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Co-delivery strategies have become an integral active delivery approach, although understanding of how the microstructural characteristics could be deployed to achieve independently regulated active co-delivery profiles, is still an area at its infancy. Herein, the capacity to provide such control was explored by utilizing Pickering emulsions stabilized by lipid particles, namely solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). These dual functional species, regarding their concurrent Pickering stabilization and active carrying/delivery capabilities, were formulated with different solid lipid and surfactant types, and the effect on the release and co-release modulation of two hydrophobic actives separately encapsulated within the lipid particles themselves and within the emulsion droplets was investigated. Disparities between the release profiles from the particles in aqueous dispersions or at an emulsion interface, were related to the specific lipid matrix composition. Particles composed of lipids with higher oil phase compatibility of the emulsion droplets were shown to exert less control over their release regulation ability, as were particles in the presence of surfactant micelles in the continuous phase. Irrespective of their formulation characteristics, all particles provided a level of active release control from within the emulsion droplets, which was dependant on the permeability of the formed interfacial layer. Specifically, use of a bulkier particle surfactant or particle sintering at the droplet interface resulted in more sustained droplet release rates. Compared to sole release, the co-release performance remained unaffected by the co-existence of the two hydrophobic actives with the co-release behavior persisting over a storage period of 1 month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This technical report is associated with the external scientific report and user guide of TKPlate 1.0 and provides case studies for each of the modules performing either toxicokinetic and/or toxicodynamic modelling. For each case study, input data are provided and the procedure to run them is described and can be uploaded from the TKPlate info page and input module. The case studies presented here include forward dosimetry, reverse dosimetry, toxicodynamic modelling, dynamic energy budget modelling and risk characterisation of combined exposure to multiple chemicals from the MIXTOX module. For forward dosimetry, four case studies are presented for fipronil (human one‐compartment kinetic model), caffeine and amiodarone (generic human physiologically‐based kinetic (PBK) model), chlorpyrifos (QIVIVE and generic human PBK model) and a generic case study using the multi‐route 6 compartment generic human PBK model. For reverse dosimetry, two case studies are available namely melatonin using the one‐compartment kinetic model and deltamethrin using the generic PBK chicken model for laying hens. Both case studies allow reconstruction of plausible exposure distributions using internal dose such as biomonitoring data. For TD modelling, a generic case study from a 90‐day toxicological study in male rats is illustrated and the procedure to perform internal benchmark dose modelling is presented. For dynamic energy budget modelling, two case studies are illustrated as individual and population effects of fenvalerate on Daphnia magna survival and effects of lead on Eisenia fetida growth. Finally, mixture risk characterisation is illustrated for three contaminants using a deterministic hazard index methodology. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Journal article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.e211101/full This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications articles: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2023.EN-8441/full, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2023.EN-8437/full [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This technical report provides a user guide for the TKPlate 1.0 platform which allows to implement New Approach Methodologies in the chemical risk assessment process by means of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic modelling of chemicals in humans, laboratory animals, farm animals and species of ecological relevance. TKPlate 1.0 is available as an open access web‐based tool or a downloadable application. The platform is built as a workflow of 7 modules: 1. Input module for which the user can select the species, kinetic or physiologically‐based kinetic model, the chemical to be modelled, exposure scenarios and simulation times, 2. Forward dosimetry allowing the user to simulate kinetic parameters, body fluid and organ concentrations, 3. Reverse dosimetry for the reconstruction of exposure distributions using internal dose such as biomonitoring data, 4. Benchmark dose modelling using model averaging on an internal dose basis, 5. Dynamic energy budget modelling, 6. Mixture risk characterisation using the methods available from EFSA's Scientific committee guidance document, 7. Automated report where the user can access input and output data in a technical report, graphs and datasets. For each module, the structure and applications are described with examples. The technical development of TKPlate 1.0 is described in an external scientific report which is associated with an EFSA editorial and two technical reports namely a user guide and case studies illustrating applications of TKPlate 1.0. Finally, all models and associated files are also available published in Zenodo (https://zenodo.org/record/7494936). This publication is linked to the following EFSA Journal article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.e211101/full This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications articles: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2023.EN-8440/full, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2023.EN-8437/full [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of hydrocolloids-based microparticles in the field of bioactives microencapsulation is an area of great interest and research. However, their industrial scale production and their application in food products holds many technological challenges. The objective of this study was to investigate the microencapsulation of tryptophan, used as model active, into alginate microparticles obtained using the fluid gel route, as an easy industrial method for their production. Several alginate fluid gels, loaded with different amounts of tryptophan, were produced and characterized by particle size, rheological properties and encapsulation efficiency, then in vitro release kinetics using a dialysis approach were studied. Although the produced materials were unable to highlight a correlation between operating parameters and release kinetics, alginate fluid gels showed the ability to slow down the release of the drug compared to a water solution of tryptophan. Obtained microspheres showed very small sizes, which makes them suitable for the enrichment and delivery of actives in food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern emulsion processing technology is strongly influenced by the market demands for products that are microstructure-driven and possess precisely controlled properties. Novel cost-effective processing techniques, such as membrane emulsification, have been explored and customised in the search for better control over the microstructure, and subsequently the quality of the final product. Part A of this review reports on the state of the art in membrane emulsification techniques, focusing on novel membrane materials and proof of concept experimental set-ups. Engineering advantages and limitations of a range of membrane techniques are critically discussed and linked to a variety of simple and complex structures (e.g. foams, particulates, liposomes etc.) produced specifically using those techniques. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane emulsification is a promising process for formulating emulsions and particulates. It offers many advantages over conventional 'high-shear' processes with narrower size distribution products, higher batch repeatability and lower energy consumption commonly demonstrated at a small scale. Since the process was first introduced around 25 years ago, understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved during microstructure formation has advanced significantly leading to the development of modelling approaches that predict processing output; e.g. emulsion droplet size and throughput. The accuracy and ease of application of these models is important to allow for the development of design equations which can potentially facilitate scale-up of the process and meet the manufacturer's specific requirements. Part B of this review considers the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of models developed to predict droplet size, flow behaviour and other phenomena (namely droplet-droplet interactions), with presentation of the appropriate formulae where necessary. Furthermore, the advancement of the process towards an industrial scale is also highlighted with additional recommendations by the authors for future work. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The typically low solubility and gelation capacity of plant proteins can impose challenges in the design of high-quality plant-based foods. The acid used during the precipitation step of plant protein isolate extraction can influence protein functionality. Here, acetic acid and citric acid were used to extract quinoa protein isolate (QPI) from quinoa flour, as these acids are more kosmotropic than the commonly used HCl, promoting the stabilisation of the native protein structure. While proximate analysis showed that total protein was similar for the three isolates, precipitation with kosmotropic acids increased soluble protein, which correlated positively with gel strength. Microstructure analysis revealed that these gels contained a less porous protein network with lipid droplet inclusions. This study shows that the choice of precipitation acid offers an opportunity to tailor the properties of quinoa protein isolate for application, a strategy that is likely applicable to other plant protein isolates. [Display omitted] • Quinoa protein isolate (QPI) was precipitated with HCl, acetic and citric acid; • Kosmotropic acids protected the native structure of QPI during extraction; • Soluble protein, thermal properties and gel strength were improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]