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Since patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) often have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, the development of efficient systemic treatment options for MTC is important. Vandetanib and cabozantinib are two tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that were recently approved by FDA and EMA for systemic treatment of metastatic MTC. Additionally, since MTC is of a neuroendocrine tumour type, treatment with radiolabelled somatostatin analogues (e.g. 177Lu-octreotate) is a valid option for patients with MTC. The aim of this study was to investigate the potentially increased therapeutic effect of combining radiation therapy with these TKIs for treatment of MTC in a mouse model. Nude mice carrying patient-derived MTC tumours (GOT2) were treated with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and/or one of the two TKIs vandetanib or cabozantinib. The tumour volume was determined and compared with that of mock-treated controls. The treatment doses were chosen to give a moderate effect as monotherapy to be able to detect any increased therapeutic effect from the combination therapy. At the end of follow-up, tumours were processed for immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses. The animals in the combination therapy groups showed the largest reduction in tumour volume and the longest time to tumour progression. Two weeks after start of treatment, the tumour volume for these mice was reduced by about 70-75% compared with controls. Furthermore, also EBRT and TKI monotherapy resulted in a clear anti-tumour effect with a reduced tumour growth compared with controls. The results show that an increased therapeutic effect could be achieved when irradiation is combined with TKIs for treatment of MTC. Future studies should evaluate the potential of using 177Lu-octreotate therapy in combination with TKIs in patients., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) are often diagnosed with spread tumour disease and the development of better systemic treatment options for these patients is important. Treatment with the radiolabelled somatostatin analogue 177Lu-octreotate is already a promising option but can be optimised. For example, combination treatment with another substance could increase the effect on tumour tissue. Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analogue that has been shown to sensitise tumour cells to radiation. The aim of this study was to investigate potentially additive or synergistic effects of combining radiation with gemcitabine for treatment of MTC. Nude mice transplanted with patient-derived MTC tumours (GOT2) were divided into groups and treated with radiation and/or gemcitabine. Radiation treatment was given as 177Lu-octreotate or external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). The volume of treated and untreated tumours was followed. The absorbed dose and amount of gemcitabine were chosen to give moderate tumour volume reduction when given as monotherapy to enable detection of increased effects from combination treatment. After follow-up, the mice were killed and tumours were immunohistochemically (IHC) analysed. Overall, the animals that received a combination of EBRT and gemcitabine showed the largest reduction in tumour volume. Monotherapy with EBRT or gemcitabine also resulted in a clear detrimental effect on tumour volume, while the animals that received 177Lu-octreotate monotherapy showed similar response as the untreated animals. The GOT2 tumour was confirmed in the IHC analyses by markers for MTC. The IHC analyses also revealed that the proliferative activity of tumour cells was similar in all tumours, but indicated that fibrotic tissue was more common after EBRT and/or gemcitabine treatment. The results indicate that an additive, or even synergistic, effect may be achieved by combining radiation with gemcitabine for treatment of MTC. Future studies should be performed to evaluate the full potential of combining 177Lu-octreotate with gemcitabine in patients., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction: Systemic 177 Lu-octreotate treatment for metastatic neuroendocrine tumours is restricted by organs at risk. By administering 177 Lu-octreotate during isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP), the uptake in organs at risk might be strongly reduced. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility to use the combination of IHP and radionuclide therapy., Methods: To simulate IHP, the liver of a pig was prepared for ex vivo perfusion. Blood containing 490 MBq 177 Lu-octreotate was circulated through the liver for 60 min, after which the liver was rinsed. After IHP, the liver was examined by SPECT/CT. Lastly, an intraoperative gamma detector (IGD) was used to determine 177 Lu activity concentration in the liver and results were compared with the activity concentration in corresponding liver biopsies., Results: Detector measurements over the liver during the IHP showed a fast increase with a maximum after approximately 10-15 min. After IHP, about 75% of the 177 Lu in the liver could be washed out. The SPECT/CT images revealed a relatively inhomogeneous distribution. Nevertheless, the IGD values of 177 Lu activity concentration showed acceptable agreement with the biopsy values., Conclusions: Our results in pig show that it could be feasible to treat patients with liver metastases from NETs with 177 Lu-octreotate via IHP 177 . However, an inhomogeneous distribution of 177 Lu-octreotate in normal liver tissue is expected, and in order to determine the activity concentration with satisfactory accuracy using an IGD, measurements need to be performed at several positions over the liver., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Three aspects of the RayPilot real-time tracking system were investigated: (1) feasibility of the transmitter with respect to implantation and explantation procedures, (2) user and patients' experiences and (3) quantification of the transmitter positional stability in relation to fiducial markers., Methods and Materials: Ten prostate cancer patients scheduled for radiotherapy received transmitter implantation in the prostate, concomitantly with fiducial markers. Transmitter and marker positions were assessed in 3D by orthogonal kV-imaging at daily treatment setup in eight patients., Results: The transmitter was successfully implanted in all patients. Patients reported mild to moderate discomfort and impact on daily activities due to the implant but overall subjective tolerability was good. One patient had spontaneous explantation of the transmitter after four fractions. One patient had transmitter 3D shifts >9 mm, but also inter-marker shifts >6 mm. The mean inter-marker shift in the remaining patients was <1 mm. In four patients, maximum transmitter 3D shifts were 5-7 mm (mean >2 mm). In three patients, mean transmitter 3D shifts were <2 mm., Conclusions: Implantation and explantation of the transmitter is generally feasible and safe. Patient tolerability is good overall. However, due to interfractional transmitter positional instability in this cohort, use of the system for real-time tracking should be combined with other daily setup techniques., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Patients with somatostatin receptor-expressing neuroendocrine tumours can be treated with intravenously administered 177 Lu-octreotate. Few patients are cured with the present protocol due to the current dose limitation of normal organs at risk, such as the kidneys. By locally administering 177 Lu-octreotate to the liver for the purpose of treating liver metastases, a substantially reduced absorbed dose to organs at risk could be achieved. The development of such a technique requires the capability of measuring the 177 Lu activity concentration in tissues in vivo. The aim of this study was to evaluate different performance parameters of two commercially available intraoperative gamma detectors in order to investigate whether intraoperative gamma detector measurements could be used to determine 177 Lu activity concentration in vivo., Results: Measurements were made using different sources containing 177 Lu. Response linearity, sensitivity, spatial resolution and its depth dependence, organ thickness dependence of the measured count rate and tumour detectability were assessed for two intraoperative gamma detectors. The two detectors (a scintillation and a semiconductor detector) showed differences in technical performance. For example, the sensitivity was higher for the scintillation detector, while the spatial resolution was better for the semiconductor detector. Regarding organ thickness dependence and tumour detectability, similar results were obtained for both detectors, and even relatively small simulated tumours of low tumour-to-background activity concentration ratios could be detected., Conclusions: Acceptable results were obtained for both detectors, although the semiconductor detector proved more advantageous for our purpose. The measurements demonstrated factors that must be corrected for, such as organ thickness or dead-time effects. Altogether, intraoperative gamma detector measurements could be used to determine 177 Lu activity concentration in vivo.