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Purpose: The aim of the investigation was to find out the degree of toxicity of the herbal composite for humans, animals, or the environment. Acute and 28 days repeated sub-acute oral toxicity study of herbal composite (Herbodil®) carried out as per the current OECD guidelines.Materials and Methods: 2000mg/kg of the herbal composite was orally administered to the animals to find out the acute toxicity. The treated animals were observed for toxic signs at thirty min, one, two and four hours and thereafter once a day for the next 14 days. In sub-acute study i.e.,28 days repeated dose oral study, the mice were segregated into four groups (two set for each sex) of six mice each. Group-1 mice served as a control (untreated). Group II mice consumed lower dose of herbal composite i.e., 100 mg/kg, Group III mice consumed middle/moderate dose i.e., 200 mg/kg and Group IV mice received high dose of 400 mg/kg (orally) once daily for 28 days respectively.Results: This experimental in vivo study confirm that neither the acute toxicity study of herbal composite at the dose level of 2000mg/kg nor the sub-acute 28 days oral toxicity study developed any toxic signs, behavioural changes, or mortality during the whole study. Haematological and biochemical parameters dose not changes during the sub-acute study. Relative body weight of the mice also not change after the study.Conclusion: Experimental results obtained from the current investigation suggest that LD50 of developed herbal composite was >2000 mg /kg and the herbal composite is completely safe and non-toxic for therapy.

Since the first outbreak of SARS-CoV2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 in Wuhan, China in the December 2019, the world continues to be in state of fear, uncertainty, tension and anxiety till date and this state might continue because of emerging mutants. The vaccination drive all over the world is continuing, still the new variants are cause of concern, with the aim to prevent the spread of the virus, focus should be on techniques and processes which helps in strengthening our defense mechanism, the immune system. It has becoming clear from several studies that the immune system is greatly impacted by the COVID-19 infection through several inflammatory reactions. The role of balanced diet full of nutrients cannot be overlooked in controlling infectious diseases. A balanced diet which should include plant foods, vitamins and micronutrients and this review wants to emphasize on the preventive role played by the plant foods, vitamins and minerals in COVID-19 infections, to reduce the mortality rate as well as the morbidity in patients who are infected.

Objectives: Hepatic dysfunction is a critical public health problem affecting the global population, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components due to increased matrix production and decreased matrix degradation. The present work was aimed to evaluate hepatoprotective effect of AKSS16-LIV01 a newly developed multiherbal formulation against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver dysfunction in Swiss albino mice to establish it as a bench to bedside formulation catering to the various facets of hepatic malfunction. Methods: Thirty-six Swiss adult albino Wister mice divided into six groups. Group-I control untreated animals, Group-II received AKSS16-LIV01 (400 mg/kg), Group-III received CCl4 (1 ml/kg-bw), Group-IV received AKSS16-LIV01 (200 mg/kg) after 2 weeks CCl4 induction, Group-V received AKSS16-LIV01 (400 mg/kg) after 2 weeks CCl4 induction, and Group-VI received standard drug silymarin (100 mg/kg). At the end of the experimental period, all the animals were fasted overnight and blood was collected through retro-orbital plexus for preparation of serum and was analyzed for biochemical parameters, lipid profile, and total plasma protein. Liver tissue was collected for histological study. Results: The combined plant extract including six Indian medicinal herbs and three medicinal spices (AKSS16-LIV01) showed significant hepatoprotective effect by controlling the various essential biochemical parameters in serum. Moreover, treatment with AKSS16-LIV01 raised the level of serum total protein, normalizes the serum biochemical and lipid profiles parameters. Pre-treatment with AKSS16-LIV01 in mice also restored the alteration of various liver parameters such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, blood urea nitrogen, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin on CCl4-induced liver damage. Gross liver morphology and normal histological examination of the liver also supported hepatic protection by AKSS16-LIV01. Conclusion: Taken together, these results suggest that AKSS16-LIV01 may induce remarkable protective effects against hepatic injury induced by CCl4 treatment.

Background: Tramadol hydrochloride/paracetamol (THP) a fixed dose combination (FDC) is widely spread analgesic used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain. Over dose or chronic use of this fixed dose combination produce serious adverse effects. An acute Tramadol hydrochloride/paracetamol (THP) overdose can lead to a fatal liver damage. Objectives: There is a worldwide need to develop a safe and symptomatic medication which controls the different medical complications. Materials and Methods: Healthy adult swiss albino mice were assigned to four groups of six mice each according to their weights. Group-I serve as control, Group-II received Multi herbal formulation (AKSS16 LIV01) 400 mg/kg/day, Group-III received Tramadol hydrochloride/paracetamol (THP) 1.68 g / 300ml water and Group-IV received THP along with AKSS16-LIV01 (400 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected from the retro orbital plexus of each animal to determine various blood parameters and liver transaminase. Results: Administration of THP showed decline body weight, food consumption and water intake in mice whereas treatment with Multi herbal formulation (AKSS16-LIV01) normalized the same as compared with untreated animals. Treatment with THP (Group-III) decline the packed cell volume (PCV), haempglobin (Hb), means cell volume (MCV), means cell hemoglobin (MCH) and greater the white blood cell (WBC) compared with control. Pre-treatment with AKSS16-LIV01 significantly (p

Background: Hepatotoxicity is one of the common side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Scientific study stated that hepatotoxicity is the most serious adverse effects of Aceclofenac. Objectives: In this study, our aim was to investigate the use of Fortibile® tablet containing ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in prevention of the hepatotoxic effect and biochemical changes induced by aceclofenac (ACE) in laboratory mice. Materials and Methods: Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups (control, UDCA (Fortibile® tablet) 20 mg/kg, aceclofenac (ACE) 50mg/kg, UDCA 20 mg/kg + aceclofenac 50 mg/kg). Results: Administration of aceclofenac (ACE) showed decline body weight, food consumption, water intake and elevated liver weight in mice whereas treatment with UDCA (Fortibile® tablet) normalized the same as compared with untreated animals. Animals treated with aceclofenac caused elevated activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as total and direct bilirubin level. These elevations in liver enzymes were decreased by combination of aceclofenac with UDCA. On the other hand application of aceclofenac (ACE) on mice caused a significant increase in serum and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) content but significant decrease in glutathione GSH and GPx content. Combine thepary of UDCA and aceclofenac resulted in a significant decrease in MDA, NO content and significantly elevated GSH and GPx content. Conclusion: It could be concluded that Fortibile® tablet containing Ursodeoxycholic acid acts as an effective hepatoprotective agent against NSAIDs induced liver dysfunction, and this effect might be related to its antioxidant properties. Hepatic functions should be monitored, and the dose should be adjusted during aceclofenac (ACE) therapy. Keywords: Ursodeoxycholic acid, Aceclofenac, Hepatotoxicity, Liver function test, Oxidative stress

Haematological disorders and related complications are very common phenomenon against hazardous chemicals. Alteration of hematologic parameters disrupts the body’s normal homeostasis. There is a worldwide need to develop a safe and symptomatic medication which controls the haematological complications. Healthy adult Swiss albino mice were assigned to four groups of six mice each according to their weights. Group-I serve as control, Group-II received multi herbal formulation (AKSS16-LIV01) 400 mg/kg/day, Group-III received carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 1 ml/kg-bw and Group-IV received CCl4 along with AKSS16-LIV01 (400 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected from the retro orbital plexus of each animal to determine various blood parameters and liver transaminase. Administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) showed decline body weight, food consumption and water intake in mice whereas treatment with multi herbal formulation (AKSS16-LIV01) normalized the same as compared with untreated animals. Treatment with CCl4 (Group-III) decline the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), means cell volume (MCV), means cell hemoglobin (MCH) and greater the white blood cell (WBC) compared with control. Pre-treatment with AKSS16-LIV01 significantly (p

Nanomedicine is widely explored nowadays for treatment of life threatening diseases, yet comes with various challenges and questions. The present study encapsulates the acute toxicological aspects of the Euphorbia thymifolia coupled silver nanoparticles (ET-Ag NP). For acute toxicity studies according to OCED (Organization for Economic Cooperation Development) guidelines Swiss Albino mice (6-8 weeks) were used and were given single intraperitoneal dose of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight and were observed for mortality and other side effects for 14 days. The individual components of the formulation, viz. silver oxide in surface modified nano form and at low dose, and Euphorbia thymifolia are both biocompatible materials. No changes were found for general appearance, behavior and body weight, thus concluding that the nanocomposite formulation does not have single dose toxicity.

Nano technology possesses several branches including nanomedicine, which is the most promising field in the future medicine and is a probable therapeutic agent in prevention and medication of life threatening diseases through ROS inhibition. Therapeutic potential and antioxidant activity of Silver Nanoparticle coupled with Andrographis paniculata (AP-Ag NP) was assessed against CCl4 induced oxidative stress at tissue level. The main aim and objective of the study is to find out the comparative efficacy of AP-Ag NP against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced oxidative stress model. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was administered upon Swiss albino mice (male) for 28 days concurrently with AP-Ag NP (50 mg/kg body weight) orally to evaluate the therapeutic effects on hepatic oxidative injury, antioxidant potential and heme synthesis pathway. Serum ROS level was significantly elevated and blood and liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activity and GSH level also significantly decreased after exposure of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Treatment with AP-Ag NP, as nano-antioxidant significantly increased SOD, CAT activity and GSH levels which indicate the recovery of oxidative injury and indicates restoring inhibited aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD) activity. In conclusion our results suggest that Silver Nanoparticle synthesized using Andrographis paniculata (AP-Ag NP) have the potential antioxidant effect in experimental animals.

Arsenic toxicity is one of the major environmental problems causing various diseases, cardiovascular disorders is one of them. Several epidemiological studies have shown that arsenic causes cardiac hypertrophy but the detailed molecular mechanism is to be studied yet. This study is designed to determine the molecules involved in the augmentation of arsenic-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Furthermore, the effects of oleic acid on arsenic-induced hypertrophy and cardiac injury have also been investigated. Our results show that arsenic induces cardiac hypertrophy both in vivo in mice and in vitro in rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Moreover, arsenic results in decreased activity of AMPK and FoxO1 along with increased NFATc3 expression, a known cardiac hypertrophy inducer. In addition, activation of AMPK and FoxO1 results in reduced NFATc3 expression causing attenuation of arsenic-induced cardiac hypertrophy in H9c2 cells. Interestingly, we have observed that oleic acid helps in ameliorating cardiac hypertrophy in arsenic-exposed mice. Our studies on protection from arsenic-induced cardiac hypertrophy by oleic acid in H9c2 cells shows that oleic acid activates AMPK along with increased nuclear FoxO1 localization, thereby reducing NFATc3 expression and attenuating cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. This study will help in finding out new avenues in treating arsenic-induced cardiac hypertrophy.

A single step rapid synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in a green approach has been demonstrated via conjugating the natural product riboflavin by varying temperature. The conjugation of riboflavin to ZnO NPs was confirmed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) intensity. The crystallinity and presence of functional groups in the temperature variant riboflavin conjugated ZnO NPs was determined by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy respectively. The average diameter of the synthesized nanoparticles is about ∼40 nm in spherical shape which has been preliminarily revealed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis and further confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The synthesized temperature variant ZnO nanoparticles with the aid of riboflavin showed significant ameliorative efficiency against jaundice stress at molecular and cellular levels in mice models. Biochemical parameters, different cytokine profiling (Th1 & Th2 cells) and their corresponding m-RNA expressions have been studied by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the presence of riboflavin conjugated ZnO NPs synthesized at 60 °C and 30 °C temperature (Ribo-ZnO30/Ribo-ZnO60). Substantial Ribo-ZnO60 assisted improvement (p > 0.001) of the thymus-dependent functions and protein expressions of other genes associated with jaundice were observed by Western blotting. The supplementation of Ribo-ZnO60 treatment is more active in histologically recovering the liver and kidney tissues than Ribo-ZnO30 due to their particle nature and more phases with uniform size.

Aim: Testing the potential of citrate-capped Mn3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) as a therapeutic agent for alternative rapid treatment of hyperbilirubinemia through direct removal of bilirubin (BR) from blood in mice. Materials & methods: NPs were synthesized and the mechanism of BR degradation in presence and absence of biological macromolecules were characterized in vitro. To test the in vivo BR degradation ability of NPs, CCl4-intoxicated mice were intraperitoneally injected with NPs. Results: We demonstrated ultrahigh efficacy of the NPs in symptomatic treatment of hyperbilirubinemia for rapid reduction of BR in mice compared with conventional medicine silymarin without any toxicological implications. Conclusion: These findings may pave the way for practical clinical use of the NPs as safe medication of hyperbilirubinemia in human subjects.

Jaundice is one of the notable markers of liver malfunction in our body, revealing a significant rise in the concentration of an endogenous yellow pigment bilirubin. We have described a method for measuring the optical spectrum of our conjunctiva and derived pigment concentration by using diffused reflection measurement. The method uses no prior model and is expected to work across the races (skin color) encompassing a wide range of age groups. An optical fiber-based setup capable of measuring the conjunctival absorption spectrum from 400 to 800 nm is used to monitor the level of bilirubin and is calibrated with the value measured from blood serum of the same human subject. We have also developed software in the LabVIEW platform for use in online monitoring of bilirubin levels in human subjects by nonexperts. The results demonstrate that relative absorption at 460 and 600 nm has a distinct correlation with that of the bilirubin concentration measured from blood serum. Statistical analysis revealed that our proposed method is in agreement with the conventional biochemical method. The innovative noncontact, low-cost technique is expected to have importance in monitoring jaundice in developing/underdeveloped countries, where the inexpensive diagnosis of jaundice with minimally trained manpower is obligatory.