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Fluorine modified surfaces and interphases offer a unique combination of functionalities making them very attractive for a broad spectrum of industrial applications from flexible electronics to membranes, textile industry and even drug and medical packaging industry. These highly demanding characteristics include oleophobicity, (super)hydrophobicity, chemical inertness, antibacterial and tribological properties. This project investigates the feasibility to apply a novel technological platform, based on an atmospheric pressure glow-like plasma, for a cost effective, environment friendly in-line fluorination process. The main aim of this project is to create know-how on super-hydrophobic and oleophobic surfaces by means of roll-to-roll atmospheric pressure plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (AP-PECVD) for fat and dirt repelling purposes. Therefore, all possible mechanisms namely grafting, deposition and etching are studied by using Fujifilm’s roll-to-roll atmospheric plasma process. Promising surface characteristics were obtained by fluorination as the result of the project. Plasma grafting can be considered as especially high throughput and low cost method of rapid surface functionalization. High hydrophobicity (122 degrees) and oleophobicity (55 degrees) for grafting was demonstrated in very short plasma treatment times (0.09 seconds treatment time) which is faster than the reported values in literature. Moreover, the surface free energy of PET was decreased from 46 dynes/cm2 to 14 dynes/cm2 (low surface free energy, which is the indication of hydrophobic character of the surface) after fluorination. This value was even lowered down to 6 dynes/cm2 for the grafting process on roughened PET surfaces. These low values around 10-15 dynes/cm2 are considered highly hydrophobic in the literature and the obtained surface free energy values in this project are even lower than the mentioned literature values. During plasma polymerisation studies, remarkably high deposition rates (2600 nm/min and 1500 nm/min for high and low power plasma treatments respectively) were obtained by CxFy plasma treatment at atmospheric conditions and room temperature. The deposited layers have high hydrophobicity and oleophobicity with the values of 110 to 125 degrees for water contact angle and 65 to 70 degrees for oil or hexadecane contact angle. Hydrophobicity was even enhanced by adding CmHnSi compound to the fluorinated feed gas and water contact angle increased to 140 degrees. Resulting surface free energies were also found for CxFy deposition studies as 13 dynes/cm2 which is highly hydrophobic. In etching part, proof of principle studies were performed on SiO2 which is an important material widely used especially in microelectronic and photonics industries. It was found that the selective etch rate of fluorinated precursor on SiO2 was very high with the value of around 1270 nm/min for not optimized conditions. All the results obtained through the year project confirm the compatibility of Fujifilm’s atmospheric pressure in line roll-to-roll plasma system on the main three fluorination mechanisms. According to the obtained performance for hydrophobicity and oleophobicity, which are comparable with PTFE, known as teflon, Fujifilm’s plasma system can compete with conventional plasma systems operated at either vacuum or atmospheric conditions.

The company Bradford Engineering is a supplier of reaction wheels which control the fine movement of satellites in flight. However, one set of reaction wheels for an ESA spacecraft showed that the existing design requires further technology consolidation. The fitst concern is that, reaction wheel induced disturbances, in the form of micro-vibrations, increase two to three times in amplitude after a qualification load. The second concern is that, the bearings after long term usage might be no longer well lubricated, and large micro-vibrations as well as frictions might be generated in this condition. These increases of micro-vibration would reduce the accuracy of observation made over great distances. In the first part, the evolution of the micro-vibration with respect to environmental and mechanical loads is studied. The critical test, which makes the micro-vibration increase, is found, and the damaged bearing component is identified by the micro-vibration analysis. In the second part, the long term oil loss in the reaction wheel is estimated. The oil absorption of the cotton phenolic cage, or ball retainer, is expected to be the most significant source of the oil loss. To estimate the oil uptake in the material, the oil absorption data are fitted with mathematical models, and the time to saturate and the saturation mass are obtained from the calculation. These results help understand the causes of micro-vibration’s evolution and improve the future reaction wheel design.

The metrology tool YieldStar measures overlay on-product. Homogeneity and brightness of the illumination limit the accuracy of overlay measurements. Recent trends in the integrated circuit industry forecast a reduction in power throughput of overlay targets of a factor ten. This requires a substantial increase of brightness on the sample to further guarantee sufficient accuracy. The YieldStar uses a light source, which is already optimized for high power output. Further improvements can be made by design changes in the optical track of the illumination. Currently, brightness is often sacrificed for the sake of illumination homogeneity. An example is the Optical Pupil Symmetrizer, which transmits only 40% of the light but greatly reduces pupil asymmetry. Therefore, alternative solutions for improving homogeneity can mean a substantial gain in transmission. Two feasibility studies were performed and are described in this document:  Beam homogenization with chaotic mixing rods  Beam shaping with non-imaging optics We developed techniques to develop beam homogenizers and analyze their performance with respect to homogeneity and asymmetry in the YieldStar. The created mixing rod design maintains pupil asymmetry and outperforms the OPS in terms of field homogeneity (100x) and transmission (2x). It can be produced as an optical fiber, which can be interfaced with an existing YieldStar machine. A software tool for designing optics with the purpose of beam shaping was created. This software enhances the toolbox of optical engineers for devising illumination systems. We demonstrated that it can be used to improve stability in the illumination of the YieldStar. Concerning beam homogenizers, we recommend pursuing tests on a YieldStar system to determine the benefit with respect to Total Measurement Uncertainty. Further development on illumination optics and the software tool is advised. A mature and versatile design tool promises simpler and more efficient optical systems.

In this report the finalization of the design and the assembly of an catheter to improve the detection of bladder cancer is described. The catheter works with Optical Coherence Tomography, which allows it to provide real-time, high resolution, cross sectional 2D images of the tissue behind the bladder wall. By providing these images the catheter allows a more accurate real time diagnosis of bladder cancer. Next to the assembly of the catheter, a business development plan is described which is focused on the necessary actions that have to be taken to put this catheter in the market.

This report covers the work of a one year project presented to Eindhoven University of Technology towards the degree of Professional Doctorate in Engineering in Design and Technology of Instrumentation. The project is performed at, and in request of, the Amsterdam department of Edwards Lifesciences. Edwards Lifesciences is the global leader in patient-focused medical innovations for structural heart disease, as well as Critical Care and Surgical Monitoring. Driven by a passion to help patients, the company collaborates with the world’s leading clinicians and researchers to address unmet healthcare needs, working to improve patient outcomes and enhance lives. The Amsterdam office, known as Edwards Lifesciences BMEYE, was a spin-off from TNO that developed volume clamp blood pressure measurement devices (Nexfin). BMEYE was acquired by Edwards Lifesciences in 2012. Now the Amsterdam office is in transition to become an early stage research and development department of Edwards Lifesciences, mainly regarding non-invasive blood pressure measurement. Edwards Lifesciences is dedicated, not only to providing new innovative solutions, but also to strengthening its core by keep improving their current technologies. This project is executed in that mindset. During the project basic principles regarding the volume clamp technology were further investigated. This involved diving deep into multi-spectral light-tissue interaction, research and design of finger cuffs and development of photo-plethysmography measurement devices. The measurement results is where literature, physiology and design parameters come together. This is where the need for structured data analysis and clarifying visualization arises to gain knowledge from this complex material.

The Yenisei project was defined by Color CNTRL Research B.V. to implement the white state stability of their electro-osmotic technology. For this project the focus was on smart windows and color panels as potential products. This one-year project was performed by an external specialist from the Technical University of Eindhoven. The white state stability issue was defined as a drop in the perceived transmittance of a display when the driving voltage is switched off. It is desired that the display transmittance remains the same or decreases gently, achieving a drop in the white state not visible for the human eye. Strict specifications for the transmittance drop were defined. The deliverables of the project were set as verified and tested solutions to this technological challenge. No chemistry related solutions were taken into consideration. During the course of the project, 10 solutions were proposed from which 7 were selected for testing. One of the tested solutions was ”driving with constant voltage”. The solution suggests that a gradual decrease of the driving voltage slows down the drop in transmittance of the white state. One key outcome of this solution was the fact that only the half of the standard diving voltage is needed to keep the transparent state of a display, which means 5 times less power consumption.

Are the goals set by the European Union for 2020, or the recent Conference of Parties (COP21) in Paris, for new buildings or renovation of old buildings enough to tackle the built environment’s impact on climate change? In order to reach an energy neutral built environment, new and renovated buildings could produce more energy than they consume to compensate for existing buildings for which there are no renovation plans. Such an approach should produce high margins for built environment enterprises, either with the energy service company (ESCO) approach, or by higher selling prices, due to the reduced life cycle costs of their buildings. The energy transition towards sustainability could be achieved faster. Society would also benefit by actively participating in transition towards sustainability, by enabling energy-efficient houses to reach positive energy margins by adapting their energy consuming behaviour. But how can built environment enterprises design and build surplus energy buildings? Which new technologies would fit and provide added value to building development projects? Would the design for surplus energy built environments at community level be more socially and financially attractive? To answer these questions, in this study a strategy towards the design of a surplus energy built environment has been developed by using the communities of Heijmans ONE residences as a case study. In addition, the design results of this applied research have been utilized for the development of business plans for commercial exploitation by Heijmans N.V.

Customers of ASML are currently concerned about the availability and wafer edge yield performance of their immersion system. Both of these concerns can, at least in part, be traced back to contamination build-up on the top surface of the wafer table (WT) on which the wafer is clamped during scanning. When a contamination particle is trapped between the WT top surface and the wafer, the wafer will locally bulge up. This in turn leads to focus and overlay issues and a subsequently yield loss. Contamination on WT can be, either organic or inorganic. The organic type is coming from wafer material where the inorganic one is from the WT substrate and oxide particles mainly. For the organic contamination, photoresist materials are non-crosslinked where the BARC are crosslinked. In order to maintain a sufficient overlay and focus performance, the contamination on the WT needs to be removed by cleaning the WF periodically. This is done either by an in-situ cleaning method (called Spotless 2) or by shifting out the wafer stage and performing a manual WT clean (super soak). Both methods lead to machine down-time, but especially the manual WT cleaning creates a large availability hit. Currently cleaning WT contaminations causes roughly 2% availability hit, where the set goal by ASML is maximum of 0.5%. Understanding on the cleaning efficiency of various liquid agents (DI water, ethanol, IPA, RER and Acetone) in super soak procedures in order to remove the organic contamination including photoresist and BARC was the main aim of this project. In order to cover possible parameters for cleaning efficiency of the WT organic contamination, three main factors considered, i.e., materials, cleaning agents and cleaning methods. The first factor was materials to clean. It was known than the organic contamination is caused by several wafer processing both from the top side and back side of the wafers. Thus, the organic contaminates found in NXT immersion systems were addressed. Further the materials, should be reproducible for each and every experiment. Using WT’s for experimental purposes would cost enormously and also minimize the number of experiments and most importantly it was not conclusive due to non-homogenized distribution of contaminates on the WT surfaces. Therefore, two types of photoresists and BARCs polymer were used as experimental material. The second factor was cleaning agents. Over 628 liquids were scanned to find their best solubility match with the organic polymers. The Hansen model was used to compute the compatibility of the solvent vs polymers. Then, based on the solubility ratio, 66 liquids were in range. Lastly, due to availability, common use of liquid agents in both ASML and customer cleanroom and customer indicate five liquids that were selected. For each liquid, a dilution factor (100% or 25%) was examined as well. The third factor was acceleration methods, matrix combination of soaking time, temperature, ultra-sonication and mechanical force to each type of organic polymer. The results confirm that the Hansen Model is working properly to predict removal of the organic contamination, i.e., photoresist (non-crosslinked polymer), but BARC (crosslinked) followed different mechanism from the test samples. Removing non crosslinked material is much easier as the solvent will diffuse in the polymer irreversibly and in-homogenously. For removing BARC drastic solvent(s) are required such as sulfuric acid, to break the infinite polymeric network of the material. Also mechanical force will assist removal of the material. The experiments support acetone as a very useful agent to remove both type of contamination. For photoresist acetone directly diffuse of but out of place heterogeneously into the polymer. For BARC, it penetrates in to the polymeric network and makes it swells, thus internal stress increases that by rubbing and mechanical force the polymeric network peels off completely. The experiments also confirm; IPA can remove non crosslinked polymers with mechanical force. RER also is a very successful agent to remove photoresist. Ethanol have a random pattern for removing photoresist. DI water, was not successful to remove neither for photoresist nor for BARC. Sulfuric acid can break the BARC polymeric chain with in a second.

Roll-to-roll (R2R) web handling technique has been widely used in traditional industry such as paper printing. Two great advantages of R2R are the production high throughput and usability for flexible substrates. Therefore the innovation development proposes this R2R concept for printed electronics application. For manufacture of the products such as OLED and display, the web handling accuracy below 1 um is the most challenging requirement. The systematic model is required to understand and to predict dynamics in the R2R mechanics and to assist the mechanical design in the future. The aim of this project is developing the modelling tools in Matlab software and validating the model by tests on the integration machine. The methodology of the modelling is dividing the dynamics problem in 2 degrees of freedoms. In the web direction, the web is simplified as one-dimensional spring. The investigation is focus on the relations between web speed and tension, and resonance frequency for controllability. In the lateral direction, the web can be modelled as two-dimensional curved beam concerning the shearing effect at the web edge. This model can be used to predict the lateral displacement propogation and steering effectivity. Finally, the model of mechanics is modified with realistic limits and effects from the processing. After achieving the verified model, the experiments for model validation are designed based on the integration machine. The tests aim to validate the parameter value, model assumptions and realistic modifications. The last part of this project is the application of modelling tools. The performance and design specifications for building block components are determined based on the model calculation. The design specifications are further translated as the key parameters in the hardware checklist. Utilizing the simulation tools, some guideline criteria are provides for the future mechanical design and the risks such as wrinkles formation are preliminary analyzed and visualized in the simulation. This report ends with suggstions for future work in two aspects, modelling improvement and machine design.

Diabetes has been shown to lead to neuronal damage in the eye, specifically in the transparent front part of the eye, the cornea, and in the light sensitive layer in the inner part of the eye, the retina. Complications of type II Diabetes manifest themselves in these tissues as changes in the amount and structure of neural tissue. The amount of nerve tissue in the cornea and retina can be quantified by measuring the amount of nerves and the thickness of the neural layers in the cornea and retina, respectively. This quantification can nowadays be performed automatically. However, the automated methods that have been developed for this purpose have never been validated on large datasets and in many cases they have not been used outside of the group that developed the method. There is evidence that the neurodegenerative effects of Diabetes can already be detected at an early stage of the disease. This implies that measurements of neuronal damage, e.g. nerve quantity, could be used for early detection of type II Diabetes. Nerve quantity can be determined in the cornea using confocal microscopy (CCM), and in the retina using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Therefore there is potential for these two imaging techniques to be used as screening instruments for type II Diabetes. The Maastricht Study (DMS) is a large-scale epidemiological study focused on learning more about type II Diabetes, including the disease’s cause(s), complications and strategies for prevention. Amongst other measurements, confocal microscopy and OCT were included in the Maastricht Study. The purpose of the present project was to find out whether confocal microscopy and OCT can be used as screening tools for type II Diabetes, by analyzing the data of the Maastricht Study using automated image analysis software platforms. In order to achieve this goal, a framework had to be created to enable the analysis of the data, and in addition the automated analysis methods had to be validated. As part of this project, three automated analysis methods for corneal images as well as three automated analysis methods for retinal images were validated. Prior to validation the framework for each of these analysis methods was designed. In addition, the measurements themselves were validated by analyzing reproducibility data and performing measurement system analyses. Medium sized datasets (100-200 participants) were used to validate the analysis software platforms. Using the results generated by the different analysis methods, the differences between individuals with and without type II Diabetes were assessed. Finally, the results of the corneal and retinal measurements were combined in a basic multivariate analysis to find out whether combining the two techniques would provide additional value in predicting type II Diabetes. The results from both the cornea and retina analysis confirmed that there are indeed differences in the quantity of the nerve tissue of individuals with and without type II Diabetes. However, the differences are relatively small (up to 10% of the average), with greatly overlapping distributions for the healthy and type II Diabetes groups. When the results of the corneal and retinal analysis were combined into a multivariate analysis, the two groups became somewhat better distinguishable from each other, but still there is a large overlap between them. In addition, the measurement system analysis showed that the spread of individual measurements is very high compared to the difference between groups, which renders both techniques unsuitable to make definite statements about whether an individual has type II Diabetes or not. The main conclusion of the project therefore is that confocal microscopy of the cornea and OCT of the retina are not qualified to be used as screening instruments for type II Diabetes on an individual level. The techniques may still be of value for epidemiological research studying the effects of type II Diabetes on a group level. The validation of the automated corneal and retinal analysis method resulted in information on the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and in the end recommendations on which methods are most suitable for image analysis in an epidemiological framework were made.

Edwards Lifesciences, based in Irvine, Califonia, is the global leader in patient-focused medical innovations for structural heart disease, as well as critical care and surgical monitoring. The Amsterdam head-quarters, BMEYE, is the non-invasive innovation center for Edwards Lifesciences. BMEYE was a spin-off from TNO that developed Nexfin, a Volume Clamp blood pressure measurement device. In 2012, BMEYE was acquired by Edwards Lifesciences and now functions as a research and development department, mainly regarding non-invasive blood pressure measurement for critical care facilities. The main product at Edwards BMEYE is the ClearSight system, a monitoring device enabling access to advanced hemodynamic parameters by wrapping an inflatable cuff around a patient’s finger and measuring arterial blood pressure. The measurement of the arterial pressure waveform at the finger with this technology was introduced in the early 1980s. Because the method enabled for the first time a reliable measurement of the beat-to-beat blood pressure signal in a noninvasive manner, it was welcomed as a long-awaited step forward in the measurement of blood pressure. Currently, the requirement specifications of the ClearSight system, defined more than 30 years ago, have not been updated with the latest scientific and technical advances. Therefore, the existence of this project is to provide a modern and improved control system to target a broader patient population, in which the current implementation occasionally fails. The objective of this document is to report the entire design process of developing an optimal controller for the ClearSight system. Starting by redefining the requirement specification based on available literature and company knowledge. Depending on the area of application of the blood pressure monitoring device, the specifications may vary and become stricter, henceforth, different end-users have been distinguished. After selecting the appropriate target area, their requirements are properly translated into specification values. With regard to the controller, two modes of operation are defined: pressure loop and plethysmograph loop. First, the pressure loop is analyzed, since the components in this loop are also part of the plethysmograph loop. A system identification of the plant to control is conducted in order to derive a model in terms of control systems. This estimated model is later validated through different identification methods. After a detailed motivation of choice regarding the most suitable optimal control methods is presented, a LQG algorithm is chosen. This controller is designed and tuned in order to meet the new set of requirement specifications. Simulations in MATLAB of the optimally controlled pressure loop show that the new controller doubles the bandwidth of the current controller. Moreover, it provides stability under all tested conditions. Next, a similar process of system identification and optimal control design is applied to the plethysmograph loop. Because this loop involves finger physiology on top of the non-linearities present at the pressure loop, it has not been rigorously analyzed in the past. Initial simulation results of the system to control go in accordance with modeling assumptions made at the company. Furthermore, the promising system identification results do establish a common knowledge for further development. Finally, modifications of the LQG controller to become an adaptive controller are recommended for guaranteed performance. Opportunities after a successful optimal control implementation lead to higher quality waveforms more suitable for fields outside of the clinical area, such as research area and expanding the product capabilities. Ultimately, this leads to more successful measurements in a broader patient population and allow a more robust device, generating more expertise knowledge to develop future technology.

Digitale data vormen de basis van het ‘Erasmus MC-kapitaal’. De relatie tussen data en de interpretatie hiervan levert veel informatie op. Informatie leidt tot kennis en kennis leidt tot innovatie. Een goede kwaliteit van data is daarbij een vereiste. In dit verslag wordt het ontwerp van een proces beschreven waarmee de waarde van data vastgesteld en desgewenst verhoogd kunnen worden. Het doel hiervan is om de kwaliteit en integriteit van de data die naar de nieuwe zorgsuite worden gemigreerd, te meten, waar nodig te verbeteren en waarborgen. Het ontwerp is tot stand gekomen door gebruik te maken van literatuurstudies, interviews met collega’s en medewerkers van het Erasmus MC, interne beleidsdocumenten, onderzoek naar externe kennis en “best practices” die binnen andere organisaties toegepast worden, en het raadplegen van 2 externe consultants. De verkregen informatie zorgde uiteindelijk voor het ontwerpen van twee alternatieve processen waarvan één, na een keuze van de opdrachtgever, verder uitgewerkt werd tot een definitief ontwerp dat vervolgens werd geïmplementeerd. De implementatie van het definitieve ontwerp heeft geleid tot de volgende belangrijke conclusies: - Het belang van de datakwaliteit wordt nog niet ingezien op het tactische en operationele niveau van de organisatie. - Er ontbreken de juiste rollen en verantwoordelijkheden die het mandaat en de resources kunnen regelen om de kwaliteit van de data te kunnen verbeteren. - De business is niet altijd betrokken bij het proces. - Er is een gebrek aan samenwerking met andere processen binnen de organisatie om de kwaliteit van de data te kunnen waarborgen. - De metadata zijn niet gestandaardiseerd en niet altijd binnen de organisatie beschikbaar. De belangrijkstee aanbevelingen om ervoor te zorgen dat implementatie van het definitieve ontwerp betere resultaten kan opleveren en ook gewaarborgd blijven, zijn als volgt: - De organisatie dient goede preventieve, detectieve en correctieve maatregelen te nemen om vervuiling van de data te kunnen voorkomen, vinden en opschonen. - De organisatie moet de juiste rollen en verantwoordelijkheden duidelijk definiëren en toekennen met betrekking tot de kwaliteit van de data. - De organisatie moet de juiste kennishouders van de data bij elkaar brengen om de kwaliteitseisen van de data goed te kunnen definiëren. - Er moeten Erasmus MC-brede metadata aanwezig zijn bij het beschrijven van de datakwaliteitseisen.

Electrical shavers have been around for more than 50 years, and various hair cutting mechanisms have been invented and implemented in real products. From user feedbacks, hair-pulling sometimes occurs during shaving, which has an adverse impact on user satisfaction. Due to the demands of having an objective measurement tool with well-controlled experiment parameters, a novel measurement system for characterizing hair cutting quality is proposed in this report. From the CTQ (Critical to Quality) flow-down, the design parameters of a hair-pulling event can be categorized into four parts: cutter, lamella, and target hair. Starting from the analysis, the concepts for cutting quality measurement are developed accordingly. According to previous studies, unfortunately, there is a large variation in the tests which resulted from the conditions of hair, e.g. supply and skew angles, cut-off length, and mechanical properties of hair. Moreover, from the videos of high speed camera, we can find hair has an abnormal movement if it is a bad quality cut. Hence, it is also important to simulate hair anchorage on a human skin in order to re-create the abnormal movement during cutting process and to have a well-controlled positioning. Based on the demands and the requirements fo control the hair feeding conditions, four concepts have been developed, and the concept of hair pulling force measurement with controlled hair feeding system is chosen due to its high score in the concept selection process. With respect to the winning concept, a novel hair feeding system has been developed, in which: 1. The hair feeding angles can be controlled by using a gimbal 2. The location to feed a hair can be adjusted by using linear stages 3. The cutter leg position can be detected 4. Within 2 ms, a hair of 870um can be fed 5. The spring constant of the a real human hair anchorage can be simulated 6. Hair pulling force can be measured during shaving test The results of the system quality check shows that under the some condtion of hair feeding angle and position, repeatable measurement results can be expected.

With the introduction of MEMS miniaturization technology a new class of ultrasound transducers i.e. micro machined ultrasound transducers (MUTs) is promising to overcome the short comings of the conventional transducers. These MUTs represent a novel approach to ultrasound generation and detection and the same principle is being used in our wearable ultrasound devices. Such MUTs are the subject matter of this investigation. The report deals with the characterization of MEMS devices resulting in the optical and electrical data on their performance. The characterization results show a variation of 20% in resonance frequency and an order of magnitude in displacement. Irregularities in MEMS device processing resulted in such large discrepancies. But these results lead to the recommendations regarding the preferable type of devices for future analysis. MEMS devices with slits are preferred over closed membrane devices due to the consistency in their vibrational characteristics. It is also believed they are capable to handle the pressure exerted during moulding when performing the packaging unlike closed membranes. Further, based on the discussions with suppliers two packaging flows, one for industrial production and another for in-house experimental processing, are proposed. PDMS is chosen as a suitable material for in-house trails due to its biocompatibility and material properties matching the packaging requirements. For low volume industrial production a suitable packaging concept is designed after consulting MEMS packaging companies. With respect to packaging, at this moment wire bonding of MEMS devices is complete and PDMS overmoulding of devices is in progress.

TNO works on developing safety critical automated driving functions. This study aims to address the problem of integrating functional safety into the development process and the way of working of TNO. The ISO 26262 standard is used as the reference for functional safety in this study. This problem can be addressed from different aspects. Namely, development process, methodology, tools, and system architecture are the aspects that have been considered in this research. This project is divided into two major phases: Methodology design, and Case study phases. The design problem is tackled during the Methodology design phase. To solve the design problem, the CAFCR method is implicitly used. In the Case study phase the proposed solutions are tested in a small scale case study in order to validate applicability of the results. As part of the Design methodology phase of this project, the problem of integrating functional safety in TNO’s way of working is analyzed in more detail. Specifically, the two sides of the problem, i.e. ISO 26262 and TNO’s way of working are analyzed in this chapter. The significant aspects of the two sides are combined and connected using CAFCR method. These aspects are converted into requirements which can be used for designing the methodology. This phase resulted in Functional Safety Methodology (FSM), which combines the proposed integrated design process, and Architecture Framework for Functional Safety (A2FS). Furthermore, in the second phase of this project, i.e. the Case study phase, the proposed solutions put into test in practice. A small-scale project has been chosen to act as the pilot project. The case study showed promising results for the methods.

This report presents the EV-user scenario as an use-case of a hyper-connected environment. The need for efforts on standardisation in the IoT world is explained with a detailed view of the software architecture to achieve it.

The use of models to conceptualize systems is an important part of the process of building Cyber Physical Systems. While designing such systems, which are in general a multi-disciplinary activity, multiple designers are involved in the design decisions. Those decisions most likely are not captured and eventually forgotten after a period. The Design Framework is a visual modeling tool that aims to help architects and designers to documents the design rationales besides the design artifacts. It also helps them to collaborate to design a system together in a multidisciplinary environment. The Design Framework is at the level of a good prototype, but it is not ready for operational application by end-users in industry. One of the main issues with the Design Framework system is a sub-optimal code structure due to the lack of proper design and development approach. The assignment therefore is to reverse engineer the current design of the Design Framework and to come up with a new design. In order to maintain a system in use, presence of a test framework is necessary. Since the Design Framework is used in a multi-disciplinary environment, an improvement in the multi-user support of the system is also needed. In the first part of this report, the redesign of the Design Framework is discussed. To redesign the Design Frame-work, a number of refactoring techniques are applied. As a result, the code complexity is reduced, therefore the maintenance is increased. The second part of the assignment includes multi-user support and testability. The Design Framework manages the changes to design descriptions and maintains the history of the design artifacts. In this respect, it operates similar to version control systems. In the multi-user part of this report, the version controlling aspect of the Design Framework is described and synchronization of data for multi-user is elaborated. Finally some multi-user features are improved and developed. In the testability part of this report, the test support is described. A set of unit tests and end-to-end tests including the test for multi-user support is implemented. Provided test sets and the approaches used to setup test environment makes the Design Framework more stable and maintainable.

Predicting Burglaries and Other Incidents (PBOI) is a project to estimate the possibilities of burglary at a given location at a specified time duration. Crime prediction using fixed-location observation points are being used by police. Prediction using location-independent methods, which use a variety of environmental and other additional sources (data), is currently being explored by researchers. PBOI is a pilot-project to study the feasibility of estimating burglaries using machine learning methods, which uses data from Interpolis/Achmea, Dutch police, TNO and a number of open data sources. PBOI uses open-source tools to import, analyze, generate a model (using data), and generate predictions. The model is generated using a machine learning algorithm. The algorithm is used to model systems from historic data, which can be mapped to non-parametric functions with independent variables. Based on the findings and a comparative study, the special algorithm performs better than others on the crime prediction domain. The predictions are populated on a map, which can help police and insurance professionals, to make informed decisions and to avoid burglaries and inform clients respectively.

Currently in Philips Lighting there is no tool that allows users to interact with a simulated lighting system and that, in real time, shows the effects of that interaction in a visually at-tractive way. Until recently, creating such a tool was not possible due to hardware limitations. However, recently with the increase of hardware capabilities in small computers and the improvements done in world simulations by gaming companies, it is possible to create such a tool that can be executed in a business computer. Simulight aims to be the first iteration of such an interactive lighting simulation tool. The results of the project shows that a simulation made in a game engine connected to a commissioning tool is in-deed a feasible and valuable project for Philips Lighting.

The project’s goal is to evaluate the author as a software designer, while providing ASML with a modern approach in designing CPD applications, which are used in an ASML machine to perform calibrations, diagnostics and performance tests. This report contains the design solution as well as a description of the process that led there. Therefore, in addition to the new design, the domain, project management conclusions, and retrospective are explained in corresponding chapters.

This report describes the design and implementation of a repository generation tool that is used to generate repositories from domain models of the ASML TWINSCAN system. The TWINSCAN system handles a huge volume of data. In the current TWINSCAN SW Architecture, data transfer is combined with control flow. Data transfer to a component that is not under the sender’s control must be performed through a common parent in the hierarchy. There are several problems with this approach with respect to execution, encapsulation, and locality of change. These problems drive the need to separate data, control, and algorithms of the scanner’s software architecture. To tackle these problems, the main objective of this project was to design and implement a repository generation tool for generating data repositories from domain models. The structure of this data is defined by a domain model in an implementation independent formalism. The tool supports several flavors of repositories. As a result of the flexibility of the architecture, it is possible to switch between technologies and implementation patterns without touching domain models. The repository generation tool is tested through continues architecture and design reviews by supervisors, unit tests, and tests by stakeholders in the real environment. The results obtained in this project are being used in an active ASML project within the Metrology group. The results have improved productivity and increased efficiency.

Philips Lighting is moving from a lighting component business towards lighting solutions business in professional environments, offering lighting solutions for energy saving, productivity and effect creation. In these solutions (consisting of light sources, sensors and control devices) networked based systems are essential and software makes it possible to add intelligence into the system. Reliability aspects at system level are getting more important and architectural analysis is done during brainstorm sessions to evaluate possible system architecture candidates on reliability criteria. It is crucial that the reliability of the architectures is evaluated more formally, for example based on a model of each of the architectural candidates. This report describes the design, the implementation, and the experimentation with such a method that predicts the reliability and other non-functional criteria of the architecture candidates. Lighting entities, their attributes, behavior, and relationships are the core of evaluating a system on reliability criteria. This approach relies heavily on modeling principle. The results of the project show whether such an approach can been used to determine and evaluate an architecture candidate, and give input on how architecture evaluation can be done in the future.

Today’s Process-Aware Information Systems (PAIS) logs huge amount of data. The data contains a set of activities that are actual executed with in a business process. For example place a request for unemployment claim or pay compensation. This is a starting point for doing the analysis of a business process using Process Mining techniques. In Process Mining, one technique named LogOnMapReplay, which is dynamically visualizing the executed business processes by producing a process movie. This tool is a prototype that’s why it comes along with various limitations and missing functionalities. This report describes the steps taken to overcome the limitations of the tool. It also describes design and implementation of various functionalities developed on LogOnMapReplay tool. This report also describes an evaluation conducted on UWV unemployment business process to find the usefulness and intuitiveness of the tool.

Patient information is often complex and fragmented; visualization can help to obtain and communicate insights. To move from paper medical records to interactive and visual patient records is a big challenge. This project aims to move towards this ultimate goal by providing an interactive prototype application, centered around a visualization of a 3D body. The application is used to visualize the main events of a case study of a woman with breast cancer. The application is implemented in Unity3D Game Engine; JavaScript, HTML, and CSS together with an API, written in PHP; and a MySQL database.