johann Carl, pp. 183-240 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 127 (1) on pages 207-208, DOI: 10.35929/RSZ.0015, http://zenodo.org/record/5743454, {"references":["Carl J. 1914 b. Die Diplopoden von Columbien nebst Beitragen zur morphologie der Stemmoiuliden (Voyage Fuhrmann & Mayor). Memoires de la Societe neuchateloise des Sciences naturelles 5: 821 - 993."]}

ternetzi Carl, 1918: 428-431, figs 7-8 [Trichogonostreptus]. San José, Paraguay, Dr Ternetz leg. Musée de Bâle. One ♂ and one ♀. No specimens found in the MHNG. The syntypes (one ♂ and one ♀ referred to as “ Typus ” in the NMB catalogue) are in the NMB (inventory number NMB-DIPL-00337a). Trichogonostreptus ternetzi is the type species of the genus Trichogonostreptus Carl, 1918 by monotypy (Jeekel, 1971). Trichogonostreptus (Trichogonostreptus) ternetzi Carl, 1918, Spirostreptidae, Published as part of Hollier, John, Stöckli, Eduard, Wesener, Thomas, Mesibov, Robert, Decker, Peter & Sierwald, Petra, 2020, An annotated list of the millipede (Diplopoda) species described by Johann Carl, pp. 183-240 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 127 (1) on pages 232-233, DOI: 10.35929/RSZ.0015, http://zenodo.org/record/5743454, {"references":["Carl J. 1918. Miscellanees Diplopodologiques. Revue suisse de Zoologie 26: 417 - 468.","Jeekel C. A. W. 1971. Nomenclator generum et familiarum Diplopodorum: A list of the genus and family-group names in the Class Diplopoda from the 10 th edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the end of 1957. Monographieen van de Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging 5: 1 - 412."]}

ruralis Carl, 1914b: 865-867, figs 79-80 [Spirostreptus (Epistreptus)]. La Camelia, 1800 m, Kaffeepflanzung; am Magdalena bei Jirardot, 250 m; Puerto de los Pobres, am Cauca. Unspecified number of ♂ and ♀. The MHNG collection contains six specimens in alcohol in two jars. One jar (MHNG-ARTO-18482) contains one specimen with a pin running the length of the body and a vial containing dissected parts including the head and anterior body rings and the gonopods. The identification labels in the jar are photocopies of the original labels in the second jar. They have “Camelia (Colombie) Coll. Fuhrmann ” and “ Colombie Coll. Fuhrmann ” written on them respectively, indicating that the specimen is part of the type series. A handwritten note dated 1990 indicates that Hoffman intended to designate this specimen as the lectotype. The second jar (MHNG-ARTO-18483) contains five specimens, one with a pin running the length of the body and two broken. The identification labels in the jar have “ Camelia (Colombie) Coll. Fuhrmann ” and “ Colombie Coll. Fuhrmann ” written on them respectively, indicating that the specimens are part of the type series. The lectotype designation has apparently not been published and so all of these specimens are syntypes. There is another ♀ syntype (referred to as “Co- Typus ” in the NMB catalogue) in the NMB (inventory number NMB-DIPL-00214a). Isoporostreptus ruralis (Carl, 1914), Spirostreptidae, Published as part of Hollier, John, Stöckli, Eduard, Wesener, Thomas, Mesibov, Robert, Decker, Peter & Sierwald, Petra, 2020, An annotated list of the millipede (Diplopoda) species described by Johann Carl, pp. 183-240 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 127 (1) on page 226, DOI: 10.35929/RSZ.0015, http://zenodo.org/record/5743454, {"references":["Carl J. 1914 b. Die Diplopoden von Columbien nebst Beitragen zur morphologie der Stemmoiuliden (Voyage Fuhrmann & Mayor). Memoires de la Societe neuchateloise des Sciences naturelles 5: 821 - 993."]}

ptilostreptoides Carl, 1909b: 321-323, pl. 6, figs 35-36 [Lophostreptus]. Buschgebiet zwischen dem Kagera und dem Lager von Mabira in Süd-Karagwe, einige Exemplare im Busch und in Bananenpflanzungen. Unspecified number of ♂ and ♀. The MHNG collection contains 25 specimens in alcohol in two jars. The first jar (MHNG-ARTO-18474) contains the specimen designated as lectotype by Demange & Mauriès (1975: 70). The identification labels in the jar have “Süd-Karagwe J. Carl” and “Kagera-Mbira Dr J. Carl” written on them respectively. The other jar (MHNG-ARTO-18475) contains parts of at least 24 specimens, nearly all broken and several incomplete, and a small vial containing gonopods. The jar contains typewritten copies of the labels in the first jar and the specimens are paralectotypes. Lophostreptus ptilostreptoides Carl, 1909, Spirostreptidae, Published as part of Hollier, John, Stöckli, Eduard, Wesener, Thomas, Mesibov, Robert, Decker, Peter & Sierwald, Petra, 2020, An annotated list of the millipede (Diplopoda) species described by Johann Carl, pp. 183-240 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 127 (1) on page 224, DOI: 10.35929/RSZ.0015, http://zenodo.org/record/5743454, {"references":["Carl J. 1909 b. Reise von Dr. J. Carl im nordlichen Central- Afrikanischen Seengebiet. Diplopoden. Revue suisse de Zoologie 17: 281 - 365.","Demange J. - M., Mauries J. - P. 1975. Myriapodes - diplopodes des monts Nimba et Tonkoui (Cote d'Ivoire, Guinee) recoltes par M. Lamotte et ses collaborateurs de 1942 a 1960: etude systematique, caracterisation des diopsiulides africains, revision des Trachystreptini, essai de classification des Cordyloporidae. Annales Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale. Sciences zoologiques 212: 1 - 192."]}

bicolor Carl, 1902: 594-595 [Prionopeltis]. Neuseeland, Nordinsel. H. Suter (Berner Museum). Two ♀. No specimens found in the MHNG collection. The syntypes are presumably in the NMBE. Desmoxytes bicolor (Carl, 1902), Paradoxosomatidae, Published as part of Hollier, John, Stöckli, Eduard, Wesener, Thomas, Mesibov, Robert, Decker, Peter & Sierwald, Petra, 2020, An annotated list of the millipede (Diplopoda) species described by Johann Carl, pp. 183-240 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 127 (1) on page 189, DOI: 10.35929/RSZ.0015, http://zenodo.org/record/5743454, {"references":["Carl J. 1902. Exotische Polydesmiden. Revue suisse de Zoologie 10: 563 - 679."]}

multiannulatus Carl, 1909b: 313-314, pl. 6, figs 6, 21 [Spirostreptus]. Busch zwischen dem Kagera und dem Lager von Mabira in Südkaragwe. One ♂. The MHNG collection contains one specimen in alcohol (MHNG-ARTO-18478). The specimen is broken into several pieces and is accompanied by a vial containing gonopods. There is a locality label with “Bei Kagera- Mabira 5.xi.08 ” written on it and identification labels have “Karagwe Dr. J. Carl” and “Bei Kagera-Mabira” written on them respectively, indicating that the specimen is the holotype. The proper generic placement of this species is unknown (Enghoff et al., 2016). ? Spirostreptus multiannulatus Carl, 1909, Spirostreptidae, Published as part of Hollier, John, Stöckli, Eduard, Wesener, Thomas, Mesibov, Robert, Decker, Peter & Sierwald, Petra, 2020, An annotated list of the millipede (Diplopoda) species described by Johann Carl, pp. 183-240 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 127 (1) on page 218, DOI: 10.35929/RSZ.0015, http://zenodo.org/record/5743454, {"references":["Carl J. 1909 b. Reise von Dr. J. Carl im nordlichen Central- Afrikanischen Seengebiet. Diplopoden. Revue suisse de Zoologie 17: 281 - 365.","Enghoff H., Hoffman R. L., Howell K. M. 2016. Checklist of the millipedes (Diplopoda) of Tanzania. Journal of East African Natural History 105 (1): 51 - 113."]}

hassleri Carl, 1917: 406-409, figs 25- 26 [Stenostreptus]. San Bernadino, Paraguay (Dr. Hassler leg.), Asuncion, Paraguay (Dr. E. Joulowsky leg.). More than one ♂. The MHNG collection contains one specimen in alcohol under the name Stenostreptus hassleri (MHNG- ARTO-14253). The specimen is in three large pieces, with the gonopods separate. The identification label has “ type Paraguay ” written on it, indicating that the specimen was part of the type series. Hoffman (1974: 80) designated this specimen as the lectotype. There are a further seven specimens under the name Urostreptus hassleri in two jars (MHNG-ARTO-14254 and MHNG-ARTO-14255), which are probably paralectotypes. Stenostreptus hassleri is the type species of the genus Stenostreptus Carl, 1917 by monotypy (Jeekel, 1971). Urostreptus hassleri (Carl, 1917), Spirostreptidae, Published as part of Hollier, John, Stöckli, Eduard, Wesener, Thomas, Mesibov, Robert, Decker, Peter & Sierwald, Petra, 2020, An annotated list of the millipede (Diplopoda) species described by Johann Carl, pp. 183-240 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 127 (1) on page 205, DOI: 10.35929/RSZ.0015, http://zenodo.org/record/5743454, {"references":["Carl J. 1917. Spirostreptides nouveaux ou peu connus du Museum de Geneve. Revue suisse de Zoologie 25: 383 - 409.","Hoffman R. L. 1974. Studies on Spirostreptid Millipeds. XIII. Supplementary notes on the genus Urostreptus. Studies on the Neotropical Fauna 9: 74 - 83.","Jeekel C. A. W. 1971. Nomenclator generum et familiarum Diplopodorum: A list of the genus and family-group names in the Class Diplopoda from the 10 th edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the end of 1957. Monographieen van de Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging 5: 1 - 412."]}

kandti Carl, 1909b: 342-344, pl. 8, figs 59-60 [Odontopyge]. West-Ruanda, Dr. R. Kandt leg. Unspecified number of ♂ (♀ not mentioned explicitly). The MHNG collection contains two specimens in alcohol (MHNG-ARTO-18496). One of the specimens is broken and placed in a vial. The identification labels in the jar have “ Ruanda occid.” and “ types! Ruanda occid.” written on them respectively, indicating that the specimens are syntypes. Odontopyge kandti kandti Carl, 1909, Odontopygidae kandyanus Carl, 1932: 497-499, figs 127-130 [Archandrodesmus]. Ceylon: Kandy (Willey leg. Brit. Museum). Unspecified number of ♂ (♀ not mentioned explicitly). The MHNG collection contains two specimens in alcohol (MHNG-ARTO-14372). The specimens, one of them broken, are in a vial and accompanied by a smaller vial containing gonopods. The data label has “ Ceylan, Kandy” written on it, and the identification label has “ ♂ ♀ cotypes” written on it, indicating that the specimens are syntypes. No syntypes could be located in the BMNH. Cryptocorypha kandyanus (Carl, 1932), Pyrgodesmidae, Published as part of Hollier, John, Stöckli, Eduard, Wesener, Thomas, Mesibov, Robert, Decker, Peter & Sierwald, Petra, 2020, An annotated list of the millipede (Diplopoda) species described by Johann Carl, pp. 183-240 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 127 (1) on page 210, DOI: 10.35929/RSZ.0015, http://zenodo.org/record/5743454, {"references":["Carl J. 1909 b. Reise von Dr. J. Carl im nordlichen Central- Afrikanischen Seengebiet. Diplopoden. Revue suisse de Zoologie 17: 281 - 365.","Carl J. 1932. Diplopoden aus Sud-Indien und Ceylon I. Polydesmidea. Revue suisse de Zoologie 39: 411 - 529."]}

annulipes Carl, 1912c: 189-192, figs 25-27 [Rhinocricus]. Buol, N.- Celebes (coll. Sarasin). One ♂, one ♀ and an unspecified number of juveniles. The MHNG collection contains one specimen in alcohol (MHNG-ARTO-14316). The identification labels in the jar have “ type Buol, N. de Celebes ex coll. Sarasin ” written on them, indicating that the specimen is a syntype. There are three syntypes (one ♂, here designated as lectotype, one ♀ and one juvenile referred to as “ Typen ” in the NMB catalogue) in the NMB (inventory number NMB-DIPL-00162a). Salpidobolus annulipes (Carl, 1912), Rhinocricidae annulipes Carl, 1914b: 918-920, figs 163-165 [Trichomorpha]., Published as part of Hollier, John, Stöckli, Eduard, Wesener, Thomas, Mesibov, Robert, Decker, Peter & Sierwald, Petra, 2020, An annotated list of the millipede (Diplopoda) species described by Johann Carl, pp. 183-240 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 127 (1) on page 187, DOI: 10.35929/RSZ.0015, http://zenodo.org/record/5743454, {"references":["Carl J. 1912 c. Die Diplopoden-Fauna von Celebes. Revue suisse de Zoologie 20: 73 - 206.","Carl J. 1914 b. Die Diplopoden von Columbien nebst Beitragen zur morphologie der Stemmoiuliden (Voyage Fuhrmann & Mayor). Memoires de la Societe neuchateloise des Sciences naturelles 5: 821 - 993."]}

angustifrons Carl, 1905: 278-280, fig. 9 [Spirostreptus]. No explicit locality. Unspecified number of ♀. No specimens found in the MHNG. According to Andrés Cobeta (2001: 70) there is a type specimen in the MNCN (MNCN 20.07/1174). Spirostreptus angustifrons Carl, 1905 is a junior homonym of S. angustifrons Brölemann, 1902. Given the large number of available names in the genus Spirostreptus, assignment of a replacement name is deferred until a taxonomic revision is carried out. “ Spirostreptus angustifrons ” Carl, 1905, Spirostreptidae, Published as part of Hollier, John, Stöckli, Eduard, Wesener, Thomas, Mesibov, Robert, Decker, Peter & Sierwald, Petra, 2020, An annotated list of the millipede (Diplopoda) species described by Johann Carl, pp. 183-240 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 127 (1) on page 187, DOI: 10.35929/RSZ.0015, http://zenodo.org/record/5743454, {"references":["Carl J. 1905. Diplopodes de la Guinee espagnole. Memorias de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural 1 (15): 261 - 284.","Andres Cobeta F. J. de 2001. Catalogo de las colecciones zoologicas de Guinea Ecuatorial del Museo de Ciencias Naturales. I. Invertebrados no insectos. Manuales Tecnicos de Museologia 10: 1 - 160.","Brolemann H. W. 1902. Myriapodes du Musee de Sao Paulo. Revista do Museu Paulista 5: 35 - 237."]}

Attemsostreptus costatus Verhoeff, 1941 Fig. 1 Attemsostreptus costatus Verhoeff, 1941: 262���263, plate 12, figs 35���36. Lophostreptus orobius Kraus, 1958: 11���12, plate 3, figs 30���34. syn. nov. Attemsotreptus orobius Krabbe 1982: 252���253, fig. 185. Material examined Attemsostreptus costatus Verhoeff, 1941 types (ZSM), 4 micro-preparations of 2 ♂♂ and 1 juvenile ♂. TANZANIA ��� 1 ♂, juvenile, gonopods, 3 sections of a tergite; ZSM A 20042783 ��� ♂ legs 1���7, gnathochilarium, labrum; ZSM A 20042784 ��� ♂, gonopod in one block; ZSM A200427814 ��� 1 ♂, gonopods separated in left and right, left and right telopodites, two leg-pairs attached to a portion of sternite; ZSM A 20042785. Descriptive notes on gonopods STERNUM (st). Small and simple, lower than paracoxite (px). COXA. Proplica (pp) simple, straight and broad, distally with scattered bristles. Metaplica (mp) with a deep mesoapical incision, a rounded mesoapical metaplical process (map) and a long twisted and downturned lateroapical metaplical process (lap). The latter (lap) pointing proximolaterad and ending in claw-like pointed apex. TELOPODITE. With a thin and curved antetorsal process (atp) ending in a pointed apex, post-torsal part forming a loop at mid-length, narrowing towards apex, apex bifurcate with a thin serrated lamella (sl) and an acuminate apical process. Comments Verhoeff (141: 263, pl. 12, fig. 36) described serrations on the margins of the ���solenomere��� and three projections at the apex of the ���telomere���. The descriptions and drawings of Krabbe (1982: 252 fig. 185) and Kraus (1985: 1���12, figs 30���34) match our observations., Published as part of Akkari, Nesrine & Enghoff, Henrik, 2019, Revision of the genus Attemsostreptus Verhoeff, 1941 with description of a new species from Tanzania and notes on the tribe Trachystreptini Cook, 1896 (Spirostreptida, Diplopoda), pp. 1-12 in European Journal of Taxonomy 575 on page 3, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.575, http://zenodo.org/record/3532807, {"references":["Verhoeff K. H. 1941. Studien an athiopischen Diplopoden. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 73: 231 - 274.","Kraus O. 1958. Myriapoden aus Ostafrika (Tanganyika Territory). Veroffentlichungen aus dem Ubersee- Museum Bremen Reihe A (3): 1 - 16.","Krabbe E. 1982. Systematik der Spirostreptidae (Diplopoda, Spirostreptomorpha). Abhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, N. F., 24: 1 - 476."]}