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Presently, there is a huge number of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites in orbit, and it is possible for users to have a clear view with a high number of satellites at a single epoch. This large number of satellites results in a significant improvement in satellite geometry, visibility, Dilution of Precision (DOP), and simultaneously, reduction of occupation time and sufficient time to fix the integer ambiguity. The static method is the most accurate method to establish geodetic networks using satellites, but the length of time required for the survey and the post-processing of the data may restrict its applicability. This paper investigated the impact of increasing number of satellites, regardless the type of the system, on occupation time and evaluating accuracy in static method with a 13 km baseline length. The observations were assessed and compared to the accuracy obtained from different satellite numbers in different periods. The results indicate that by increasing satellite’s number from 4 to 20, the occupation time reduces by 83% from 30 min. to 5 min., and position dilution of precision (PDOP) reduces from 5.30 to 1.4

Biofilms are widely present in the natural environment and are difficult to remove as they are a survival strategy of microorganisms. Thus, the importance of studying biofilms is being increasingly recognized in food, medical, dental, and water quality-related industries. While research on biofilm detection methods is actively progressing, research on biofilm formation is not progressing rapidly. Moreover, there are few standardized methods because biofilm formation is affected by various factors. However, comprehensive knowledge of biofilm formation is essential to select a suitable method for research purposes. To better understand the various in vitro biofilm formation methods, the principles and characteristics of each method are explained in this review by dividing the methods into static and dynamic systems. In addition, the applications of biofilm research based on various assays are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pressure of ferrocene in the system host (organometallic framework [Zn4(dmf)(ur)2(ndc)4])–guest (ferrocene) has been measured by static method with membrane zero-manometers in the temperature range from 324 to 462 K. As a result of the study, temperature dependences of pressure have been obtained for the transition of the guest from the host framework to the gas phase, the enthalpy and entropy of this process have been determined, and the change in the Gibbs energy during ferrocene binding by the framework has been calculated. Based on this information, conclusions have been made about the nature of interactions between host and guest molecules, and the obtained results have been compared with the previously studied benzene sorption on [Zn4(dmf)(ur)2(ndc)4]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Vapour pressure measurements of a new-generation refrigerant (HCFO-1224yd(Z)) were carried out. • A high measurement accuracy was achieved (maximum expanded uncertainty of ≈10 hPa). • A comparison against the literature data and vapour pressure correlations was performed. A new generation of refrigerant fluids, such as hydrofluorolefines (HFOs) and hydrochlorofluorolefines (HCFOs), has been recently introduced in order to increase the availability of zero-ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential) and low-GWP (Global Warming Potential) refrigerants. Among the HCFOs, the refrigerant HCFO-1224yd(Z) captured more attention due to its very low GWP (<1), negligible ODP (0.00023), non-flammability, low toxicity, and good chemical and thermal suitability. Due to its novelty, there is still a lack of thermodynamic property data about this refrigerant including, e.g. the saturation vapour pressure measurements that have been performed only in few experimental works, one of them used to develop the first equation of state in 2017. At INRIM, saturation vapour pressure measurements of the HCFO-1224yd(Z) were carried out in the temperature range from 274 K to 338 K, improving the measurement accuracy of previously available works. The experimental approach was based on a static method where the set-up consisted of a sample cell immersed into a temperature-controlled calibration bath with millikelvin stability, connected to a precision capacitance manometer with a measurement full scale of 0.5 MPa operating at a constant temperature of 373 K. The experimental work and the measurement results are reported together with a comprehensive uncertainty budget and a comparison against measurement data available from previous works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a rapidly developing heat-electricity conversion technology in recent years, thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery (TRAB) is characterized with the advantages of high power density and recyclability. Compared with the chemical reaction in TRAB, the thermophysical properties of battery electrolyte is lack of investigation. In this paper, the vapor pressures of a typical TRAB electrolyte, CuSO4-(NH4)2SO4–NH3–H2O, were measured from 333.15 K to 373.15 K. The common-used e-NRTL model was applied to fit the experimental data and describe the vapor-liquid equilibrium property of solution, with maximal relative deviation of 1.98% and average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of 0.66%. Thereafter, the regeneration requirement of TRAB was analyzed. The regeneration temperature is mainly influenced by regeneration pressure and Cu2+ concentration, while NH3 concentration shows insensitive effect on the regeneration temperature. To avoid too low regeneration pressure, the regeneration temperature needs to be higher than 94 °C with regeneration pressure higher than 80 kPa. Through the results obtained in this paper, persuasive reference can be provided for the prediction or simulation on the working process of TRAB. The results in this paper will contribute to the follow-up studies on the regeneration process of TRAB, especially the achievement of recycling of ammonia.

Vapor pressures for the main component of the biodiesel – methyl oleate were measured by using the static method. For this purpose, a new setup for vapor pressure measurements in the range (0.1 to 1000) Pa and the elevated temperatures up to 450 K has been designed and tested using the reference materials benzoic acid and naphthalene. Absolute vapor pressures and sublimation (vaporization) enthalpies for the tested compounds were in a good agreement with the most reliable literature data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the anisotropic characteristics of elastic constants of single crystal superalloys and other materials, this paper summarizes two main existing testing methods for measuring elastic moduli and Poisson’s ratio of single crystal superalloys: static method and dynamic method, and analyses the research status of elastic moduli and Poisson’s ratio of single crystal superalloys both at home and aboard. Also, the main problems and feasible solutions in current research both at home and abroad are summarized. And it is pointed out that there is no special testing standard for the elastic moduli and Poisson's ratio of single crystal superalloys. Compared with foreign countries, there is still an obvious gap in the testing and characterization technology in China, and effect of crystal orientation on elastic moduli and Poisson's ratio is often neglected in engineering applications. So it is necessary to estimate the influence of errors in measuring elastic constants of single crystal alloys by exiting testing standards. Meanwhile, this paper describes how to establish the quantitative relationship between crystal elastic moduli and arbitrary crystal orientation for single crystal superalloy DD6 through linear regression analysis of crystal orientation index and elastic moduli.

Copyright of China Mechanical Engineering is the property of Editorial Board of China Mechanical Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The vapour pressure of 1-butanol and Diesel B0 binary fuel blends were investigated at temperatures ranging from 274.15 to 468.67 K, using the two different setups with static method. The measured values were fitted to the Antoine, polynomial and Clausius–Clapeyron type equations. The heat of evaporation of mixture have been determined from the vapour–liquid equilibria data.

Purpose. More than 20 years of the Worst Case Execution Time (WCET) studies have led to the development of many methods for its evaluation. So far, there are no definitive conclusions about usage of these methods. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to determine the possibility of using a hybrid method for estimating WCET in real-time systems. Methodology. The approach for evaluating WCET for a hybrid method is to parse the input code in the C++ programming language and, after constructing the control flow graph, get the execution time of its base blocks. After finding the longest way of the graph, to estimate the time of execution of this way and get the WCET evaluation. To find the longest-running way, the reverse Dijkstra algorithm was chosen. After that, there was made a comparison of the limiting time estimations that were obtained by static and hybrid methods, as well as an analysis of the discrepancy between these results. Findings. Determining the worst execution time of programs is most important for "hard real-time" tasks. Underestimation of this indicator can lead to catastrophic consequences. An overestimation – to a significant overexpenditure of resources. Therefore, WCET was evaluated using static and dynamic methods. It was determined that the results obtained by the two methods correlate well. For the class of tasks that are under consideration, WCET execution time can be determined using a hybrid method. Adding an extra time of 15–20 % to the results, obtained by the hybrid method, allows getting a foolproof estimate of WCET in real-time systems. Originality. The hybrid method has been existing for some time, but the reliability of its use has not been sufficiently studied yet. The given study makes a step in determining the practical applicability of the hybrid method for time estimation of real-time tasks. Practical value. The results of this research allow us to conclude that a hybrid method could be used for obtaining WCET in "hard real-time" tasks. Furthermore, some unknown at this moment influence of the OS RT environment can be taken into account by adding extra time.

CoAPO-5 molecular sieves were synthesized by a novel dynamic method. Crystallization, morphology and surface acidity were investigated by XRD, SEM, and Py-IR in details, and compared with samples prepared by traditional static method. Synthesis conditions, reaction time, temperature and the amount of catalyst were optimized as important parameters. The desulfurization performance of CoAPO-5 catalysts synthesized by two different methods was evaluated and compared. Also, some experiments were carried out to test selectivity and regenerability of CoAPO-5 catalysts synthesized by the dynamic method. Finally, ODS reaction kinetics and mechanism using CoAPO-5 was studied and discussed. Results indicated that dynamic method greatly shortened crystallization time, while kept the same structure and sulfur removal capacity of CoAPO-5. The dynamic synthesis method could be considered as an alternative method to prepare porous molecular sieves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—The three most common methods for measuring chromatographic dead time in supercritical fluid chromatography are tested. It is shown that at low concentrations of a polar cosolvent in the mobile phase, the use of the simplest "system peak" method leads to highly inaccurate results. With an increase in the percentage of the cosolvent to 10–15%, this method can be used for a rough estimation of dead times, especially for nonpolar stationary phases. The use of nitrogen(I) oxide as a marker of the dead time of an unretained component, on the contrary, is well suited in the case of using pure carbon dioxide as a mobile phase. The static method, based on other principles, can theoretically yield very accurate values for dead time, but it requires knowledge of the velocity profile of the mobile phase along the path of the entire chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Aeronautical Materials is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Aeronautical Materials and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The vapour pressure of binary mixtures containing ethanol and 1-propanol were investigated at temperatures ranging from 274.15 to 443.15 K using two different setups with static methods. The measured values were fitted to a Clausius-Clapeyron type relationship. The heat of evaporation of mixtures was determined from the vapour-liquid equilibria data.

The purpose of the research was to remove petroleum substances from water using porous materials. Birch bark, cork, glass wool and polyurethane foam were used for the study. The model solution was distilled water enriched with a mixture of petrol and diesel fuel in a volume ratio of 1:3. The model water used had 3 different concentrations of oil substances. The research included petroleum substances expressed as mineral oil index and aliphatic hydrocarbons, n-alkanes (from C7H16 to C38H78). The process of oil substances removal was carried out applying two methods: static and dynamic. Based on the research, it was found that materials the most effective in lowering the index of mineral oil and C7H16–C38H78 n-alkane concentrations were both birch bark and glass wool, both static and dynamic, while cork and polyurethane foam were less effective. In addition, concentration of C7H16–C38H78 n-alkanes was lowered in each measurement series to a greater extent than the mineral oil index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the investigation of the ethylene-butane natural gases mixture that is promising for practical application. A unit with a small volume cell created to obtain data on phase equilibria and thermal properties of binary mixtures of little investigated and rare substances using several experimental methods was presented. It is shown that it was possible to use non-standard measuring equipment to obtain sufficiently reliable results in a wide range of temperatures, pressures and compositions. Application of a new method to determine two-component gas mixtures concentration was demonstrated. The method of experimentation was described as well. The experimental results of ethylene-butane mixture thermal properties and vapor-liquid equilibrium that have expanded our knowledge in relation to this two-component natural refrigerant behavior in the low-temperature region and at high dilutions were tabulated. The comparison of the experimental and calculated data showed the possibility of applying the three-parameter cubic equation of state to simulate the thermodynamic properties of the ethylene-butane mixture without using test data of the mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Production of fixed concentration of vapors from pure liquid has many applications in laboratory and field studies of occupational health and toxicological research and also in calibration of air pollutant measurement devices of the workplaces. In this study, the advantages and disadvantages of different concentration generation methods were discussed. In addition two selected methods were compared and the factors that influence the generated concentration were identified. Methods: In order to make certain concentrations of styrene, evaporation and injection methods were used. In evaporation system air was blown in a 250 (ml) midget impinger in two modes (close to the liquid surface and inside the liquid). For injection system a syringe pump (3100 Graseby, Smiths Co) was used. Affecting factors on concentration stability like temperature, flow rate, position of nozzles have been investigated. Results: To produce 300(ppm) of styrene vapor concentrations in RH=19%, coefficient of variation (C . V) of the concentrations generated in bubbler and syringe pump systems were 2.86 and 2.01 percent respectively. Syringe pump system reached to the equilibrium approximately in 60 (min), while for the evaporative systemit took 105 (min).When the nozzle of the bubbler was placed close to the liquid surface, the coefficient of variation was 1.97% , however, when it was placed inside the liquid, the C.V was 2.52% . Conclusions: Controlling the influencing factors like temperature and flow rate are most important points for the generation of constant concentrations. The low coefficient of variation in the syringe pump system proved the better capability and functionality of this system compared to bubbler system. One advantage of the syringe pump system is that it is not dependent on liquid level of the container.

An automatic setup for measuring vapor pressure and its temperature dependence in a closed volume is designed. The setup can be used to investigate chemical equilibria in both condensed phase-vapor and homogeneous gas-phase systems, along with the kinetics of irreversible processes with the evolution of gas substances. The digital tensimeter offers an improved version of static tensimetry with a membrane zeromanometer. In contrast to conventional optical methods for recording the position of a zero-manometer, an approach based on the Hall effect is used. Automation of the experiment and data acquisition greatly increases the number of experimental points and reduces the errors related to measurements. With processes of irreversible hydrogen release, the method detects hydrogen with a precision of 2 × 10 g, remarkably exceeding the possibilities of thermogravimetric methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of well-developed electronic technology, in order to improve the efficiency of experiment data processing, realize the automation of data processing in physical experiment, this paper takes Millikan oil drop experiment as the carrier, uses efficient, structured and modular programming language and object-oriented programming technology, a Java language program is written to apply to the Millikan oil drop experiment. The elementary charge is calculated as 1 . 619 x 10-19C and the relative error is only 1.038%. Through comparisons with Visual Basic, Matlab, C language, Java has advantages in data processing of physical experiment. This paper further expounds the superiority of the Java programming language in data processing of physical experiment and scientific calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the volume size factor of solute atoms and their clusters on the one-dimensional motion of interstitial clusters was studied by computer simulations. Solute atoms were placed on the migration path of the interstitial clusters, and the change in the migration energy of the interstitial clusters was obtained by the static method. The volume size factor of Au atoms in a Ni-Au binary alloy was systematically changed from −30% to +100%. When the volume size factor of the solute atoms was larger or smaller than Ni atoms, the migration energy of the interstitial clusters increased. The average migration energy required for the interstitial clusters to pass through one, two, three, and four solute atoms (volume size factor: +63.7%) was 0.57, 1.28, 2.09, and 2.47 eV, respectively. If the solute atom clusters grow and their density is sufficiently high, the jump frequency of the interstitial clusters is so low that the interstitial clusters cannot move through the solute atom clusters under an irradiation temperature of 573 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Solid-liquid equilibria in the Ni(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O, Co(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O, and Mn(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O systems were studied. • Water vapor pressure was determined in the Ni(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O, Co(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O, and Mn(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O systems. • Parameters of the Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg model were obtained in the Ni(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O, Co(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O, and Mn(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O systems. • Several new hydrates in the Ni(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O, Co(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O, and Mn(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O systems were revealed. • Stability parameters and crystal structures of the hydrates (Ni(CH 3 SO 3) 2 ·12H 2 O, Ni(CH 3 SO 3) 2 ·6H 2 O, Co(CH 3 SO 3) 2 ·4H 2 O, Co(CH 3 SO 3) 2 ·9H 2 O, Co(CH 3 SO 3) 2 ·6H 2 O, Mn(CH 3 SO 3) 2 ·12H 2 O, and Mn(CH 3 SO 3) 2 ·2H 2 O) were calculated. • Binary phase diagram fragments were calculated in the Ni(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O, Co(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O, and Mn(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O systems. Solid-liquid equilibria in the Ni(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O, Co(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O, and Mn(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O systems were studied by isothermal solubility and DSC methods. TG and X-Ray diffraction were used to identify solid phases in equilibria with the solution. Water vapor pressure was determined by static method at 288.15 К, 298.15, and 308.15 K in the Ni(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O, Co(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O and Mn(CH 3 SO 3) 2 -H 2 O systems. Based on vapor–liquid (VLE) and solid–liquid (SLE) equilibria data, parameters of the Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg model were obtained. Stability parameters of the hydrates Ni(CH 3 SO 3) 2 ·12H 2 O, Ni(CH 3 SO 3) 2 ·6H 2 O, Co(CH 3 SO 3) 2 ·4H 2 O, Co(CH 3 SO 3) 2 ·9H 2 O, Co(CH 3 SO 3) 2 ·6H 2 O, Mn(CH 3 SO 3) 2 ·12H 2 O, and Mn(CH 3 SO 3) 2 ·2H 2 O were estimated. Binary phase diagram fragments were calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new structural damage estimation procedure using grey relation coefficient and curvature of displacement influence line in beams using sparse measurement is proposed in this paper. The method is based on static structural response which can be obtained using single sensor. determination of damage location as well as determination of corresponding damage severity can be easily calculated with simple arithmetic operations, which is the main advantage of the proposed method. Conducted numerical simulation for different damage scenarios and various measurement sparseness and experimental validation confirm the effectiveness of proposed damage severity estimation procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim was to determine the resistance of Nile tilapia leather which underwent two types of tanning, static and moving, with and without hypodermis extraction. Two buckets (static) and a drum (moving) were the units used in the experiment. We evaluated resistance to gradual tearing, traction, stretching parameters for the following treatments: Bucket with dorsal meat, Bucket with ventral region meat, Bucket without dorsal meat, Bucket without ventral meat, Drum with dorsal meat, Drum with ventral region meat, Drum without dorsal meat and Drum without ventral region meat. Tanning in drum differed (p<0.05) for gradual tearing, traction and stretching in the larger specimen, while the smaller specimen differed only for traction. In the method (with and without hypodermis extraction), the only difference was in the smaller specimen for traction. The body region (dorsal and ventral) differed (p<0.05) for traction in the larger specimen, and for stretching in the smaller specimen. The best result was presented by the Drum without dorsal meat (102.21 N.mm-1; 16.00 N.mm-2 and 85.50 % for tearing, traction and stretching, respectively, in the larger specimen). Tanning in Drum provides superior quality to leather, and the method did not influence the assessments excepted the smaller specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past decades, processing and engineering the drug particle using new proposed methods have gained an increasing attention. Among the different methods, using supercritical fluids technology is one of the most desired one. In this way, measuring and knowing the solubility of pharmaceuticals in supercritical fluids are one of the most critical parameters must be systematically categorized as a function of pressures and temperatures. Regarding this fact, solubility of fluvoxamine maleate in supercritical carbon dioxide in wide ranges of temperature (308–338 K) and pressure (200–400 bar) was measured using a static method coupled with gravimetric method which is in the range of 1.23 × 10 −5 to 4.45 × 10 −4 based on the mole fraction. Finally, the solubility data are modeled using four different semi-empirical density-based correlations namely Mendez Santiago-Teja (MST), Bartle et al., Chrastil and Kumar and Johnston (KJ) models. The obtained results reveal that amongst the utilized correlations, Chrastil model leads to the most accurate results compared with the other examined correlations with average absolute relative deviation percent (AARD%) of 10.8%. Besides, the solubility data are modeled using Peng–Robinson equation of state which no satisfactory results are obtained since the AARD% for all of the examined isotherms are in the range of 58.01–67.04%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to develop a video summarization system to extract significant frames of interest from a given video. To meet the objective, it is proposed to consider both the static features and the wavelet features. Visual attention integrated from the static and wavelet feature set are combined using a prioritized fusion method. Experimental results shows that the static features dominate in certain videos and wavelet features dominate in certain videos. Hence, the proposed fusion approach is suitable for slow motion videos and fast moving videos. Further, the performance of proposed work outperforms the state-of-art methods for video summarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three different plastic films of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate (BOPET) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were perforated using Nd-YAG laser. Effects of laser pulse energy were examined by varying energies from 50 to 250 mJ where the pulse duration and pulse repetition were kept constant at 10 ns and 1 Hz, respectively. It was found that perforation diameters of all films increased with increasing pulse energies. Observed perforations were different among the three film types. Explanation was contributed to material inherent property and its interaction with laser. Incorporation of an inorganic filler (i.e. silica based anti-blocking agent used in packaging film) of 0.5 wt% into the LDPE films (0.5Si-LDPE) could improve perforation performance for LDPE. This was attributed to an increased thermal diffusivity of the 0.5Si-LDPE film. Commercial BOPET and BOPP films containing 97 microholes/m2 (hole diameter of ~100 µm) showed an improvement in oxygen transmission rates (OTR) of 18 and 5 times that of the neat films without perforation. In the case of perforated 0.5Si-LDPE films having similar perforations of 97 microholes/m2 and perforation diameter of 100 µm, a two-fold increase of OTR was obtained. Gas transmission rates of the microperforated films were measured based on the static method. Measured OTR and CO2TR values of the three films with varying perforation diameters in a range of ~40-300 µm were compared and discussed. Overall results clearly indicate that perforation by laser is an effective process in developing breathable films with tailored oxygen transmission property for fresh produce packaging. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vapor pressures and vaporization enthalpies for 5-nonanone, linalool and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one seem to be in disarray. Temperature dependences of vapor pressures for these pure compounds were measured by using the static and the transpiration techniques. Molar standard enthalpies of vaporization at the reference temperature were derived. Available literature data on vapor pressures and vaporization enthalpies were collected and analyzed. The consistent data set for each compound was evaluated. Reliable thermodynamic parameters of vaporization were derived and used to test some commonly used predicting procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The volumetric oxygen mass transfer kLa was measured under different operational conditions. [•] Experiments in clean water and with activated sludge were done. [•] The experimental results were used to develop a high fit empirical model. [•] The airflow rate was the main factor affecting the kLa. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The solubility of florfenicol in mixed 1,2-propanediol+water solvents was measured by a static analytical method at the temperature ranging from 293.15K to 316.25K. The experimental solubility data was correlated by the modified Apelblat equation, the General Single model and the Hybrid model. The results show that: the mole solubility of florfenicol in binary 1,2-propanediol+water mixtures increased with increasing temperature and the mole fraction of 1,2-propanediol in the binary solvent system; the values of the solubility calculated by the three models show good agreement with the experimental value; the OMPD from the modified Apelblat equation, the General Single model and the Hybrid model are 2.48, 2.07 and 5.12, respectively. However, compared to the modified Apelblat equation and the Hybrid model, the General Single model can give more accuracy and reliability of the solubility data. In addition, the discussion of the enthalpy and the entropy for florfenicol in different cosolvents indicated that the dissolution process of florfenicol was endothermic and entropy-driven. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A brief review of the experimental methods used to evaluate vapour pressures and sublimation enthalpies is presented. The methods discussed have been used for determining the results of several substituted benzenes that were collected in a database, with the main purpose of developing new estimation methods of these thermodynamic properties. A critical evaluation of the two most used calorimetric techniques for determining enthalpies of sublimation is also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Determination of O2 and CO2 transmission rate of whole perforated packages. [•] Determination of O2 and CO2 transmission rate for single perforations. [•] The ratio PCO2/PO2 was different for non-perforated and perforated materials. [•] Temperature had limited effect on transmission rates for perforations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper the experimental setup of a new apparatus able to provide the critical properties of pure components and mixtures using either a dynamic or a static method is described. Critical temperatures (T c) and critical pressures (P c) of pure components (n-pentane, n-heptane and n-decane) and critical loci of three binary mixtures (n-pentane+ n-heptane, n-pentane+ n-decane and n-heptane+ n-decane) are investigated using the dynamic method. For the system n-pentane+ n-heptane, the results obtained with the dynamic method are compared with those obtained with the static method. The critical points are visually determined by observing the critical opalescence and the simultaneous disappearance and reappearance of the meniscus in the middle of the view cell which withstands operations up to 673K and 20MPa. The experimental critical data are compared with success to literature database and with their prediction from the PPR78 thermodynamic model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Phase equilibria in the Eu-Mn-O system are studied using the static method in combination with X-ray phase analysis. Compound EuMnO was studied by means of DSC and high-temperature roentgenography. The transformation of the orbitally ordered O′ phase to the orbitally disordered O phase was confirmed for the EuMnO compound. Thermodynamic characteristics of the formation of EuMnO and EuMnO compound from their elements were calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Donor–acceptor molecular complexes (adducts AD x ) play important role in modern technology. They are prospective single-source precursors for the synthesis of solid phases by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Stability of the complex in the gas phase is an important issue for many practical applications. High-temperature thermodynamic data for adducts are not readily available, which underlines the fundamental need for the systematic study of processes which adducts undergo upon heating. Such processes are: the congruent or incongruent vaporization (sublimation), the reversible dissociation in the gas phase into the components and the irreversible thermal destruction (pyrolysis). The static tensimetric method with membrane null-manometer is unique method for studying donor–acceptor interactions both in gaseous and condensed phases. It is a useful method for: (1) the evaluation of the complex composition AD x ; (2) characterization of the nature of the main process which the complex undergoes upon heating; (3) determination of the thermodynamic characteristics of such processes. The static method allows to achieve the true equilibrium state, it is applicable both to the heterogeneous and homogeneous systems and allows one to measure the vapor pressure—temperature dependence for the pressure range 1–1000Torr and temperatures up to 1100°C. For the homogeneous systems (processes in the gas phase), the vapor composition and the vapor density can be determined, which allows to calculate partial pressures of three molecular forms in vapors and determine the equilibrium constant at a given temperature. From the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant, the enthalpies and entropies of the respective process can be evaluated. In the present review the application of the static tensimetry method for the determination of the nature of the process, vapor composition and thermodynamic characteristics is illustrated on the following examples: [•] Sublimation (vaporization) of the adduct without decomposition. [•] Reversible gas phase dissociation of the adduct into components. [•] Sublimation (vaporization) of the adduct accompanied by its reversible dissociation into components. [•] Complete congruent dissociation of the adduct into gaseous components upon heating. [•] Incongruent dissociation of the adduct (subsequent dissociation of the solid AD x adducts into solid AD x−1 and gaseous D). [•] Appearance of the upper temperature limit due to the irreversible thermal destruction (pyrolysis) of one of the components. Our results on systematic studies of the thermal decomposition of adducts of group 4,5,13,14,15 element halides (chlorides, bromides and iodides) with group 15, 16 element-containing donors are presented. Experimentally obtained thermodynamic characteristics of vaporization and dissociation for more than 50 adducts are summarized for the first time. Current approaches towards estimation of the sublimation enthalpies of donor–acceptor complexes are critically evaluated. It is shown, that the widely used approximation (sublimation enthalpy of the complex equals the sublimation enthalpy of 1mol of the ligand) generally performs very poor and may result in large (about 70kJmol−1) errors. Its application is not recommended. Moreover, reported values for the gas-phase metal–ligand bond dissociation energies, based on such approximation, are incorrect and should not be trusted. Approaches based on the structural information appear to be more perspective. The structural features of the DA complexes of group 4,5,13,14,15 element halides both in gaseous and solid states are also summarized for the first time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]