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A dynamic business environment and intense competition require companies to create numerous incentives for consumers to keep them loyal. Various incentives are available to marketing managers. Their combination depends on the company's goals on the one hand and consumer characteristics on the other. Loyalty programs have traditionally been based on financial incentives aimed at the average consumer. The means on which modern loyalty programs are based are more diverse and complex, and are often based on information technology. They are focused on personalization, that is, the creation of incentives for the individual consumer and the dominant provision of hedonic and symbolic values. The goal of such programs is consumer loyalty to the company/brand, not to the program itself. Starting from the differences between traditional and modern consumer loyalty programs, the author's intention in the paper is to investigate the impact of both programs on consumer loyalty. The impact of traditional programs on consumer loyalty was investigated through financial benefits, flexibility and program reliability, and the impact of modern loyalty programs through personalization, social benefits and gamification. Additionally, the paper analyzed the moderating role of gender and age as consumer demographic characteristics on the degree of loyalty to the program itself and loyalty to the company/brand. Identified relationships between the investigated variables enabled a comparison with the results of existing research and the formulation of recommendations necessary for managing consumer loyalty.

In this article, the author has examined an extraordinary legal remedy which is the last defence of legality, the request for the protection of legality in the positive criminal procedure legislation of the Republic of Serbia. The principle of legality is one of the foundational principles of the legal system, which also helps to achieve the basic purpose of criminal procedure, i.e., that no innocent person is convicted and that perpetrators are sentenced under the conditions prescribed by criminal law based on a legal and fairly conducted procedure (Article 1, paragraph 1 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Serbia). In this manner, the request for the protection of legality, as an extraordinary legal remedy, gains in importance. The subject of the article is an analysis of the theoretical conceptions and positive law solutions in the criminal procedure legislation of the Republic of Serbia, as well as the application of the request for the protection of legality in practice, bearing in mind that the request for the protection of legality has undergone the most significant changes, some of which have raised contentious issues, and in such a situation judicial practice deserves special attention because it will play a key role.

Modern marketing practice has shown that consumers are loyal to brands that are in line with their image and personal characteristics. Buying brands that reflect the personality and image of consumers allows consumers to articulate themselves and achieve the ideal of themselves. In that sense, if the brand image is more consistent with the image of the consumer's personality, they are more loyal to the brand because it meets the criteria of consumers in terms of what they think and feel about themselves. Therefore, brands in modern conditions become "personalities" whose characteristics should coincide with the personality characteristics of consumers who buy and own them, and especially with their personal image. Starting from the existing theoretical views, the aim of the author is to explore the relationships between brand personality, consumer personality and consumer loyalty to the brand. Empirical research will be realized on the example of brands of mobile phones and cars that are established on the market of the Republic of Serbia. The intention is to look at the relationship between personality characteristics and individual dimensions of the brand personality on the basis of the obtained empirical data, on the basis of which the direct and indirect connection of these variables with consumer loyalty will be identified. Based on the identified relations between the examined variables, it will be possible to compare with the results of existing research and formulate recommendations necessary for modern brand management. The results of theoretical and empirical research will be the basis for further research that will be based on the inclusion of additional variables that will allow a more relevant analysis of the relationships between the studied variables.

The aim of this study was the prediction model of retention indices of compounds from the aboveground parts of Achillea clypeolata Sibth. & Sm. essential oil, obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC–MS. The quantitative structure–retention relationship analysis was applied in order to anticipate the retention time of the obtained compounds. The selection of the seven molecular descriptors was done by a genetic algorithm. The chosen descriptors were uncorrelated and were used to construct an artificial neural network. A total of 40 experimentally obtained retention indices was used to build this prediction model. The coefficient of determination for the training, testing and validation cycles were: 0.950, 0.825 and 1.000, respectively, indicating that this model could be used for prediction of retention indices for A. clypeolata, essential oil compounds.

Purchases of products and services are mainly the result of planned actions of consumers based on identified needs and desires. However, impulse purchases that consumers did not plan before entering the store are quite common as well. Such purchases are stimulated by the consumers' sudden needs, current mood, recommendations of the seller and/or other consumers, as well as in-store incentives such as: the atmosphere in the sales facility, discounted prices, gifts. Also, numerous innovations make impulse buying easier for consumers, like: flexible working hours of shops, affordable supply of products/services, online sales, offer of so-called "instant" loans, the existence of ATMs. Unplanned purchases are not exclusively a consequence of the impulse-driven reaction of consumers. In addition to pure impulsiveness, there are other types of unplanned purchases, such as: suggestion effect, planned impulsivity, reminder impulse buying effect, and planned purchase of a certain type, but not brand of product. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance and basic characteristics of unplanned purchases, as well as the factors that influence consumer behavior while making such purchases. Conducted empirical research enabled the identification of the most important motives of unplanned purchases made by consumers in the Republic of Serbia, their frequency in buying different product categories, the connection of different shopping situations with unplanned purchases, as well as the determination of differences between certain demographic and economic groups of consumers in making such purchases. The research results and their analysis enabled the formulation of guidelines for the development of marketing strategies of companies from the Republic of Serbia as a model of response to this type of consumer behavior.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate computed tomography simulators used in radio-therapy treatment planning in Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. A survey of quality assurance programmes of 24 computed tomography simulators in 16 facilities was conducted. A dedicated CT-to-ED phantom was scanned at 120 kV and 140 kV, to obtain CT-to-ED conversion curves as well as CTDIvol. Thoracal phantoms were scanned in the standard and extended field of view to evaluate the dosimetric effect on treatment planning and delivery. The mean age of the measured scanners was 5.5 years. The mean water HU value was –6.5 (all scanners, all voltages) and air HU value was –997. Extended field of view computed tomography data differ from the standard field of view and differences between conversion curves have significant dosimetric impact. The CTDI data showed a large range of values between centers. Better quality assurance of computed tomography simulators in all countries is recommended. The CT-to-ED curve could be used as default at one voltage and per manufacturer. Extended field of view imaging can be used, but treatment planning should be avoided in the regions out of the standard field of view.

As the production of metal-based nanomaterials increases, it is inevitable that nano-scale products and byproducts will enter the aquatic environment. In terms of global production, the most abundant nano-oxides are TiO2, CeO2 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Chironomus riparius is commonly used for ecotoxicological assessment and defining its histopathological biomarkers that showcase the toxic effect of tested nanoparticles should lead to a better understanding of the consequences of nanomaterial accumulation in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, a histological description of the digestive and excretory systems as well as the fat body structure of C. riparius larvae is provided. In addition, potential histological biomarkers of nano-oxide toxicity were determined based on the obtained histopathological alterations in organs. Vacuolization was observed in epithelial cells of midgut region I that were treated with nano-Fe3O4 as well as in Malpighian tubules treated with nano-Fe3O4 and nano-CeO2. Larvae exposed to nano-TiO2 showed alterations in the fat body and midgut region II tissue architecture. Additionally, shortening of the intestinal brush border was determined in groups exposed to nano-Fe3O4. These results reveal the high sensitivity of these organs, which can be used as biomarkers in histopathological assessment and therefore lead to further improvement of existing methodology in ecotoxicological studies.

In this research, Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) methodology was used to develop the HILIC-PDA-CAD method for the determination of magnesium, pyridoxine and thiamine content in a dietary supplement. Experiments were conducted on the Dionex Ulitimate 3000 HPLC system with PDA and CAD detectors. Separations were performed on the ZIC-HILIC PEEK column (100 × 4.6 mm, 5 mm) with a mixture of acetonitrile, acetone and ammonium acetate/ammonium formate aqueous solution (48:12:40, v/v/v) as the mobile phase. The detection was performed at 220 nm. The optimal settings of CAD were defined with the one-factor-at-a-time approach: evaporation temperature 50°C, filter constant 10 s, pressure gas 60 psi. The influence of qualitative (salt type) and quantitative factors (pH and salt concentration) on the magnesium retention factor, k Mg and the selectivity factor between pyridoxine and chloride anion, a B6/Cl-, was tested using the I-optimal design. The design space was defined by Monte Carlo simulations and model coefficients' errors were propagated with the aim of identifying the conditions that meet the following criteria: k Mg 3.5, with the probability p=95%. From the derived 2D-Design Space graph, 95 mM of ammonium formate pH 4.4 was selected as the optimal composition of the aqueous phase. The method was validated and its reliability in routine application was confirmed.

Considering that Montenegro does not have official data on the impacts of climate change and extremes on people's health, in this paper we prepared an assessment of the sensitivity to climate change in Montenegro for a longer period of time and their spatial distribution. The aim of this paper is to assess the future negative economic impacts of climate change on the health sector in Montenegro related to high temperatures. Due to the problem of establishing a clear correlation between the effects of climate change on health and specific diseases (for which there are no official data in Montenegro), the focus of our paper is on direct deaths under the influence of high temperature. Based on the processing and analysis of relevant statistical data, a projection of the future number of deaths caused by climate change in Montenegro was made. Then, we prepared an analysis of the value of life (VSL) concentrating on Montenegro and the world, in order to determine future statistical values, as a basis for damage assessment. Based on previously collected and processed data, we made a projection of economic damage in the health sector of Montenegro, according to 2 scenarios: Near Future Scenario (NF, until 2050) and Far Future Scenario (FF, until 2100). We estimated economic damage in the health sector of Montenegro, caused by high temperatures, at a cumulative amount of €30-60 million for the total observed period (NF, for a higher VSL), i.e. in a cumulative amount of €230-350 million for the total observed period (FF, higher VSL).

The objective of this work is to assess the occupational dose in interventional cardiology in a large hospital in Belgrade, Serbia. A double-dosimetry method was applied for the estimation of whole-body dose, using thermoluminescent dosemeters, calibrated in terms of the personal dose equivalent Hp(10). Besides the double-dosimetry method, eye dose was also estimated by means of measuring ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), and doses per procedure were reported. Doses were assessed for 13 physicians, 6 nurses and 10 radiographers, for 2 consequent years. The maximum annual effective dose assessed was 4.3, 2.1 and 1.3 mSv for physicians, nurses and radiographers, respectively. The maximum doses recorded by the dosemeter worn at the collar level (over the apron) were 16.8, 11.9 and 4.5 mSv, respectively. This value was used for the eye lens dose assessment. Estimated doses are in accordance with or higher than annual dose limits for the occupational exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of n-alkanes, free alcohols and free acids in leaf epicuticular wax extracts of 22 samples of 11 Euphorbia L. species belonging to the sections Paralias, Esula, Myrsiniteae and Helioscopia, 10 of which were never examined before, were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and n-alkane C27 was detected as the principal component of leaf epicuticular waxes in the majority of the examined species, while the most abundant free alcohol was C26. Three Euphorbia species belonging to section Helioscopia were characterized by a predominance of alcohol C28. Free acid (C16) was the major component in 21 investigated samples. The usefulness of n-alkanes and free alcohols and free acids as potential chemotaxonomic markers is briefly discussed. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 172053]

Integrating CSR principles into business activities is one of the biggest challenges of companies. Last decades, a critical attitude of the public has been expressed towards companies and their activities and concerns about natural imbalance and consequently on social problems are growing. In such conditions, the concern and awarness of consumers about the impact they can have on their environment and society as a whole, grows. Increasing the environmental awarness of the public over time, has led to the profiling of a new segment of consumers with significantly changed motives and expectations in pruchasing and consumption. It is about environmentally responsible consumers who make up a segment with distinct characteristics. The growth of such a market segment has led to a change in the company's business models. New business models are characterized by an increasing adoption of marketing principles and their incorporation into business activities. Part of such changes and trends is leading to the so-called green marketing that companies are using as a possible marketing strategy. Companies led by the concept of green marketing are characterized by the adoption of new criteria in generating inovation and positioning in the value chain. The effects of such a strategy are possible if there is cooperation of partners in the value chain who have a sense of responsibility towards the environment. In this paper, the author's intention is to identify, based on the empirical research conducted, the motives and limitations of consumers in the Republic of Serbia which trigger them or prevent them from purchasing green products. Also, the goal is to determine whether environmental concerns affect the purchase of products that are marketed as healthy. Such information will make it possible to look at the potential discrepancy between preferences and consumer behavior in the domestic market and to define the implications for developing the marketing strategy of companies in the Republic of Serbia.

Plum wines made from two cultivars of Prunus domestica L. (Požegača and Crvena ranka) and one cultivar of Prunus insititia L. (Trnovača) were evaluated for their total phenolic and anthocyanin contents. LC–MS/MS analysis based on specific MS transitions in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used for the identification and quantification of selected phenolic compounds. Catechin, chlorogenic and caffeic acids, as well as quercetin, were identified as the main polyphenols in plum wines. The total amount of phenolic compounds ranged from 1.24 to 1.58 g gallic acid equivalent per L. Among the examined wines, the Crvena ranka wine had a higher content of anthocyanins (12.31 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent per L). The antioxidant capacity of the wines was determined using the DPPH assay. The variations in the physicochemical characteristics, phenolic composition and DPPH radical scavenging activity of these wines are related to differences due to the different plum cultivars used in the preparation of each wine. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 172053]

This study was performed to determine the main antibacterial compounds of the essential oil (ЕО) of saltmarsh plant Artemisia santonicum (Asteraceae). The combination of HPTLC and direct bioautography was used for the activity guided isolation of isogeranic acid as the main antibacterial constituent with remarkable antimicrobial activity, although it was the minor component of the EO, present only in 0.2 %, as calculated from GC/FID. Its structure was determined by 1D- and 2D-NMR and GC–MS techniques. Antibacterial activity of isogeranic acid against all tested bacteria was significantly higher than EO and even than both controls streptomycin and ampicillin. In further investigation of antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activity EO exhibited the best inhibition of the biofilm formation at 1/8 minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and isogeranic acid at 1/2 MIC. Both EO and isogeranic acid possessed pyocyanin inhibitory activity showing the reduction of pigment at 60.6 and 62.8 %, respectively, at 1/2 MIC concentrations. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 172053, Grant no. 173032 and Grant no. TR 31089]