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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect ofcommitment and rewards on the effectiveness of learning mediatedby learning motivation at the NCO Students of Army Polytechnic.Based on the data analysis by path analysis, the independentvariable that has the strongest influence on Learning Effectiveness(Y) is Commitment (X1) which is equal to 0.293. Towards LearningEffectiveness through Learning Motivation (Z), Commitment (X1) alsohas a stronger influence than the Reward (X2) of 0.2211. So that theCommitment variable (X1) is the variable that most influences theLearning Effectiveness (Y) both directly and through intermediariesLearning Motivation (Z). While the variable Rewarding (X2) has asmaller effect on Learning Effectiveness (Y) both directly and throughthe intermediaries of Learning Motivation (Z).Keywords: Commitment, Giving Reward, Learning Motivation,Learning Effectiveness

Propagation of snake fruit (Salacca zalacca) plants can be done by layering with the advantage that the plant is identical to its parent, the fruiting age is earlier and the type of male or female plant can be known in advance. For the purpose of propagation, it was necessary to get the proper concentration of cow urine on snake fruit propagation by layering. This research was carried out in April-December 2017 in Bintan Regency Seed Unit, Riau Islands. The materials used for the layering were lateral shoots of Sari Intan snake fruit which had 3 to 4 leaves. This design research used was a Randomized Block Design, consist of five treatment levels of cow urine concentrations, i.e. 0 (control), 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, with three replication. Every treatment consisted of 5 shoots. The variables researched were leaf number, plant height, primary root number and length, root weight, percentage of successful layering, percentage of seedlings that had dry shoots. The results indicated that the number of primary roots and height of snake fruit seedlings increased by application of 20% cow urine. Thus, the use of cow urine at the right concentration of 20% in snake fruit layering could increase its success. Keywords: cow urine, layering, plant propagation, Salacca zalacca ABSTRAK Perbanyakan tanaman salak (Salacca zalacca) bisa dilakukan melalui cangkok dengan keuntungan yaitu hasil buahnya sama dengan induknya, umur berbuah lebih cepat serta jenis salak jantan atau betina dapat diketahui sebelumnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi urine sapi yang tepat pada perbanyakan salak secara cangkok. Penelitian telah dilakukan pada bulan April-Desember 2017 di Balai Benih Kabupaten (BBK) Bintan, Kepulauan Riau. Bahan yang digunakan untuk cangkok yaitu tunas anakan salak Sari Intan yang berdaun 3-4 pelepah. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok, terdiri atas lima level konsentrasi urine sapi, yakni 0 (kontrol), 10%, 20%, 30%, dan 40%, dengan pengulangan tiga kali. Setiap perlakuan terdiri atas 5 tunas anakan. Peubah yang diamati meliputi jumlah daun, tinggi tanaman, jumlah dan panjang akar primer, bobot akar, persentase benih hidup, persentase benih mengalami kekeringan pada pucuk daun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah akar primer dan tinggi bibit salak dapat meningkat dengan pemberian urine sapi pada konsentrasi 20%. Dengan demikian, penggunaan urine sapi dengan konsentrasi yang tepat yakni pada konsentrasi 20% pada pencangkokan salak dapat meningkatkan keberhasilannya. Kata kunci: cangkok, perbanyakan, Salacca zalacca, urine sapi

Information about the flowering and fruiting of Syzygium malaccense is required in production planning and plant maintenance. The research objective was to study the effects of rainfall on the formation of flowers and fruits of S. malaccense. The research was conducted at the Aripan Experimental Garden, Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute, from August 2015 till February 2016. Observations were made on three flowering periods. This research was a descriptive experiment, the results were shown in the form of the average data and growth charts. Flowering initiation of S. malaccense was stimulated by the length of the dry period. The highest percentage of fallen out flowers occurs during the rainy season. Fruit size increases along with heavy rainfall. Total soluble solids decrease when rainfall is high. Keywords: flowering, rainfall, Syzygium malaccense ABSTRAK Informasi tentang pembungaan dan perkembangan buah jambu bol dibutuhkan dalam merencanakan produksi dan perawatan tanaman. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh curah hujan pada pembentukan bunga dan buah jambu bol. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Aripan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Buah Tropika, dari Bulan Agustus 2015 sampai dengan Februari 2016. Pengamatan dilakukan pada tiga periode pembungaan. Kegiatan ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif, hasil penelitian ditampilkan dalam bentuk rataan dan grafik pertumbuhan. Inisiasi pembungaan pada tanaman jambu bol dirangsang oleh lamanya periode kering. Kerontokan bunga tertinggi terjadi selama musim hujan. Nilai total padatan terlarut menurun ketika curah hujan tinggi. Kata Kunci: curah hujan, jambu bol, pembungaan

Constraints in communication are generally experienced by parents with deaf children in elementary school age. The inability of children to hear and the lack of vocabulary of the children causes difficulties in understanding and conveying messages between parents and children. This causes the need for parents to convey and receive messages from children not achieved perfectly and cause stress. This study aimed to determine the relationship between barriers to communication with stress in parents with deaf children at primary school SLBN Pembina Pekanbaru. This study used correlational method. This research had 42 participants and used the instruments scale of communication barriers scale (Fajar, 2009) and stress scale based on Sarafino’s (1997) theories of stress and symptoms. The results showed the positive correlation of 0.819 (p 0.01).

Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute (ITFRI) known as an institute collecting exotic tropical fruits in Indonesia. The present study was carried to evaluate the characters of five exotic fruits in the Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute (ITFRI), Solok, West Sumatra, Indonesia. The experiment used field observation. The characters considered were leaf character (leaf shape, leaf margin, leaf tip, leaf base, the color of upper leaf, color of under leaf, leaf surface, leaf length, leaf width), and fruit character (fruit shape, fruit peel texture, fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight, the color of mature peel, the color of mature flesh, taste, fruit weight, seed weight, seed number). Data were analyzed descriptively using tables. The five exotic fruits' morphological characteristics have demonstrated that every species of fruit has specific characteristics. These fruits have the potential to be raw materials for the pharmacy industry.

Indonesia is the center of origin of salacca fruits, so it has a high diversity of salacca species. Salacca sp are dioecious, so they are crossed freely. Interspecific crosses result in high genetic diversity that can be selected and utilized to produce new, improved varieties. This research aims to know genetic variability and phenotypic, the character of salacca fruit from crossbreeding of Pondoh and Salacca Jawa. The research was conducted from 2010-2011 in Experimental Garden in Aripan of Indonesian Fruits Research Institute (ITFRI). The experimental design used was a randomized block design with 50 accession numbers of salacca as treatment and repeated twice. Salacca accession used is hybrid salacca originating from a cross with parent salacca Pondoh X Jawa1, Salacca Pondoh × Jawa2, Salacca Pondoh × Jawa3, Salacca Pondoh × Mawar and Jawa4 × Salacca Pondoh. The results showed that 50 hybrids salacca have high genetic diversity for fruit weight character, fruit length. The fifty hybrids tested were divided into 8 groups when based on the 0.3 similarity coefficient. The high diversity of fruit weight character will increase the possibility of selection activity in assembly new superior variety with desired big weigh fruit characters.

Nine different accessions of water apples were evaluated at Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute(ITFRI), Solok, West Sumatera from January 2013 to December 2014. This present study was aimed to evaluate the variability, heritability, genetic advance and its characters in nine different accessions to provide useful information in the improvement program of water apples. The research used Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two replications. The ANOVA results exposed significant differences at 5% probability level for all characters. Genotypic variance on fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, leaf length were broad. However, the genotypic variance on total soluble solids, leaf width were narrow. The phenotypic variation for all characters was broad. The heritability estimation was categorized as low, moderate, and high. High heritability estimation was recorded for fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, and leaf diameter. Moderate heritability estimation was noticed for total soluble solids. Leaf width had low heritability estimation. High heritability and high genetic advance were observed on fruit weight.

Konservasi in vitro tanaman nenas dilakukan untuk penyimpanan materi genetik sebelum dimanfaatkan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengembangkan teknik enkapsulasi yang dapat memperpanjang daya simpan benih sintetik nenas melalui perlakuan konsentrasi natrium alginat, suhu, dan media penyimpanan. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Buah Tropika, mulai Januari hingga Desember 2017. Bahan yang digunakan adalah plantlet nenas aksesi 5X18(10). Penelitian dibagi menjadi dua subkegiatan. Metode yang digunakan pada subkegiatan pertama yaitu tunas mikro nenas dienkapulasi dengan metode tetes menggunakan natrium alginat 3% dan 4% serta penyimpanan dalam akuades steril dan tanpa media selama 30, 60, 120, dan 240 hari pada suhu 25oC. Penggunaan 4% natrium alginat dan media akuades steril dapat memperpanjang masa simpan benih sintetik nenas hingga 240 hari dengan daya regenerasi benih 100%. Pada subkegiatan kedua, perlakuan terbaik pada subkegiatan pertama dilanjutkan dengan perlakuan suhu penyimpanan 4oC. Benih sintetik nenas pada suhu penyimpanan tersebut hanya mampu bertahan hingga 60 hari, selebihnya tunas dalam benih menghitam dan tidak dapat ditumbuhkan kembali. Metode enkapsulasi untuk penyimpanan materi genetik yang dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini lebih sederhana dan efisien serta dapat diaplikasikan pada kegiatan konservasi in vitro jangka menengah tanaman nenas.KeywordsEnkapsulasi; Konservasi; In vitro; Tanaman nenasAbstractIn vitro conservation of pineapple was conducted as preservation of genetic material before it was further utilized. This research was conducted to obtain encapsulation technique which expanded synthetic seeds shelf life by modifying concentration of sodium alginate, incubation media, and temperature. The research was conducted on Tissue Culture Laboratory of Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute on January to December 2017. The materials which were used included pineapple micro shoots accessions 5X18(10). The research was divided into subactivities. The method which was applied on the first subactivity included encapsulation of pineapple micro shoots using drop method with sodium alginate 3% and 4%,incubation media sterile aquades and without media for 30, 60, 120, and 240 days on 25oC temperature.The use of 4% sodium alginate and sterile aquades incubation media prolonged the pineapple shelf life up to 240 days with 100% regeneration capability. On the second subactivity, the best treatment on the first activity was combined with 4oC incubation temperature. The pineapple synthetic seeds on this incubation temperature only survive up to 60 days, became blackening, and could not be regrowth. Encapsulation method which was developed on this study was simpler, more efficient, and able to be applied for medium term pineapple in vitro conservation.

(Molecular Identification and Relationships Among Several Pineapple Accessions Using RAPD Marker to Support the Assembling New Varieties)Produksi dan produktivitas nenas dapat ditingkatkan antara lain melalui penggunaan varietas unggul. Dalam perakitan varietas, dibutuhkan informasi hubungan kekerabatan antartetuanya agar diperoleh efek heterosis yang tinggi melalui kegiatan identifikasi secara molekuler. Penelitian bertujuan (1) mengetahui tingkat polimorfisme primer yang digunakan,(2) mengidentifikasi fragmen DNA spesifik yang membedakan individu atau kelompok individu nenas, dan (3) mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan antarspesies dan aksesi nenas. Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai bulan Mei–Desember 2014 di Laboratorium Uji Mutu Benih dan Molekuler Balai Penelitian Tanaman Buah Tropika. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 19 aksesi dari empat spesies nenas (Ananas comosus, A. bracteatus, A. lucidus, dan A. nanus). Sebanyak 20 marka rapid amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) digunakan dalam analisis. Data diskor secara biner kemudian dianalisis menggunakan program NTSYSpc 2,1x. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa polimorfisme 20 primer yang diuji berkisar 33–100% dengan rata-rata 87%. Primer dengan tingkat polimorfisme 100%, yaitu RAPD3, OPA13, OPAV3, OPC12, OPC16, dan OPY15. Kelompok Cayenne dicirikan oleh marka RAPD1 ukuran1.000 base-pair (bp) dan OPAV3 700 bp. Kelompok Queen dapat diidentifikasikan oleh marka RAPD3 ukuran 700 bp, kelompok Spanish dengan marka RAPD2 dan RAPD3 ukuran 1.500 bp. Analisis kluster menunjukkan bahwa 19 aksesi yang diuji terpisah menjadi enam kelompok pada koefisien kesamaan genetik 0,75, yaitu kelompok Queen, Cayenne, Spanish, A. bracteatus, A. lucidus, dan A. nanus. Aksesi yang diuji mempunyai keragaman genetik yang luas dengan koefisien kesamaan genetik berkisar 0,41–0,85. Aksesi yang mempunyai kesamaan genetik tertinggi, yaitu antara N-73 dengan BB (0,85) dan terkecil, yaitu antara N-94 (A. nanus) dengan N-18 (Green Spanish) sebesar 0,41. Implikasi hasil penelitian adalah aksesi yang mempunyai kesamaan genetik tinggi salah satunya dapat dieliminasi untuk efisiensi dalam pengelolaan plasma nutfah, sedangkan aksesi-aksesi yang memiliki kesamaan genetik kecil, baik digunakan sebagai tetua persilangan agar diperoleh variabilitas genetik yang luas dan efek heterosis yang tinggi.KeywordsAnanas spp.; Identifikasi; Karakterisasi; Kekerabatan genetik; Molekuler.AbstractPineapple production and productivity can increased by the use of superior variety. Pertaining to variety assembling, the relationship information among parents are needed to gain heterosis effect through molecular identification activity. This research was aimed to (1) determine the level of polymorphism primers used, (2) identify specific DNA fragments which discrete individual or group of pineapple, and (3) reveal genetic relationship among pineapple species and accessions. The experiment was conducted on May to December 2014 in Seeds Quality Testing and Molecular Laboratory of Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute. Nineteen accessions from four species (Ananas comosus, A. brachteatus, A. lucidus, and A. nanus) of pineapple were used as samples. Twenty rapid amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) markers were used on molecular analysis. The data were scored binary and then they were analyzed using NTSYSpc 2.1x computer software. The analysis showed that the 20 primers had 33–100% polymorphic with 87% in average. Primers with 100% polymorphism level were RAPD3, OPA13, OPAV3, OPC12, OPC16, and OPY15. Cayenne group could be denoted with RAPD1 and OPAV3 markers by 1,000 base-pairs (bp) and 700 bp band, respectively. Meanwhile the Queen group can be identified by 700 bp band RAPD3 marker. The Spanish group can be specified by1,500 bp band RAPD2 and RAPD3 markers. Based on cluster analysis the 19 accessions were separated into six groups with 0.75 genetic similarity coefficient i.e., Queen, Cayenne, Spanish, A. bracteatus, A. lucidus, and A. nanus. These accessions had a wide genetic diversity with 0.41 to (0.85) genetic similarity coefficients. The highest genetic similarity coefficient (0.85) was determined between N-73 and BB, whereas the lowest value down to 0.41 was indicated on N-94 (A. nanus) and N-18 (Green Spanish). The implications of this research are that one of two accessions that have high genetic similarities can be eliminated for efficiency in the management of germplasm. While accessions which have little genetic similarity are both used as crosses parent in order to obtain wide genetic variability and high heterosis effects.

Streszczenie Badano wpływ form rodzicielskich na cechy owoców duriana z zapyleń krzyżowych. Odmianami rodzicielskimi użytymi w krzyżowaniach były ‘Matahari’, ‘Kani’, ‘Otong’, ‘Sitokong’, ‘Lai’, ‘Kim’, ‘Sunan’, ‘Bokor’, ‘Hortimart’ i ‘Tangkue’. Badania wykazały, że odsetek zawiązywania owoców wynosił od 0% do 20% w różnych kombinacjach krzyżowań. Wpływ odmiany jako formy matecznej był istotny na takie cechy, jak zawiązywanie owoców, masę owoców, obwód owocu, długość owocu, grubość skórki owocu, grubość miąższu, udział części jadalnej, długość kolców, liczba komór bez miąższu, całkowita masa i liczba nasion w pełni wykształconych oraz procentowy udział nasion niewypełnionych. Odmiana Matahari użyta jako forma mateczna wytwarzała największe owoce z najgrubszym miąższem podskórnym, w najwyższym procencie części jadalnych i wszystkimi komorami wypełnionymi. Formy ojcowskie miały wpływ na zawiązywanie owoców, długość owocu, grubość skórki, liczbę nasion, całkowitą wagę nasion oraz udział nasion niewypełnionych. Odmiana Sitokong użyta jako forma ojcowska miała najniższą całkowitą masę nasion i najmniejszą liczbę nasion oraz najwyższy udział nasion niewypełnionych

Blackground: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a disorder that is characterized by a burning sensation of the oral cavity in the absence of visible local or systemic abnormalities. Affected patient often present with multiple oral complaints, including burning, dryness and taste alterations. The exact cause of burning mouth syndrome often is difficult to pin point. Conditions that have been reported in association with burning mouth syndrome include menopause, hyposlivation, coated tongue, taste alterations and psychologic condition. Objective: To report a case of burning mouth syndrome in postmenopausal women with hyposalivation, coated tongue, taste alterations and psychologic condition and its management. Case and management: a case of burning mouth syndrome in women with menopause, hyposalivation, coated tongue, and taste alterations, was managed effectively by gabapentin 100mg, probiotic chewing gum, diazepam 2mg and vitamin B1, B6, B12. Conclusion: Oral burning appears to be most prevalent in postmenopausal women often present with multiple oral complaints, including burning, dryness and taste alterations, in this case was managed effectively by gabapentin 100mg, prebiotic chewing gum, diazepam 2mg and vitamin B1, B6, B12.

Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengevaluasi variabilitas genetik dan fenotipik, heritabilitas, dan kemajuan genetic beberapa karakter komponen buah nanas. Penelitian dilakukan di Balai Penelitian Tanaman Buah Solok mulai bulan Januari 2001–Februari 2002. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah RAK dengan 24 nomor aksesi sebagai perlakuan dan diulang dua kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakter panjang tangkai buah, berat buah, jumlah spiral buah, diameter buah, panjang buah, tebal daging, diameter empulur, kedalaman mata, TSS, total asam, vitamin C, dan kadar serat buah mempunyai variabilitas genetik dan fenotipik luas serta heritabilitas yang tinggi. Kemajuan genetik yang tinggi terdapat pada karakter panjang tangkai buah, bobot buah, panjang buah dan kandungan vitamin C.

Balai Penelitian Tanaman Buah (Balitbu) Solok mempunyai 30 aksesi nanas yang berasal dari beberapa daerah di Jawa dan Sumatera dengan penampilan fenotipik bervariasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman pola pita dan jarak genetik atau hubungan kekerabatan 30 aksesi nanas berdasarkan isozim. Gel poliakrilamid digunakan untuk elektroforesis dengan enam system enzim (PER, PGM, ADH, MDH, SKDH, dan GPI). Rumus koefisien kemiripan Dice digunakan untuk menentukan kemiripan genetik antar 30 aksesi nanas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hubungan kekerabatan 30 nomor aksesi nanas berdasarkan pola pita isozim PER, PGM, ADH, MDH, SKDH terdiri atas empat kelompok pada kemiripan genetik 0.63; enzim GPI adalah monomorfik. Antar klon Merah/pagar, Hijau dan Merah, Queen, Cayenne, serta dalam klon Queen dan Cayenne terdapat variasi pola pita. Antar klon Merah dan Hijau, serta dalam klon Merah, Hijau, dan Merah/Pagar tidak terdapat variasi pola pita.

Genetic resources contain plant materials that can be used as parental in breeding program of superior variety of fruit plants. The existence of germplasm is indispensable as a source of genetic diversity in plant varieties improvement program. The objective of this research was to characterize and evaluate some durian germplasm collections based on fruit morphology characteristics. The research was carried out at the Aripan and Subang Field Station of Indonesian Tropical Fruits Research Institute from January 2011 to December 2012. Fruit characterization was held on 38 durian accessions aged 20n26 years old. Each accession was characterized by observing 5n10 fruit sample. The results showed that fruit morphological characters of evaluated accessions varied with the dissimilarity coefficient 0.087n0.681. Based on cluster analysis, 38 accessions were grouped into two main groups. The smallest genetic dissimilarity (0.087) was between Ketan and Lodong accessions, while the greatest genetic dissimilarity (0.681) was between SBG-643 and Jendral accessions. Jendral accession had the most superior characters i.e. medium fruit weight (2.790 g), medium spines length (1.45 cm), small seeds (12.66 g), thick flesh (1.3 cm), sweet flavor, and edible portion 27.69%. The second superior was IM accession with characters medium fruit weight (1918.64 g), medium spines length (1.50 cm), small seeds (15.31 g), sweet flavor and edible portion 25.74%. This study is expected to be utilized for the proper selection of superior variety or durian parents for breeding program of superior varieties. Abstrak Plasma nutfah merupakan bahan dasar dalam perakitan varietas unggul baru. Keberadaan plasma nutfah sangat diperlukan sebagai sumber keragaman genetik dalam program perbaikan varietas tanaman. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mengarakter dan mengevaluasi koleksi plasma nutfah durian berdasarkan karakter morfologi buah. Penelitian dilakukan di KP Aripan dan KP Subang, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Buah Tropika mulai Januari 2011 sampai Desember 2012. Karakterisasi buah dilakukan terhadap 38 aksesi durian yang berumur 20n26 tahun. Sebanyak 5n10 buah dikarakter tiap aksesi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aksesi yang diuji mempunyai karakter morfologi buah yang beragam dengan koefisien ketidakmiripan berkisar 0,087n0,681. Berdasarkan analisis kluster, 38 aksesi yang diuji terkelompok menjadi dua kelompok utama pada koefisien ketidakmiripan 0,4. Aksesi yang mempunyai ketidakmiripan genetik paling kecil (0,087), yaitu antara aksesi Ketan dan Lodong, sedangkan ketidakmiripan genetik paling besar (0,681), yaitu antara aksesi SBG-643 dan Jendral. Aksesi Jendral mempunyai karakter unggul terbanyak, yaitu bobot buah sedang (2.790 g), panjang duri sedang (1,45 cm), biji kecil (12,66 g), daging tebal (1,23 cm), rasa manis dan porsi dapat dimakan 27,69%. Urutan unggul kedua, yaitu aksesi IM dengan karakter unggul bobot buah sedang (1918,64 g), panjang duri sedang (1,50 cm), biji kecil (15,31 g), rasa manis serta porsi dapat dimakan 25,74%. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai dasar pertimbangan dalam pemilihan varietas unggul atau tetua durian yang tepat dalam program perakitan varietas unggul baru.

Ceramics of Malang are expected to have competitive advantage in both domestic and international market since its has uniqueness, however free trade through ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) can change market structure that affect competitiveness and performance of micro, small, and medium-sized enteprises (MSMEs) of ceramics. The purpose of this research was to analyze the role of market structure and competitive- ness in increasing performance of MSMEs of ceramics in Malang. Data were collected from 30 artisans at Dinoyo as the ceramic production center in Malang then analyzed using Generalized Structured Component Analysis (GSCA) software with market structure as the exogenuos variable, competitiveness as the intervening variables, and performance of MSMEs of ceramic as the endogenuos variable. The result of the study showed that market structure has insignificant impact on competitiveness and performance of MSMEs of ceramic in Malang. Competitiveness have not enough evidence as intervening variables between market structure and performance of ceramic enteprises, meanwhile it has significant direct effet on performance of MSMEs ceramic in Malang. This finding indicate that costs of production, quality products, and production technology are the competitive- ness variables that play important role in increasing performance of MSMEs ceramic in Malang.

Latar Belakang: Candida albicans merupakan flora normal mulut yang paling sering menyebabkan penyakit infeksi. Jika flora normal rongga mulut terganggu keseimbangannya, misalnya karena terapi antibiotik, penyakit yang menyebabkan penurunan daya tahan tubuh (misalnya AIDS), kondisi lokal yang jelek, akan menyebabkan mikroorganisme oportunis bermultiplikasi dan menyebabkan terjadinya suatu infeksi. Tujuan: Melaporkan kasus kandidiasis pseudomembran pada lidah akibat pemakaian obat kumur serta penatalaksanaannya. Kasus dan penatalaksanaannya: Kasus kandidiasis pada lidah sebagai akibat pemakaian obat kumur yang mengandung heksetidin 0,1% dalam jangka waktu lama yaitu sekitar satu bulan. Penatalaksanaan dengan pemberian suspensi nistatin 100.000 UI topikal selama satu minggu cukup efektif mengatasi infeksi, medikasi diteruskan sampai dua minggu setelah gejala hilang. Kesimpulan: Pemakaian obat kumur dalam jangka waktu lama dapat menyebabkan infeksi oportunistik yaitu kandidiasis pseudomembran. Medikasi dengan nistatin topikasl cukup efektif untuk mengatasi infeksi ini. Background: Candida albicans is the most infectious oral normal flora. If oral normal flora disturbed such as excessive antibiotic therapy, immunodeficiency disease (AIDS), bad local condition will cause opportunistic microorganism proliferation leading to infectious condition. Objective: to report lingual pseudomembraneous candidosis case caused by mouth rinse and its management. Case and Management: lingual pseudomembraneous candidosis case caused by 0,1% hexitidine mouth rinse used for a long period about one month, was managed effectively by topical nystatin 100.000 IU for one week, and medication must be continued for two week after clinical improvement. Conclusion: Long term usage of mouth rinse causes oppotunistic infection of pseudomembaneous candidosis. Medication with topical nystatin effectively treat this infection.

Salacca Varietal Development of Sari Intan 48. Sri Hadiati, Agus Susiloadi, and Tri Budiyanti. The availability of new superior salacca varieties, which fulfills consumer’s preference, will increase fruit consumption and farmer’s income as well. Generally, consumers prefer salacca fruit which has the following characteristics: sweet taste, thick flesh and spineless peel. Crossing method is hoped to meet demand. This study aimed to obtain a new superior salacca variety through crossing within salacca varieties which were ready to release. The study was conducted in Solok district of West Sumatera Province and Tanjung Pinang district of Riau province and started from year 2002 to 2008. The method used in this research was crossing between Gula Pasir x Pondoh salacca, then their seeds were germinated at Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute, located in Solok. The seedlings were then planted in Tanjung Pinang. Selection and evaluation activities were done over two years. The results showed that compared with Pondoh, Gula Pasir, and Bali varieties, the salacca of Sari Intan 48 had the following superior characters : thick flesh (0.5-1.8 cm), sweet taste (TSS: 19-20.8° Brix), no sour taste and non astringent, high vitamin C content(58.65 mg/100 g), and strong aroma. AbstrakTersedianya varietas unggul baru salak yang sesuai dengan selera konsumen dapat meningkatkan konsumsi buah dan pendapatan petani. Konsumen buah salak umumnya menyukai buah salak yang manis, berdaging tebal, dan sisik buah tidak berduri. Ideotipe ini dapat diperoleh antara lain melalui persilangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan varietas unggul baru salak hasil persilangan antara beberapa varietas salak yang siap untuk dilepas. Penelitian dilakukan di Solok dan Tanjung Pinang, mulai tahun 2002-2008. Metode yang digunakan adalah persilangan antara salak Bali Gula Pasir x salak Pondoh, kemudian biji dipanen dan dikecambahkan di Balitbu Tropika sampai siap tanam ke lapang. Bibit ditanam di Tanjung Pinang dan selanjutnya diseleksi serta dievaluasi produktivitasnya selama dua tahun berturut-turut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa salak Sari Intan 48 mempunyai beberapa keunggulan, antara lain daging buah tebal (0,5-1,8 cm), rasa manis (TSS : 19-20,8° Brix), tidak ada rasa asam dan sepet, kandungan vitamin C tinggi (58,65 mg/100 g), dan beraroma sangat harum dibandingkan dengan varietas pembanding (salak Pondoh, Gula Pasir, dan salak Bali).

The objective of this research were to form breeding populations of salacca resulted from crossing of some sallaca genotypes and to know their growth at tropical seedling phase. The research was conducted at Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute in January-December 2003. The crossing process was done at Padang Sidempuan, Solok, Bogor, and Yogyakarta. Material breeding consisted of female parents, namely: Sidempuan, Pondoh, and Mawar salacca, and as male parents, namely: Mawar, Sanjung Pondoh, Java, Affinis, and Sidempuan salacca. Their seeds were germinated in Solok until ready to be transplanted in the field. To know the growth of seedlings, the experiment was arranged in Block Randomized Design, 19 treatments (19 genotypes) and three replications. The result showed that percentage of crossing successfulness and percentage of growth were varied, i.e. 21.8-59.1% and 3.6- 98.4% respectively.The genotypes which were from S. Sumatrana (Sidempuan salacca) in general had bigger plant size (i.e. plant height, peduncle length, and tip leaves blade width), but their leaf number were less than the other genotypes. The growth of some salacca genotypes in the nursery can be used to estimate their growth in the field. AbstrakPenelitian bertujuan untuk membentuk populasi pemuliaan salak hasil persilangan dari beberapa genotipe dan mengetahui respon pertumbuhan persilangan tersebut selama di pembibitan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Balai Penelitian Tanaman Buah Tropika, Solok, pada bulan Januari-Desember 2003. Persilangan dilakukan di Padang Sidempuan, Solok, Bogor, dan Yogyakarta. Tetua betina yang digunakan adalah salak Sidempuan Putih dan Merah, Pondoh, Mawar, dan tetua jantan adalah salak Mawar, Sanjung Pondoh, Jawa, Affinis, dan Sidempuan. Biji-biji hasil persilangan tersebut dikecambahkan dan dipelihara di Solok sampai siap tanam di lapang. Untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan bibit selama di pembibitan rancangan yang digunakan adalah acak kelompok dengan 19 perlakuan (genotipe) dan diulang tiga kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase silangan jadi dan persentase tumbuh genotipe yang diamati berkisar antara 21,8-59,1% dan 3,6-98,4%. Genotipe yang berasal dari S. sumatrana (salak Sidempuan) mempunyai ukuran tanaman yang lebih besar (tinggi tanaman, panjang tangkai, dan lebar pucuk anak daun), tetapi jumlah daunnya relatif sedikit dibandingkan dengan genotipe lainnya. Pertumbuhan beberapa genotipe salak selama di pembibitan ini diharapkan dapat digunakan untuk mengestimasi pertumbuhan tanaman salak di lapang.

Rambutan is a fruit native to Indonesia, which has a high diversity. Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute has a rambutan germplasm collection. The objectives of the research were to identify and classify rambutan germplasm accessions based on morphological characteristics, in order to identify the specific characteristics important for the development of future varieties of rambutan. Collecting data on the 32 accession was conducted in Aripan Experimental Field, Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute from September 2014 to February 2015. Characterization of morphology characters referred to as the Descriptor for Rambutan was published by IPGRI. Cluster analysis based on morphological characteristics successfully separated the accession of rambutan R7 and R11 with 30 other rambutan accessions with the dissimilarity coefficient of 45%. Accession R4 was similar to Sitangkue, R14 was similar to Korong Gadang, and R15 was similar to Sinyonya. Characteristics that can be used to distinguish each of the accession of rambutan were the width of seed, seed thickness, total soluble solids (TSS), fruit diameter, spintern texture and the spintern color. Accession R15 can be developed as a commercial variety, because it has a high yield, and shelf life associated with high fruit weight characteristics and thick rind.

The objective of this study was to characterize salak of local varieties and their hybrids. The fruits characterized were taken from plants that were grown in October 2004. The results revealed that fruits  61 g were mostly produced by hybrids, in which one of their parents was Mwr or Ph. Fruits with flesh thickness  0.85 cm were mostly yielded from Sdp, Sdm, and hybrids where one of their parents was Sdp or Mwr. While fruits with edible portion  65.0% were mostly yielded from Sdp, Gp, and hybrids where their female parents were Mwr, Ph, and Sdp. Fruits with small seeds (≤ 3.0 g) were observed on Gp, whilst those with big seeds (≥ 7.0 g) were on Sdm, Sdm-Sj and Sdp-Sj. Hybrids from the female of Ph and Sdp mostly gave sweet taste (TSS ≥ 20o Brix). Mwr x Sdp crossing produced non- astringent fruits, while Ph x Java (K, M, Mj), Sdp x Sjg and some Sdp x Mwr crossing as well as Mwr produced astringent fruits. The four superior characters, namely fruit ≥ 61 g, flesh thickness  0.85 cm, edible portion ≥ 65%, and TSS ≥ 20o Brix were found in Mwr-Sp-8, Sdp-Sj-8, and Ph-M-7. Fruits produced by Mwr-Sp-8 were not astringent, while those produced by Sdp-Sj-8 and Ph-M-7 were astringent. These findings suggest that the selection of parent can play an important role in improving the varieties of salak.

Indonesia is one of the megabiodivesity, which is rich with germplasms including tropical fruit. Snake fruit ( Salacca spp.) is a native fruit of Indonesia with a scaly peel and sweet-tart taste. The genetic diversity of 17 accessions of Indonesian snake fruit was resolved using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction with 5 primers. The study demonstrated that the samples were grouped in six different clusters with coefficient of similarity ranged from 0.12 to 0.71. The value indicated the wide range of genetic variability among the tested plants. This variability was an important resources for the snake fruit breeding program in developing the consumer‘s preferred product which by the end supports the plant diversification program.

Kandungan Ca-oksalat yang tinggi pada buah nenas kurang baik bagi kesehatan, sedangkan tanaman nenas yang daunnya tidak berduri memudahkan petani dalam pemeliharaannya. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pertumbuhan dan hasil beberapa kandidat varietas nenas rendah oksalat dan nenas manis tanpa duri. Penelitian dilakukan mulai bulan Juni 2009 sampai dengan Desember 2010 di Kebun Percobaan Subang. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan ialah acak kelompok dengan lima perlakuan yaitu dua kandidat varietas nenas rendah oksalat (Q dan EE), satu kandidat varietas nenas manis tanpa duri (P), dan dua varietas pembanding (Simadu dan Ponggok) dengan empat ulangan. Setiap unit percobaan terdiri atas 52 tanaman dan jumlah sampel yang diamati ialah 10 tanaman yang diambil secara acak. Tanaman nenas ditanam dengan sistem dua baris, jarak antarbaris 90 cm dan jarak tanam dalam baris (50 x 50) cm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada akhir pertumbuhan vegetatif (umur 11 bulan setelah tanam) rerata tinggi tanaman pada aksesi yang diuji berbeda nyata, sedangkan varietas Ponggok mempunyai tinggi tanaman tertinggi (88,94 cm), jumlah daun antaraksesi tidak berbeda nyata, yaitu berkisar 41-51 helai. Persentase tanaman berbuah terbanyak ialah varietas Ponggok (94,86%), sebaliknya varietas Simadu paling sedikit (5,6%). Aksesi P, Q, dan EE mempunyai kualitas buah yang kurang baik dibandingkan varietas pembanding Simadu, tetapi aksesi EE mempunyai kualitas buah (bobot buah 910,00 g, vitamin C 24,53 mg/100 g, dan kadar oksalat 486,85 ppm) yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan varietas pembanding Ponggok. Aksesi EE berpeluang untuk dijadikan varietas unggul baru.The high Ca-oxalate content in pineapple fruit is not good for health. Meanwhile pineapple plants with spineless leaves make farmers easy in their maintainance. The aim of this research was to evaluate growth and yield of several pineapple candidates with low oxalate, sweet taste, and spineless leaves. The research was conducted from June 2009 to December 2010 at Subang Research Station. A randomized block design with five treatments (two candidates of pineapple varieties with low oxalate content (Q and EE), one candidate of pineapple variety with spineless leaves (P), and two popular varieties as comparison (Simadu and Ponggok) with four replications was used in this study. Each unit experiment consisted of 52 plants and 10 plants of sampled randomly were observed. Pineapple plants were planted in two rows with plant distance 50x50 cm. The results showed that at the end of vegetative growth (11 months after planting) the average plant height of accessions tested were significantly different, Ponggok variety had the highest of plant height (88.94 cm) but the number of leaves ranging from 41-51was not significantly different. Ponggok variety had the highest percentage of fruiting plants (94.86%), and conversely Simadu variety was the least one (5.6%). Accessions of P, Q, and EE produced lower fruit quality than Simadu, but accession of EE had better fruit quality in fruit weight 910.00 g, vitamin C 24.53 mg/100 g, and oxalate content 486.25 ppm than Ponggok variety. The EE was a promising accession that can be realeased as a new superior variety.