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Presently, γ -ray tracking in germanium segmented detectors is realised by applying two advanced, complex algorithms. While they have already triggered an intensive R &D, they are still subject to further improvements. Running the common code for these core algorithms in both the online/real-time and offline data pipelines posed significant challenges. These were addressed in current production software, but also require continued attention in view of significant on-going paradigm shifts in both hardware and software technology. This review paper gives an overview of the various software components produced so far by the AGATA collaboration. It provides hints of what is foreseen for the next phases of the project up to its full configuration namely with 180 capsules in the array. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The EXOGAM clover detector consists of four high-purity germanium (HPGe) crystals in a common cryostat. Each individual crystal is electrically segmented into four regions. We propose a method based on a multidimensional fitting procedure to calibrate the energy from the segments. This method could be used for any kind of segmented germanium detector. Its application to the EXOGAM clover is discussed in details. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

With the advent of multi-detector arrays, many tasks that are usually performed by physicists, such as energy calibration, become very time consuming. There is therefore a need to develop more and more complex algorithms able to mimic human expertise. Fuzzy logic proposes a theoretical framework to build algorithms that are close to the human way of thinking.In this paper we apply fuzzy set theory in order to develop an automatic procedure for energy calibration. The algorithm, based on fuzzy concepts, has been tested on data taken with the EUROBALL IV γ-ray array. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The AGATA tracking detector array represents a significant improvement over previous Compton suppressed arrays. The construction of AGATA led to numerous technological breakthroughs in order to meet the requirements and the challenges of building a mobile detector across Europe. This paper focuses on the design and implementation of the data acquisition system responsible of the readout and control of the germanium detectors of AGATA. Our system is highly versatile, capable of instrumenting AGATA and seamlessly adapting it to various configurations with a wide range of ancillary detectors and/or spectrometers. It consists of three main components: an autonomous and independent infrastructure, a dedicated application core ensuring overall consistency, and a high-performance software package providing a fully integrated data flow management including the setting-up, the supervision and the slow control of the instrument. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of the system's design and performance, particularly under high-counting rate conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The AGATA (Advanced GAmma Tracking Array) tracking detector is being designed to far surpass the performance of the previous generation, Compton-suppressed arrays. In this paper, a characterization of AGATA is provided based on data from the second GSI campaign. Emphasis is placed on the proper corrections required to extract the absolute photopeak efficiency and peak-to-total ratio. The performance after tracking is extracted and GEANT4 simulations are used both to understand the results and to scale the measurements up to predicted values for the full 4 π implementation of the device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-spin states of the two neutron-rich nuclei 88Kr52 and 89Rb52 have been studied from the 18O+208Pb fusion-fission reaction. Their level schemes were built from triple β-ray coincidence data, and β-β angular correlations were analyzed in order to assign spin and parity values to most of the observed states. The two level schemes evolve from collective structures to single-particle excitations as a function of the excitation energy. Comparison with results of shell-model calculations gives the specific proton and neutron configurations which are involved to generate the angular momentum alongthe yrast lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Odd-odd 136Cs nuclei have been produced in the 18O + 208Pb and 12C + 238U fusion-fission reactions and their γ rays studied with the Euroball array. The high-spin level scheme was built up to ~4.7 MeV excitation energy and spin I ~ 16h from the triple γ-ray coincidence data. The configurations of the three structures observed above ~2 MeV excitation energy are first discussed bγ analogy with the proton excitations identified in the semimagic 137Cs82 nucleus, which involve the three high-j orbits lying above the Z = 50 gap, πg7/2, πd5/2, and πhn1/2- This is confirmed by the results of shell-model calculations performed in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five N = 82 isotones have been produced in two fusion-fission reactions and their &ggr; rays studied with the Euroball array. The high-spin states of 139La have been identified, while the high-spin yrast and near-to-yrast structures of the four others have been greatly extended. From angular correlation analysis, spin values have been assigned to some states of 136Xe and 137Cs. Several cascades involving &ggr; rays of 139La have been found to be delayed; they deexcite an isomeric state with T1/2 = 315(35) ns located at 1800 keV excitation energy. The excited states of these five N = 82 isotones are expected to be due to various proton excitations involving the three high-j subshells located above the Z = 50 shell closure. This is confirmed by the results of shell-model calculations performed in this work. In addition, high-spin states corresponding to the excitation of the neutron core have been unambiguously identified in 136Xe, 137Cs, and 138Ba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 119_126Sn nuclei have been produced as fission fragments in two reactions induced by heavy ions: 12C + 238U at a bombarding energy of 90 MeV and 18O + 208Pb at 85 MeV. Their level schemes have been built from γ rays detected using the Euroball array. High-spin states located above the long-lived isomeric states of the evenand odd-A 120-126Sn nuclei have been identified. Moreover, isomeric states lying around 4.5 MeV have been established in 120,122,124,126Sn from delayed coincidences between the fission fragment detector SAPhIR and the Euroball array. The states located above 3 MeV excitation energy are ascribed to several broken pairs of neutrons occupying the vh11/2 orbit. The maximum value of angular momentum available in such a high-j shell, i.e., for midoccupation and the breaking of the three neutron pairs, has been identified. This process is observed for the first time in spherical nuclei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 83, 81As nuclei have been produced as fission fragments in the fusion reaction 18O + 208Pb at 85 MeV bombarding energy and studied with the Euroball array. Medium-spin states of 83, 81As have been established up to ~3.5 MeV excitation energy. From angular correlation analysis, spin values have been assigned to most of the 81As excited states. The behaviors of the yrast structures identified in this work are discussed in comparison with the general features known in the mass région. Then they are compared to the results of two theoretical approaches: the "rotor + quasiparticle" for 81As and the shell model using the effective interactions JUN45 for 83, 81Ks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: One of the first fusion–evaporation experiments using radioactive ion beams was performed at GANIL in order to study proton-rich nuclei of the light rare-earth region. The low production cross-section of the exotic species of interest, in combination with the low intensity of the beam and its induced background, demanded the use of a highly efficient experimental setup. This consisted of the EXOGAM -ray spectrometer coupled for the first time with both the DIAMANT charged-particle array and the VAMOS recoil spectrometer. In this report the experimental challenges of such studies will be discussed and the experimental achievements of the in-beam spectroscopy of proton drip-line nuclei using EXOGAM will be presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The odd-odd 88 37Rb51 and 86 35Br51 nuclei have been produced as fission fragments in the fusion reaction 18O$ + $208Pb at 85MeV bombarding energy and studied with the Euroball IV array. Their high-spin level schemes have been built from the triple $ \gamma$ -ray coincidence data and $ \gamma$ - $ \gamma$ angular correlations have been analyzed in order to assign spin and parity values to many observed states. The proposed configurations involve proton excitations from three sub-shells located close to the Fermi levels, $ \pi$ p3/2 , $ \pi$ f5/2 , and $ \pi$ g9/2 , the $ \nu$ d5/2 neutron acting as a spectator. The residual $ \pi$ $ \nu$ interactions are extracted from the multiplets of states resulting from the $ \pi$ p3/2 $ \nu$ d5/2 and $ \pi$ f5/2 $ \nu$ d5/2 configurations. The empirical values of the latter are discussed and compared to those known in two similar configurations having jp = jn with lp = ln + 1 , where the role of the tensor force had been highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 81, 82, 83, 85Se nuclei have been produced as fission fragments in the fusion reaction 18O + 208Pb at 85MeV bombarding energy and studied with the Euroball IV array. Their high-spin level schemes have been built from the triple $ \gamma$ -ray coincidence data and $ \gamma$ - $ \gamma$ angular correlations have been analyzed in order to assign spin and parity values to many observed states. The lowest-spin states of the two-neutron and three-neutron configurations are strongly mixed with two-proton excitations among the fp orbits. On the other hand, the highest-spin states of these neutron configurations are found to remain almost pure. Neutron excitation across the N = 50 gap is observed both in 83Se49 and in 85Se51 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 84, 85Br nuclei have been produced as fission fragments in the fusion reaction 18O + 208Pb at 85MeV bombarding energy and studied with the Euroball IV array. The high-spin states of the odd-odd 84Br nucleus have been identified for the first time, the observed structure being built on the known 6- isomeric state. High-spin states of 85Br have been observed up to 5.4MeV excitation energy and spin I ∼ 21/2. From angular correlation analysis, spin values have been assigned to most of the 85Br excited states up to 4MeV. None of these excited states has been found to exhibit a delayed decay having T 1/2 > 10ns. All the observed states in 84, 85Br can be described by various proton excitations involving at least the two sub-shells ( π f 5/2 and π p 3/2) located just above the Z = 28 shell closure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 87Kr nucleus has been produced as fission fragment in the fusion reaction 18O + 208Pb at 85MeV bombarding energy and studied with the Euroball IV array. High-spin states of this neutron-rich isotope have been identified for the first time. Its level scheme has been obtained up to 6.3MeV excitation energy and spin I ∼ 23/2ℏ. Its structure is interpreted by analogy with those of the heavier isotones. The proposed configurations involve both proton and neutron excitations from several sub-shells located close to the Fermi levels, particularly ν d 5/2, π p 3/2 f 5/2 and π g 9/2. Moreover, a revised spin value of 5/2- for the 87Br ground state is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The84Se nucleus has been produced as fission fragment in the fusion reaction18O +208Pb at 85MeV bombarding energy and studied with the Euroball IV array. Medium-spin states of this neutron-rich isotope have been identified for the first time. Its level scheme has been obtained up to 4.9MeV excitation energy and spinI~ 7?. Its structure is interpreted by analogy with those of the stable heavier isotones. The evolution of the energy of theN= 50 neutron-core excitation is discussed as a function of the proton number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-spin states from the three-quasiparticle (3qp) configuration &paig9/2vh211/2 in the neutronrich 49In isotopes have been studied in the framework of shell model calculation. The two-body residual interactions needed for such calculations have been extracted from the level schemes of neighbouring nuclei. In particular, the evolution of the proton-neutron &paig9/2vh211/2 interaction has been analyzed as a function of the neutron number. When the gradual filling of the vh211/2 sub-shell is taken into account, the results of the 3qp configuration calculations are found to be very close to the experimental positive-parity yrast states located above 2 MeV excitation energy in 113-121In. Moreover, several long-lived isomeric states with positive parity are predicted in 123, 125, 127In. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-spin states in 108,110Pd isotopes are studied by γ-ray spectroscopy of heavy-ion-induced fission. The Pd isotopes are produced in the fission channel of the 31P + 176Yb reaction at beam energy 152 MeV. The prompt γ-rays are detected with the EUROBALL4 multidetector array. The yrast states of 108,110Pd have been observed above the region of the first backbend. The level scheme of 108Pd was extended with a new negative-parity band. The yrast sequence in 110Pd is observed up to spin I = 14+ and negative-parity bands have also been identified. The back bending in these even-mass Pd isotopes is associated with the alignment of the neutron (h11/2)² pair. The negative-parity states arise from two neutron configurations vh11/2 ⊗ vg7/2 and vh11/2 ⊗ vd5/2 and they are interpreted in the frame of two-quasiparticle + rotor model as semidecoupled bands. The observed experimental staggering in the γ-bands of 108,110Pd supports the theoretical predictions for γ-instability of their shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 110,112 Rh and 114',16Ag nuclei have been produced as fission fragments in the fusion reaction 18 + 208Pb at 85 MeV. Their level schemes have been built from gamma-rays detected using the Euroball IV array. High-spin states of these neutron-rich nuclei have been identified for the first time. The yrast structures consist of rotational bands in which the odd proton occupies the πg9/2 sub-shell and the odd neutron the vh11/2 sub-shell. The evolution of the πg9/2 ® vh11/2 band structure is analyzed as a function of the neutron number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three different Artificial Neural Network architectures have been applied to perform neutron/ γ discrimination in neda based on waveform and time-of-flight information. Using the coincident γ -rays from agata , we have been able to measure and compare on real data the performances of the Artificial Neural Networks as classifiers. While the general performances are quite similar for the data set we used, differences, in particular related to the computing times, have been highlighted. One of the Artificial Neural Network architecture has also been found more robust to time misalignment of the waveforms. Such a feature is of great interest for online processing of waveforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the results of an experiment, realized with the EUROBALL IV spectrometer, in which superdeformed (SD) states have been populated in 197,198Pb nuclei. Crosstalk transitions between two signature partner SD bands in 197Pb have been observed with an established Mi character, giving access to the magnetic properties of the v[752]5/2 intruder orbital. Six new SD bands have been identified in 197,198Pb. The results are interpreted in the framework of cranked Hartree-Fock calculations. A mixing between quasi-particle excitations and an octupole vibration is suggested in the two SD isotopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]