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1. Two Years at Meridiani Planum: Results from the Opportunity Rover

Author

Squyres, S. W., Knoll, A. H., Arvidson, R. E., Clark, B. C., Grotzinger, J. P., Jolliff, B. L., McLennan, S. M., Tosca, N., Bell, J. F., Calvin, W. M., Farrand, W. H., Glotch, T. D., Golombek, M. P., Herkenhoff, K. E., Johnson, J. R., Klingelhöfer, G., McSween, H. Y., and Yen, A. S.

Published
2006

2. Soils of Eagle Crater and Meridiani Planum at the Opportunity Rover Landing Site

Author

Soderblom, L. A., Anderson, R. C., Arvidson, R. E., Bell, J. F., Cabrol, N. A., Calvin, W., Christensen, P. R., Clark, B. C., Economou, T., Ehlmann, B. L., Farrand, W. H., Fike, D., Gellert, R., Glotch, T. D., Golombek, M. P., Greeley, R., Grotzinger, J. P., Herkenhoff, K. E., Jerolmack, D. J., Johnson, J. R., Jolliff, B., Klingelhöfer, G., Knoll, A. H., Learner, Z. A., Li, R., Malin, M. C., McLennan, S. M., McSween, H. Y., Ming, D. W., Morris, R. V., Rice, J. W., Richter, L., Rieder, R., Rodionov, D., Schröder, C., Seelos, F. P., Soderblom, J. M., Squyres, S. W., Sullivan, R., Watters, W. A., Weitz, C. M., Wyatt, M. B., Yen, A., and Zipfel, J.

Published
2004

3. Localization and Physical Property Experiments Conducted by Opportunity at Meridiani Planum

Author

Arvidson, R. E., Anderson, R. C., Bartlett, P., Bell, J. F., Christensen, P. R., Chu, P., Davis, K., Ehlmann, B. L., Golombek, M. P., Gorevan, S., Guinness, E. A., Haldemann, A. F. C., Herkenhoff, K. E., Landis, G., Li, R., Lindemann, R., Ming, D. W., Myrick, T., Parker, T., Richter, L., Seelos, F. P., Soderblom, L. A., Squyres, S. W., Sullivan, R. J., and Wilson, J.

Published
2004

5. The Opportunity Rover's Athena Science Investigation at Meridiani Planum, Mars

Author

Squyres, S. W., Arvidson, R. E., Bell, J. F., Brückner, J., Cabrol, N. A., Calvin, W., Carr, M. H., Christensen, P. R., Clark, B. C., Crumpler, L., d'Uston, C., Economou, T., Farmer, J., Farrand, W., Folkner, W., Golombek, M., Gorevan, S., Grant, J. A., Greeley, R., Grotzinger, J., Haskin, L., Herkenhoff, K. E., Hviid, S., Johnson, J., Klingelhöfer, G., Knoll, A. H., Landis, G., Lemmon, M., Li, R., Madsen, M. B., Malin, M. C., McLennan, S. M., McSween, H. Y., Ming, D. W., Moersch, J., Morris, R. V., Parker, T., Rice, J. W., Richter, L., Rieder, R., Sims, M., Smith, M., Smith, P., Soderblom, L. A., Sullivan, R., Wänke, H., Wdowiak, T., Wolff, M., and Yen, A.

Published
2004

7. Evidence from Opportunity's Microscopic Imager for Water on Meridiani Planum

Author

Herkenhoff, K. E., Squyres, S. W., Arvidson, R., Bass, D. S., Bell, J. F., Bertelsen, P., Ehlmann, B. L., Farrand, W., Gaddis, L., Greeley, R., Grotzinger, J., Hayes, A. G., Hviid, S. F., Johnson, J. R., Jolliff, B., Kinch, K. M., Knoll, A. H., Madsen, M. B., Maki, J. N., McLennan, S. M., McSween, H. Y., Ming, D. W., Rice, J. W., Richter, L., Sims, M., Smith, P. H., Soderblom, L. A., Spanovich, N., Sullivan, R., Thompson, S., Wdowiak, T., Weitz, C., and Whelley, P.

Published
2004

8. In Situ Evidence for an Ancient Aqueous Environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars

Author

Squyres, S. W., Grotzinger, J. P., Arvidson, R. E., Bell, J. F., Calvin, W., Christensen, P. R., Clark, B. C., Crisp, J. A., Farrand, W. H., Herkenhoff, K. E., Johnson, J. R., Klingelhöfer, G., Knoll, A. H., McLennan, S. M., McSween, H. Y., Morris, R. V., Rice, J. W., Rieder, R., and Soderblom, L. A.

Published
2004

10. Pancam Multispectral Imaging Results from the Opportunity Rover at Meridiani Planum

Author

Bell, J. F., Squyres, S. W., Arvidson, R. E., Arneson, H. M., Bass, D., Calvin, W., Farrand, W. H., Goetz, W., Golombek, M., Greeley, R., Grotzinger, J., Guinness, E., Hayes, A. G., Hubbard, M. Y. H., Herkenhoff, K. E., Johnson, M. J., Johnson, J. R., Joseph, J., Kinch, K. M., Lemmon, M. T., Li, R., Madsen, M. B., Maki, J. N., Malin, M., McCartney, E., McLennan, S., McSween, H. Y., Ming, D. W., Morris, R. V., Parker, T. J., Proton, J., Rice, J. W., Seelos, F., Soderblom, J. M., Soderblom, L. A., Sohl-Dickstein, J. N., Sullivan, R. J., Weitz, C. M., and Wolff, M. J.

Published
2004

11. Mineralogy at Meridiani Planum from the Mini-TES Experiment on the Opportunity Rover

Author

Christensen, P. R., Wyatt, M. B., Glotch, T. D., Rogers, A. D., Anwar, S., Arvidson, R. E., Bandfield, J. L., Blaney, D. L., Budney, C., Calvin, W. M., Fallacaro, A., Fergason, R. L., Gorelick, N., Graff, T. G., Hamilton, V. E., Hayes, A. G., Johnson, J. R., Knudson, A. T., McSween, H. Y., Mehall, G. L., Mehall, L. K., Moersch, J. E., Morris, R. V., Smith, M. D., Squyres, S. W., Ruff, S. W., and Wolff, M. J.

Published
2004

12. Basaltic Rocks Analyzed by the Spirit Rover in Gusev Crater

Author

McSween, H. Y., Arvidson, R. E., Bell, J. F., Blaney, D., Cabrol, N. A., Christensen, P. R., Clark, B. C., Crisp, J. A., Crumpler, L. S., Farmer, J. D., Gellert, R., Ghosh, A., Gorevan, S., Graff, T., Grant, J., Haskin, L. A., Herkenhoff, K. E., Johnson, J. R., Jolliff, B. L., Klingelhoefer, G., Knudson, A. T., McLennan, S., Milam, K. A., Moersch, J. E., Morris, R. V., Rieder, R., Ruff, S. W., de Souza, P. A., Squyres, S. W., Wänke, H., Wang, A., Wyatt, M. B., Yen, A., and Zipfel, J.

Published
2004

13. Wind-Related Processes Detected by the Spirit Rover at Gusev Crater, Mars

Author

Greeley, R., Squyres, S. W., Arvidson, R. E., Bartlett, P., Bell, J. F., Blaney, D., Cabrol, N. A., Farmer, J., Farrand, B., Golombek, M. P., Gorevan, S. P., Grant, J. A., Haldemann, A. F. C., Herkenhoff, K. E., Johnson, J., Landis, G., Madsen, M. B., McLennan, S. M., Moersch, J., Rice, J. W., Richter, L., Ruff, S., Sullivan, R. J., Thompson, S. D., Wang, A., Weitz, C. M., and Whelley, P.

Published
2004

15. The Spirit Rover's Athena Science Investigation at Gusev Crater, Mars

Author

Squyres, S. W., Arvidson, R. E., Bell, J. F., Brückner, J., Cabrol, N. A., Calvin, W., Carr, M. H., Christensen, P. R., Clark, B. C., Crumpler, L., d'Uston, C., Economou, T., Farmer, J., Farrand, W., Folkner, W., Golombek, M., Gorevan, S., Grant, J. A., Greeley, R., Grotzinger, J., Haskin, L., Herkenhoff, K. E., Hviid, S., Johnson, J., Klingelhöfer, G., Knoll, A., Landis, G., Lemmon, M., Li, R., Madsen, M. B., Malin, M. C., McLennan, S. M., McSween, H. Y., Ming, D. W., Moersch, J., Morris, R. V., Parker, T., Rice, J. W., Richter, L., Rieder, R., Sims, M., Smith, M., Smith, P., Soderblom, L. A., Sullivan, R., Wänke, H., Wdowiak, T., Wolff, M., and Yen, A.

Published
2004

17. Localization and Physical Properties Experiments Conducted by Spirit at Gusev Crater

Author

Arvidson, R. E., Anderson, R. C., Bartlett, P., Bell, J. F., Blaney, D., Christensen, P. R., Chu, P., Crumpler, L., Davis, K., Ehlmann, B. L., Fergason, R., Golombek, M. P., Gorevan, S., Grant, J. A., Greeley, R., Guinness, E. A., Haldemann, A. F. C., Herkenhoff, K., Johnson, J., Landis, G., Li, R., Lindemann, R., McSween, H., Ming, D. W., Myrick, T., Richter, L., Seelos, F. P., Squyres, S. W., Sullivan, R. J., Wang, A., and Wilson, J.

Published
2004

18. Pancam Multispectral Imaging Results from the Spirit Rover at Gusev Crater

Author

Bell, J. F., Squyres, S. W., Arvidson, R. E., Arneson, H. M., Bass, D., Blaney, D., Cabrol, N., Calvin, W., Farmer, J., Farrand, W. H., Goetz, W., Golombek, M., Grant, J. A., Greeley, R., Guinness, E., Hayes, A. G., Hubbard, M. Y. H., Herkenhoff, K. E., Johnson, M. J., Johnson, J. R., Joseph, J., Kinch, K. M., Lemmon, M. T., Li, R., Madsen, M. B., Maki, J. N., Malin, M., McCartney, E., McLennan, S., McSween, H. Y., Ming, D. W., Moersch, J. E., Morris, R. V., Parker, T. J., Proton, J., Rice, J. W., Seelos, F., Soderblom, J., Soderblom, L. A., Sohl-Dickstein, J. N., Sullivan, R. J., Wolff, M. J., and Wang, A.

Published
2004

19. Initial Results from the Mini-TES Experiment in Gusev Crater from the Spirit Rover

Author

Christensen, P. R., Ruff, S. W., Fergason, R. L., Knudson, A. T., Anwar, S., Arvidson, R. E., Bandfield, J. L., Blaney, D. L., Budney, C., Calvin, W. M., Glotch, T. D., Golombek, M. P., Gorelick, N., Graff, T. G., Hamilton, V. E., Hayes, A., Johnson, J. R., McSween, H. Y., Mehall, G. L., Mehall, L. K., Moersch, J. E., Morris, R. V., Rogers, A. D., Smith, M. D., Squyres, S. W., Wolff, M. J., and Wyatt, M. B.

Published
2004

21. Distribution of Hydrogen in the near Surface of Mars: Evidence for Subsurface Ice Deposits

Author

Boynton, W. V., Feldman, W. C., Squyres, S. W., Prettyman, T. H., Brückner, J., Evans, L. G., Reedy, R. C., Starr, R., Arnold, J. R., Drake, D. M., Englert, P. A. J., Metzger, A. E., Mitrofanov, Igor, Trombka, J. I., d'Uston, C., Wänke, H., Gasnault, O., Hamara, D. K., Janes, D. M., Marcialis, R. L., Maurice, S., Mikheeva, I., Taylor, G. J., Tokar, R., and Shinohara, C.

Published
2002

22. The Elemental Composition of Asteroid 433 Eros: Results of the NEAR-Shoemaker X-ray Spectrometer

Author

Trombka, J. I., Squyres, S. W., Brückner, J., Boynton, W. V., Reedy, R. C., McCoy, T. J., Gorenstein, P., Evans, L. G., Arnold, J. R., Starr, R. D., Nittler, L. R., Murphy, M. E., Mikheeva, I., McNutt, R. L., McClanahan, T. P., McCartney, E., Goldsten, J. O., Gold, R. E., Floyd, S. R., Clark, P. E., Burbine, T. H., Bhangoo, J. S., Bailey, S. H., and Petaev, M.

Published
2000

24. Textures of the Soils and Rocks at Gusev Crater from Spirit's Microscopic Imager

Author

Herkenhoff, K. E., Squyres, S. W., Arvidson, R., Bass, D. S., Bell, J. F., Bertelsen, P., Cabrol, N. A., Gaddis, L., Hayes, A. G., Hviid, S. F., Johnson, J. R., Kinch, K. M., Madsen, M. B., Maki, J. N., McLennan, S. M., McSween, H. Y., Rice, J. W., Sims, M., Smith, P. H., Soderblom, L. A., Spanovich, N., Sullivan, R., and Wang, A.

Published
2004

25. The CAESAR New Frontiers Mission: 1. Expected Nature of the Returned Comet Sample

Author

Lauretta, D. S, Squyres, S. W, Bermudez, L, Blake, G, Canham, J. S, Chu, P. C, Clemett, S, Dworkin, J. P, Furukawa, Y, Gerakines, P. A, Glavin, D. P, Herd, C. D. K, Houghton, M. B, Kimura, Y, Lorentson, C. C, Makowski, J. M, Messenger, S, Milam, S, Mumma, M, Nakamura-Messenger, K, Nakamura, T, Nguyen, A, Oberg, D, Pace, L. F, Spring, J. W, Takigawa, A, Violet, M, Zacny, K, and Zega, T. J

Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract

Comets are time capsules from the birth of our Solar System that record pre-solar history, the initial stages of planet formation, and the sources of prebiotic organics and volatiles for the origin of life. These capsules can only be opened in laboratories on Earth. CAESAR (Comet Astrobiology Exploration Sample Return)’s sample analysis objectives are to understand the nature of Solar System starting materials and how these components came together to form planets and give rise to life. Examination of these comet nucleus surface samples in laboratories around the world will also provide ground truth to remote observations of the innumerable icy bodies of the Solar System.

Published
2019

26. Backscattering Mössbauer spectroscopy of Martian dust

Author

Athena Science Team, Bertelsen, P., Madsen, M. B., Binau, C. S., Goetz, W., Gunnlaugsson, H. P., Hviid, S. F., Kinch, K. M., Klingelhöfer, G., Leer, K., Madsen, D. E., Merrison, J., Olsen, M., Squyres, S. W., Lippens, P. -E., editor, Jumas, J. -C., editor, and Génin, J. -M. R., editor

Published
2007
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27. The CAESAR New Frontiers Mission: Comet Surface Sample Acquisition and Preservation

Author

Glavin, D. P, Squyres, S. W, Chu, P. C, Gerakines, P. A, Yamada, K, Parker, J. E, Aslam, S, Clemett, S, Dworkin, J. P, Furukawa, Y, Gorevan, S, Gorius, N, Kolasinski, J, Hayes, A. G, Houghton, M. B, Lauretta, D. S, Messenger, S, Nakamura-Messenger, K, Peabody, H. L, Quilligan, G, Spring, J, Wegel, D. C, and Zacny, K. A

Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract

NASA recently selected the Comet Astrobiology Exploration Sample Return (CAESAR) mission for Phase A study in the New Frontiers Program. This mission will acquire and return to Earth for laboratory analysis at least 80 g of surface material from the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P). CAESAR will characterize the surface region sampled, preserve the sample in a pristine state, and return evolved volatiles by capturing them in a separate gas reservoir. The system protects both volatile and non-volatile components from contamination or alteration thatwould hamper their scientific analysis. Laboratory analyses of comet samples provide unparalleled knowledge about the presolar history through the initial stages of planet formation to the origin of life.

Published
2018

28. The Mars Odyssey Gamma-Ray Spectrometer Instrument Suite

Author

Boynton, W. V., Feldman, W. C., Mitrofanov, I. G., Evans, L. G., Reedy, R. C., Squyres, S. W., Starr, R., Trombka, J. I., D’uston, C., Arnold, J. R., Englert, P. A. J., Metzger, A. E., Wänke, H., Brückner, J., Drake, D. M., Shinohara, C., Fellows, C., Hamara, D. K., Harshman, K., Kerry, K., Turner, C., Ward, M., Barthe, H., Fuller, K. R., Storms, S. A., Thornton, G. W., Longmire, J. L., Litvak, M. L., Ton’chev, A. K., and Russell, Christopher T., editor

Published
2004
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29. Ancient Aqueous Environments at Endeavour Crater, Mars

Author

Arvidson, R. E., Squyres, S. W., Bell, J. F., Catalano, J. G., Clark, B. C., Crumpler, L. S., de Souza, P. A., Fairén, A. G., Farrand, W. H., Fox, V. K., Gellert, R., Ghosh, A., Golombek, M. P., Grotzinger, J. P., Guinness, E. A., Herkenhoff, K. E., Jolliff, B. L., Knoll, A. H., Li, R., McLennan, S. M., Ming, D. W., Mittlefehldt, D. W., Moore, J. M., Morris, R. V., Murchie, S. L., Parker, T. J., Paulsen, G., Rice, J. W., Ruff, S. W., Smith, M. D., and Wolff, M. J.

Published
2014

30. Volatile and Organic Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks in Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars

Author

MSL Science Team, Ming, D. W., Archer, P. D., Glavin, D. P., Eigenbrode, J. L., Franz, H. B., Sutter, B., Brunner, A. E., Stern, J. C., Freissinet, C., McAdam, A. C., Mahaffy, P. R., Cabane, M., Coll, P., Campbell, J. L., Atreya, S. K., Niles, P. B., Bell, J. F., Bish, D. L., Brinckerhoff, W. B., Buch, A., Conrad, P. G., Des Marais, D. J., Ehlmann, B. L., Fairén, A. G., Farley, K., Flesch, G. J., Francois, P., Gellert, R., Grant, J. A., Grotzinger, J. P., Gupta, S., Herkenhoff, K. E., Hurowitz, J. A., Leshin, L. A., Lewis, K. W., McLennan, S. M., Miller, K. E., Moersch, J., Morris, R. V., Navarro-González, R., Pavlov, A. A., Perrett, G. M., Pradler, I., Squyres, S. W., Summons, R. E., Steele, A., Stolper, E. M., Sumner, D. Y., Szopa, C., Teinturier, S., Trainer, M. G., Treiman, A. H., Vaniman, D. T., Vasavada, A. R., Webster, C. R., Wray, J. J., and Yingst, R. A.

Published
2014

31. The Caesar New Frontiers Mission: 2. Sample Science

Author

Lauretta, D. S, Squyres, S. W, Messenger, S, Nakamura-Messenger, D, Nakamura, T, Glavin, D. P, Dworkin, J. P, Nguyen, A, Clemett, S, Furukawa, Y, Kimura, Y, Takigawa, A, Blake, G, Zega, T. J, Mumma, M, Milam, S, and Herd, C. D. K

Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Published
2018

32. Ancient Impact and Aqueous Processes at Endeavour Crater, Mars

Author

Squyres, S. W., Arvidson, R. E., Bell, J. F., Calef, F., Clark, B. C., Cohen, B. A., Crumpler, L. A., de Souza, P. A., Farrand, W. H., Gellert, R., Grant, J., Herkenhoff, K. E., Hurowitz, J. A., Johnson, J. R., Jolliff, B. L., Knoll, A. H., Li, R., McLennan, S. M., Ming, D. W., Mittlefehldt, D. W., Parker, T. J., Paulsen, G., Rice, M. S., Ruff, S. W., Schröder, C., Yen, A. S., and Zacny, K.

Published
2012
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33. Exploration of Victoria Crater by the Mars Rover Opportunity

Author

Squyres, S. W., Knoll, A. H., Arvidson, R. E., Ashley, J. W., Bell, J. F., Calvin, W. M., Christensen, P. R., Clark, B. C., Cohen, B. A., de Souza, P. A., Edgar, L., Farrand, W. H., Fleischer, I., Gellert, R., Golombek, M. P., Grant, J., Grotzinger, J., Hayes, A., Herkenhoff, K. E., Johnson, J. R., Jolliff, B., Klingelhöfer, G., Knudson, A., Li, R., McCoy, T. J., McLennan, S. M., Ming, D. W., Mittlefehldt, D. W., Morris, R. V., Rice, J. W., Schröder, C., Sullivan, R. J., Yen, A., and Yingst, R. A.

Published
2009
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35. Detection of Silica-Rich Deposits on Mars

Author

Squyres, S. W., Arvidson, R. E., Ruff, S., Gellert, R., Morris, R. V., Ming, D. W., Crumpler, L., Farmer, J. D., Des Marais, D. J., Yen, A., McLennan, S. M., Calvin, W., Bell, J. F., Clark, B. C., Wang, A., McCoy, T. J., Schmidt, M. E., and de Souza, P. A.

Published
2008
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36. A Closer Look at Water-Related Geologic Activity on Mars

Author

McEwen, A. S., Hansen, C. J., Delamere, W. A., Eliason, E. M., Herkenhoff, K. E., Keszthelyi, L., Gulick, V. C., Kirk, R. L., Mellon, M. T., Grant, J. A., Thomas, N., Weitz, C. M., Squyres, S. W., Bridges, N. T., Murchie, S. L., Seelos, F., Seelos, K., Okubo, C. H., Milazzo, M. P., Tornabene, L. L., Jaeger, W. L., Byrne, S., Russell, P. S., Griffes, J. L., Martínez-Alonso, S., Davatzes, A., Chuang, F. C., Thomson, B. J., Fishbaugh, K. E., Dundas, C. M., Kolb, K. J., Banks, M. E., and Wray, J. J.

Published
2007
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37. Pyroclastic Activity at Home Plate in Gusev Crater, Mars

Author

Squyres, S. W., Aharonson, O., Clark, B. C., Cohen, B. A., Crumpler, L., de Souza, P. A., Farrand, W. H., Gellert, R., Grant, J., Grotzinger, J. P., Haldemann, A. F. C., Johnson, J. R., Klingelhöfer, G., Lewis, K. W., Li, R., McCoy, T., McEwen, A. S., McSween, H. Y., Ming, D. W., Moore, J. M., Morris, R. V., Parker, T. J., Rice, J. W., Ruff, S., Schmidt, M., Schröder, C., Soderblom, L. A., and Yen, A.

Published
2007
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38. Acid-Sulfate Alteration at Gusev Crater and Across Mars: High-SiO2 Residues and Ferric Sulfate Precipitates

Author

Morris, R. V, Catalano, J. G, Klingelhoefer, G, Schroeder, C, Gellert, R, Clark, B. C, Ming, D. W, Yen, A. S, Arvidson, R. E, Cohen, B. A, Fleischer, I, McCoy, T. J, Mittlefehldt, D. W, and Squyres, S. W

Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract

The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit ended its mission in Gusev crater on sol 2210 after it had become stuck in a deposit of fined-grained and sulfate rich soil with dust covered solar panels unfavorably pointed toward the sun. Final analysis of remaining data from Spirit's Moessbauer spectrometer (Fe redox and mineralogy) for sols 1529 through 2071 is now complete. We focus here on chemical (APXS) and MB data for targets having high-SiO2 or high-SO3 and process link the targets through mixing and geochemical modelling to an acid-sulfate system centered at Home Plate, which is considered to be a hydrovolcanic complex.

Published
2017

39. Igneous and Sedimentary Compositions from Four Landing Sites on Mars from the Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS)

Author

Gellert, R, Arvidson, R. E, Clark, B. C, Ming, D. W, Mittlefehldt, D. W, Morris, R. W, Squyres, S. W, VanBommel, S, and Yen, A. S

Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract

The APXS - supported and promoted strongly by Heinrich Waenke - on all four Mars Rovers has returned compositional data from about 1000 rocks and soil targets along the combined traverses of over 60 kilometers. Providing precise and accurate bulk chemistry with typically 16 quantified elements, the APXS is a powerful and versatile tool that when combined with the ability to traverse to key rocks and soils has provided critical information needed to understand the geologic evolution of Mars. APXS data allow comparisons among landing sites, provide ground truth for orbiters and connections back to SNC meteorites. The soils and dust are basaltic in character and represent the average Mars composition similar to Adirondack basalts from Gusev crater but with unambiguous elevated and correlated S, Cl and Zn contents. At all four landing sites the APXS found several rocks with a felsic composition. The similarity is best assessed in a logarithmic ratio plot of rock normalized to the average soil composition (Fig.1). High alkaline, Al, and low Mg, Fe, low S, Cl and Ni, Zn as well as an Fe/Mn ratio of approximately 50 indicate a likely unaltered and igneous origin. Sediments, e.g. the Burns formation, with approximately 25 wt% SO3 at Meridiani Planum have been documented over 10s of kilometers (Fig. 2). This formation is compositionally homogeneous, but showing the removal of MgSO4 and a threefold increase in Cl downhill in 2 craters. The degraded rim of the Noachian crater Endeavour resembles average Mars crust, with local Ca, Mg and Fe sulfate alteration and elevated Mn, some felsic rocks, and high Al, Si and low Fe rocks, possibly indicating clays. Unusual soils at Gusev crater in the area surrounding Home Plate include some very rich in ferric sulfate salts (up to 35 wt% SO3) and some with 90% wt% SiO2, possibly indicating fumerolic activities. Rocks in the Columbia Hills show significant signs of alteration including elevated S, Cl and Br in the abraded interior. At Gale Crater, mudstones with approximately 20% clay, less than 1% SO3 and overall average Mars composition indicate a former habitable environment with low acidity. A remarkable diversity of compositions was found during Curiosity's traverses, which likely stems from material influx from the northern Gale rim. At Pahrump, the base of Mount Sharp, a homogeneous mudstone with lower Mg and Ca was encountered. The composition of this Murray unit can be traced over several kilometers with smooth trends of higher Fe/Mn and lower soluble trace elements Ni and Zn at higher elevation. The likely aeolian Stimson formation with average Mars crustal composition intersects in several places in sharp contact with the Murray formation. Both units show local alteration halos with highly elevated SiO2 of up to 75%, usually correlated with increase in Ti and often P.

Published
2016

40. Pre-Mission Input Requirements to Enable Successful Sample Collection by A Remote Field/EVA Team

Author

Cohen, B. A, Lim, D. S. S, Young, K. E, Brunner, A, Elphic, R. E, Horne, A, Kerrigan, M. C, Osinski, G. R, Skok, J. R, Squyres, S. W, Saint-Jacques, D, and Heldmann, J. L

Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract

The FINESSE (Field Investigations to Enable Solar System Science and Exploration) team, part of the Solar System Exploration Virtual Institute (SSERVI), is a field-based research program aimed at generating strategic knowledge in preparation for human and robotic exploration of the Moon, near-Earth asteroids, Phobos and Deimos, and beyond. In contract to other technology-driven NASA analog studies, The FINESSE WCIS activity is science-focused and, moreover, is sampling-focused with the explicit intent to return the best samples for geochronology studies in the laboratory. We used the FINESSE field excursion to the West Clearwater Lake Impact structure (WCIS) as an opportunity to test factors related to sampling decisions. We examined the in situ sample characterization and real-time decision-making process of the astronauts, with a guiding hypothesis that pre-mission training that included detailed background information on the analytical fate of a sample would better enable future astronauts to select samples that would best meet science requirements. We conducted three tests of this hypothesis over several days in the field. Our investigation was designed to document processes, tools and procedures for crew sampling of planetary targets. This was not meant to be a blind, controlled test of crew efficacy, but rather an effort to explicitly recognize the relevant variables that enter into sampling protocol and to be able to develop recommendations for crew and backroom training in future endeavors.

Published
2016

41. Key Recent Scientific Results from the Opportunity Rover's Exploration of Endeavour Crater, Mars

Author

Arvidson, R. E, Squyres, S. W, Gellert, R, Herkenhoff, K, Mittlefehldt, D, Crumpler, L, McLennan, S, Farrand, W. H, Joliff, B. L, and Morris, R. V

Subjects
Spacecraft Design, Testing And Performance, Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract

The Opportunity Rover is currently in its 11th year of operations, exploring the rim of the approximately 22 km wide Noachian-age Endeavour Crater. Opportunity spent its 5th winter season in Cook Haven, a gentle swale along Murray Ridge. Two small rocks serendipitously overturned by rover wheel motions show evidence for aqueous precipitation of sulfates, and interaction with a strong oxidant (e.g., O2) to form a thin, high valence state Mn oxide coating. After the winter, Opportunity headed south to Cape Tribulation and explored Shoemaker formation impact breccias, finding numerous Ca-sulfate veins cutting across outcrops. A key target for Opportunity's measurements has been the Spirit of Saint Louis crater (SoSL), which is approximately 25 m wide, oval in plan view, shallow, flat-floored, and has a slightly raised rim. SoSL crater is surrounded by an apron of bright, polygonally-shaped outcrops and is superimposed on a gentle swale in Cape Tribulation. Rocks in a thin reddish zone on the rim are enriched in hematite, Si, and Ge, and depleted in Fe, relative to surrounding rocks. Apron rocks include an outcrop also enriched in Si and Ge, and slightly depleted in Fe. In general rocks in the crater and apron have elevated S relative to Shoemaker formation breccias, tracking values observed in the Cook Haven and the Hueytown (fracture running perpendicular to Cape Tribulation) outcrops. SoSL crater lies just to the west of Marathon Valley, a key target for exploration by Opportunity because five separate CRISM observations indicate the presence of Fe/Mg smectites on the upper valley floor. Opportunity data show that low relief, relatively bright polygonal outcrops dominate the valley floor where not covered by scree and soil shed from surrounding walls. Initial reconnaissance shows that the outcrops are breccias with compositions similar to the typical SoSL crater apron and floor rocks, although only the very upper portion of the valley has been explored as of August 2015. Pervasive but modest aqueous alteration of Endeavour's rim is implied by the combination of CRISM and Opportunity data, providing insight into early aqueous processes dominated in this location by relatively low water to rock ratios, and at least in part associated with enhanced fluid flow along fractures.

Published
2015

42. Calcium Sulfate Characterized by ChemCam/Curiosity at Gale Crater, Mars

Author

Nachon, M, Clegg, S. N, Mangold, N, Schroeder, S, Kah, L. C, Dromart, G, Ollila, A, Johnson, J. R, Oehler, D. Z, Bridges, J. C, LeMouelic, S, Forni, O, Wiens, R. C, Rapin, W, Anderson, R. B, Blaney, D. L, Bell, J. F. , III, Clark, B, Cousin, A, Dyar, M. D, Ehlmann, B, Fabre, C, Gasnault, O, Grotzinger, J, Lasue, J, Lewin, E, Leveille, R, McLennan, S, Maurice, S, Meslin, P.-Y, Rice, M, Squyres, S. W, Stack, K, Sumner, D. Y, Vaniman, D, and Wellington, D

Subjects
Geophysics
Abstract

Onboard the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover, the ChemCam instrument consists of :(1) a Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectrometer (LIBS) for elemental analysis of the targets [1;2] and (2) a Remote Micro Imager (RMI), for the imaging context of laser analysis [3]. Within the Gale crater, Curiosity traveled from Bradbury Landing through the Rocknest region and into Yellowknife Bay (YB). In the latter, abundant light-toned fracture-fill material were seen [4;5]. ChemCam analysis demonstrate that those fracture fills consist of calcium sulfates [6].

Published
2014

44. Aeolian processes at the Mars Exploration Rover Meridiani Planum landing site

Author

Sullivan, R., Banfield, D., Bell, III, J. F., Calvin, W., Fike, D., Golombek, M., Greeley, R., Grotzinger, J., Herkenhoff, K., Jerolmack, D., Malin, M., Ming, D., Soderblom, L. A., Squyres, S. W., Thompson, S., Watters, W. A., Weitz, C. M., and Yen, A.

Abstract

Author(s): R. Sullivan (corresponding author) [1]; D. Banfield [1]; J. F. Bell, III [1]; W. Calvin [2]; D. Fike [3]; M. Golombek [4]; R. Greeley [5]; J. Grotzinger [3]; K. [...]

Published
2005
Full Text
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45. Assessment of Mars Exploration Rover landing site predictions

Author

Golombek, M. P., Arvidson, R. E., Bell, III, J. F., Christensen, P. R., Crisp, J. A., Crumpler, L. S., Ehlmann, B. L., Fergason, R. L., Grant, J. A., Greeley, R., Haldemann, A. F. C., Kass, D. M., Parker, T. J., Schofield, J. T., Squyres, S. W., and Zurek, R. W.

Abstract

Author(s): M. P. Golombek (corresponding author) [1]; R. E. Arvidson [2]; J. F. Bell, III [3]; P. R. Christensen [4]; J. A. Crisp [1]; L. S. Crumpler [5]; B. L. [...]

Published
2005
Full Text
View/download PDF

46. Volatile and Organic Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks in Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars

Author

Ming, D. W., Archer, P. D., Jr., Glavin, D. P., Eigenbrode, J. L., Franz, H. B., Sutter, B., Brunner, A. E., Stern, J. C., Freissinet, C., McAdam, A. C., Mahaffy, P. R., Cabane, M., Coll, P., Campbell, J. L., Atreya, S. K., Niles, P. B., Bell, J. F., III, Bish, D. L., Brinckerhoff, W. B., Buch, A., Conrad, P. G., Des Marais, D. J., Ehlmann, B. L., Fairén, A. G., Farley, K., Flesch, G. J., Francois, P., Gellert, R., Grant, J. A., Grotzinger, J. P., Gupta, S., Herkenhoff, K. E., Hurowitz, J. A., Leshin, L. A., Lewis, K. W., McLennan, S. M., Miller, K. E., Moersch, J., Morris, R. V., Navarro-González, R., Pavlov, A. A., Perrett, G. M., Pradler, I., Squyres, S. W., Summons, R. E., Steele, A., Stolper, E. M., Sumner, D. Y., Szopa, C., Teinturier, S., Trainer, M. G., Treiman, A. H., Vaniman, D. T., Vasavada, A. R., Webster, C. R., Wray, J. J., and Yingst, R. A.

Published
2014

47. ABSTRACTS: Ancient Aqueous Environments at Endeavour Crater, Mars

Author

Arvidson, R. E., Squyres, S. W., Bell, J. F., III, Catalano, J. G., Clark, B. C., Crumpler, L. S., de Souza, P. A., Jr., Fairén, A. G., Farrand, W. H., Fox, V. K., Gellert, R., Ghosh, A., Golombek, M. P., Grotzinger, J. P., Guinness, E. A., Herkenhoff, K. E., Jolliff, B. L., Knoll, A. H., Li, R., McLennan, S. M., Ming, D. W., Mittlefehldt, D. W., Moore, J. M., Morris, R. V., Murchie, S. L., Parker, T. J., Paulsen, G., Rice, J. W., Ruff, S. W., Smith, M. D., and Wolff, M. J.

Published
2014

48. Recent Results From the Opportunity Rover's Exploration of Endeavour Crater, Mars

Author

Arvidson, R. E, Squyres, S. W, Gellert, R, and Mittlefehldt, D. W

Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract

The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity is beginning its 11th year of exploration and as of sol 3535 (1/3/14 UTC) has traversed 38,729 m (based on wheel turns) across the plains of Meridiani and the rim of the approx. 22 km wide Noachian Endeavour Crater. Opportunity has investigated ancient sulfate-rich sand-stones (Burns formation) that dominate the plains and formed in ancient playa and dune environments, characterized impact breccias (Shoemaker formation) and their aqueous alteration on Endeavour's Cape York rim segment, and investigated extensive aqueous alteration of rocks on Cape York's Matijevic Hill that stratigraphically underlie Shoemaker formation and predate the Endeavour-forming event. In this abstract results from Opportunity's recent exploration of Endeavour's rim are covered, focusing on comparing what was found on Matijevic Hill with observations acquired on Murray Ridge, where Opportunity will spend its sixth winter at Cook Haven.

Published
2014

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