Search

International audience; PEPS: Evaluation and optimization of the use of plant defense stimulators (PPS) in plant protection strategies in apple orchards Activating the plant immune system with plant resistance inducers (or PRIs) could help reducing pesticides, but their practical use still raises many questions. The objective of the PEPS project, targeting apple orchards, was to i) sort through the current supply, ii) define and apply orchard integration protocols for apple scab and post-harvest diseases, and iii) increase knowledge of these products under controlled conditions. Five selected products were evaluated in orchards within a multilocal network including an INRAE experimental unit, apple technical institutes and regional experimental stations. The results showed that it is possible to reveal significant protective effects with PRIs while reducing fungicide application. However, a regularity of effect could only be obtained with one of the PRIs and only on one of the two targets. The observed variability in efficacy showed that it is essential to continue to study the factors that may interact with the action of the products. Work under controlled conditions has made it possible to achieve progress on the characteristics of PRIs, revealing that i) their effect only persists in the organs present at the time of treatment, ii) their efficacy may be disrupted by abiotic factors, iii) few inputs interact with them and when there is interaction, it is mainly additive, iv) their application in spring and pre-harvest does not cause allergen accumulation and v) their spectrum of action extends to fireblight and rosy aphid for the most effective one. The PEPS project provided new information on the use of PRIs in orchard phytosanitary control, and now makes it possible to better define the next steps for optimization.

International audience; PEPS: Evaluation and optimization of the use of plant defense stimulators (PPS) in plant protection strategies in apple orchards Activating the plant immune system with plant resistance inducers (or PRIs) could help reducing pesticides, but their practical use still raises many questions. The objective of the PEPS project, targeting apple orchards, was to i) sort through the current supply, ii) define and apply orchard integration protocols for apple scab and post-harvest diseases, and iii) increase knowledge of these products under controlled conditions. Five selected products were evaluated in orchards within a multilocal network including an INRAE experimental unit, apple technical institutes and regional experimental stations. The results showed that it is possible to reveal significant protective effects with PRIs while reducing fungicide application. However, a regularity of effect could only be obtained with one of the PRIs and only on one of the two targets. The observed variability in efficacy showed that it is essential to continue to study the factors that may interact with the action of the products. Work under controlled conditions has made it possible to achieve progress on the characteristics of PRIs, revealing that i) their effect only persists in the organs present at the time of treatment, ii) their efficacy may be disrupted by abiotic factors, iii) few inputs interact with them and when there is interaction, it is mainly additive, iv) their application in spring and pre-harvest does not cause allergen accumulation and v) their spectrum of action extends to fireblight and rosy aphid for the most effective one. The PEPS project provided new information on the use of PRIs in orchard phytosanitary control, and now makes it possible to better define the next steps for optimization.

Ce numéro est constitué d’articles de synthèse des projets DEPHY EXPE publiés à l’occasion du Colloque National DEPHY EXPE, qui s’est déroulé le 28 mai 2019 à l'Assemblée Permanente des Chambres d'Agriculture (Paris; National audience; CAP ReD aims to design and evaluate cherry, apricot, Ente plum, Japanese-American plum and mirabelle plum orchards, so that the use of phytosanitary products is halved, while maintaining the technico-economic performance. System experiments, conducted by 9 partners at 10 sites from 2013 to 2018, combined many levers of action (genetics, physics, biotechnology, biology ...), and choices were made from planting the trees to the annual management of orchards. For example, 17 low-pesticide-input control systems (LPIC) were compared each year to 11 reference systems (IFP). These LPIC systems, excluding biocontrol, achieved an average reduction of 58% of IFT (5.1 / 12.2 in IFP). The goal of “zero herbicide cultivation” was achieved in the majority of systems, of which two levers proved their worth: mechanical weeding and the woven weed control ground cover. Marketable yield was lower with the LPIC systems (-19%) except in high density orchards. CAP ReD's LPIC systems also required more work time to produce one tonne of fruit. This loss of production and efficiency is not offset by an increase in the sales price in the LPIC systems, so the economic performance is lower. Thus, the costs of production with LPIC systems is on average 20% higher, i.e. + 0.15 € / kg. 47% of LPIC systems (8/17) are classified as Economical and Efficient Systems. These are either i) high-density systems with insect nets, rain covers, dose reduction with innovative spraying techniques, but with high depreciation costs; or ii) systems of which the fruit are intended for the processing industry with lower production costs (no waste, mechanical harvesting), using decision-support tools, biocontrols and reduction of certain treatments. These results show the technical feasibility of a considerable reduction of phytosanitary product use, decreasing the risks of impacts on the environment and human health, but also the economic difficulty that these changes of practice generate for the grower, without revaluating prices.; CAP ReD vise à concevoir et évaluer des vergers de cerisier, abricotier, prunier d’Ente, prunier américano-japonais et mirabellier, permettant de réduire l’usage des produits phytosanitaires par deux, tout en conservant les performances technico-économiques. Les expérimentations systèmes, conduites par 9 partenaires dans 10 sites de 2013 à 2018, combinent de nombreux leviers d’action (génétique, physique, biotechnique, biologique…), depuis le choix à la plantation, jusqu’à la gestion annuelle des vergers. Ainsi, 17 systèmes économes en produits phytosanitaires (ECO) sont comparés chaque année à 11 systèmes de référence (PFI). Ces systèmes ECO ont permis une réduction moyenne de 58% des IFT hors biocontrôle (5.1 vs 12.2 en PFI). L’objectif « zéro herbicide » a été atteint dans la majorité des systèmes, deux leviers ont fait leur preuve : le désherbage mécanique et la bâche tissée au sol. Le rendement commercialisable est plus faible dans ECO (-19 %), sauf dans les systèmes à haute densité ou biaxe d’arbres. Les systèmes ECO de CAP ReD nécessitent aussi plus de temps de travail pour produire une tonne de fruits. Cette perte de production et d’efficience n’est pas compensée par une augmentation du prix de vente des fruits dans les systèmes ECO, aussi les performances économiques sont moindres. Ainsi, le coût de production des systèmes ECO est en moyenne supérieur de 20%, soit +0.15€/kg. 47% des systèmes ECO (n=8) sont classés Systèmes Economes et Performants (SCEP). Ce sont soit, i) des systèmes avec filets anti-insectes, bâche anti-pluie, réduction de dose avec pulvérisation innovante, conduits en haute densité ou biaxe, mais ayant de fortes charges d’amortissement ; soit ii) des systèmes valorisant leurs fruits en industrie, avec des coûts de production moindres (moins de déchet, récolte mécanique), utilisant des Outils d’Aide à la Décision, biocontrôles et impasses. Ces résultats montrent la faisabilité technique d’une forte réduction des produits phytosanitaires, diminuant les risques d’impacts sur l’environnement et la santé humaine, mais aussi la difficulté économique qu’engendrent ces changements de pratiques pour le producteur, sans revalorisation des prix.

National audience; CAP ReD vise à concevoir et évaluer des vergers de cerisier, abricotier, prunier d’Ente, prunier américano-japonais et mirabellier, permettant de réduire l’usage des produits phytosanitaires par deux, tout en conservant les performances technicoéconomiques. Les expérimentations systèmes, conduites par 9 partenaires dans 10 sites de 2013 à 2018, combinent de nombreux leviers d’action. Ainsi, 17 systèmes économes en produits phytosanitaires (ECO) sont comparés chaque année à 11 systèmes de référence (PFI). Ces systèmes ECO ont permis une réduction moyenne de 58 % des IFT hors biocontrôle. L’objectif « zéro herbicide » a été atteint dans la majorité des systèmes. Le rendement commercialisable est plus faible dans ECO (− 19 %), sauf dans les systèmes à haute densité ou biaxe d’arbres. Ainsi, le coût de production des systèmes ECO est en moyenne supérieur de 20 %.

Ce numéro est constitué d’articles de synthèse des projets DEPHY EXPE publiés à l’occasion du colloque national DEPHY, qui s’est déroulé les 13 et 14 novembre 2018 à la Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie (Paris). Nous vous invitons à découvrir le bilan et les enseignements des 21 projets conduits sur la période 2012-2017.; 27 production systems, located on six places in France, compose the national apple network EXPEEcophyto. The study aims to acquire technical and economic references to reduce the use of pesticidesand limit detectable residues on fruits. The main mobilized technics are genetics (varietal resistance),cultural practices (prophylaxis), biocontrol products, efficiency (models and decision thresholds, dosesmodulation, spraying techniques), physical protections (Alt’Carpo nets, rain covers), mechanization(mechanical weed control), beneficial insects (released or by preservation). The economic systems areled with an integrated fruit protection program or in an organic way.On an average of five years, 12 systems (on 19) reached a percentage of reduction of the total chemicaltreatment frequency indicator (in French : IFT) of more than 50 % with regard to the reference. On theother hand, just 7 systems are considered as economic and efficient systems (in French : SCEP2).Among those, only the 3 organic systems present an equal or upper economic profit than the incurredproduction costs.; 27 systèmes de culture, répartis sur six sites en France, constituent le réseau national EXPE EcophytoPomme. L’étude vise à acquérir des références techniques et économiques sur les moyens permettantde réduire l’emploi des produits phytosanitaires et de limiter les résidus détectables sur les fruits. Lesprincipaux leviers mobilisés sont la génétique (résistance variétale), le contrôle cultural (prophylaxie), lebiocontrôle, l’efficience (outils d’aide à la décision et seuils d’intervention, modulation des doses,techniques de pulvérisation), la protection physique (filet Alt’Carpo, bâches anti-pluie), la mécanisation(désherbage mécanique), la lutte biologique (par lâchers et par conservation). Les systèmes économesétudiés sont conduits en protection fruitière intégrée ou en agriculture biologique (AB).Sur une moyenne de cinq campagnes, 12 systèmes (sur 19) ont atteint un pourcentage de réduction del’IFT chimique total de plus de 50 % par rapport à une modalité dite de « Base ». Par contre,uniquement 7 systèmes sont considérés comme des systèmes économes et performants (SCEP2).Parmi ceux-là, seuls les 3 systèmes conduits en AB présentent un produit brut égal ou supérieur auxcharges engagées.

International audience; Fruit tree production faces the major challenge of ensuring maximal productivity with due consideration for the environment and human health. The increasingly recognized concept of ecosystem service could help to address this duality. In this paper, we propose an analytical framework based on a soil crop model to investigate how agricultural management and pedoclimatic conditions affect the joint production of marketed and non-marketed ecosystem services through underlying ecosystem functions in apple orchards. The ecosystem services considered on an annual scale were soil nitrogen availability, climate regulation, water regulation and fruit production. Ecosystem functions and services were described by specific indicators that were quantified using the STICS soil crop model. This model was parameterized using data collected on two experimental apple orchard sites under conventional and low-input or organic management in southeastern France. The interdependencies between environmental components, cultural operations and ecosystem functions were dynamically integrated by the model and highlighted significant interactions between the indicators of ecosystem services. Thus, the service indicators soil organic nitrogen variation and the prevention of nitrogen denitrification and of leaching were positively correlated and in conflict with soil mean nitrate concentration and mean soil humidity. They were also linked negatively to nitrogen mineralization enhanced by irrigation and positively to soil carbon sequestration impacted by fertilization; these two functions were impacted by soil conditions. Yield and carbon sequestration presented a strong synergy and were positively correlated to nitrogen absorption increased by mineral fertilization. Globally, nitrogen fertilization management and planting density were particularly important for the delivery of multiple ecosystem services, but soil and climate effects were far from negligible, especially for nitrogen and water-related services. The ecosystem service profiles of the studied cropping systems were diversified, with contrasted profiles showing high yield and carbon sequestration but low prevention of nitrogen denitrification and of nitrogen leaching, and more balanced profiles. The STICS crop model made it possible to quantify and analyze profiles of ecosystem services and should be helpful in instrumenting the dialogue between fruit growers and other stakeholders by simulating scenarios to optimize multiple services. However, it has to be improved to address the impact of grass cover on soil functions and the long-term functioning of apple orchards.

Dynamique d'accumulation de matière sèche et d'azote dans les vergers de pommiers. "N-Pérennes : un outil de raisonnement de la fertilisation azotée en cultures pérennes, application à la vigne et à certains arbres fruitiers"colloque de restitution du projet CASDAR

Les cultures arboricoles sont de forts consommateurs d’intrants notamment phytosanitaires. Des techniques de réductions partielles d’intrants sont au point, mais la possibilité d’une réduction très importante grâce à une combinaison logique de toutes les techniques est peu explorée. Le projet a consisté à évaluer sur trois espèces majeures, le pommier, le pêcher et le prunier d’Ente, un système innovant de verger permettant une diminution drastique de tous les intrants tout en assurant la durabilité économique et agronomique des exploitations en comparaison à un verger conduit selon les principes de l’Agriculture Raisonnée et souvent avec un verger conduit dans le cadre de l’Agriculture Biologique. Les échanges réguliers sur les différents dispositifs permettent de diffuser les résultats auprès des professionnels : l’aspect «démonstratif» de ce réseau est essentiel. La «visualisation» sur le terrain de différents modes de conduite des vergers doit servir de «source d’inspiration» aux producteurs pour adapter leurs pratiques vers des modes de production combinant les performances économique et environnementale. Tous les dispositifs implantés dans ce projet Casdar 2011-2013 se retrouvent dans les appels à projets EXPErimentation Dephy Ecophyto pour valoriser les résultats sur les arbres en pleine production., Tree crops are large consumers of agricultural inputs, particularly for plant protection. Nowadays, practices leading to partial reductions of agricultural inputs are implemented, but the possibility of further reduction through a logic combination of different techniques is still unexplored. The project aimed to assess for three major species, apple, peach and plum, an innovative orchard system leading to a drastic reduction of agricultural inputs while maintaining economic and agronomic performances of the orchard as compared to conventional and organic orchards. Regular exchanges between partners working on different devices of the project made it possible to disseminate informative results among professionals: the "demonstrative" aspect of the network was essential. The "visualization" in fields of different orchard managements should be a "source of inspiration" for producers towards more environment-respectful practices including valid economic performance of the orchard. All devices implanted in the project Casdar 2011-2013 are found in the calls for experimentation Dephy Ecophyto projects in order to develop the results with trees in full production.

National audience

National audience; Depuis 2003 en France, le contrôle des populations de tordeuse orientale du pêcher (C. molesta) devient globalement plus difficile. Parallèlement à cela, ceTortricide est en pleine recrudescence en vergers de fruits à pépins. Nous proposons donc ici une synthèse sur la biologie de cet insecte préoccupant. En outre, il semble que la lutte chimique contre ce ravageur commence à montrer des signes de faiblesse, comme en attestent des premiers cas de résistance à la deltamétrine. Cet article est complété par un aperçu de méthodes de protection altematives (confusion sexuelle, filets et nématodes).

Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699; European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) is becoming a major economic problem for Prunus growers in Europe. The causal agent ("Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum") and its vector (Cacopsylla pruni) have been identified, but the present knowledge of the risk factors for this disease relies, at best, on specific experiments. To assess the relative significance of several factors correlated with ESFY incidence in the field, an exhaustive survey was performed on apricot and Japanese plum orchards in the Crau plain (France). After a preliminary multivariate exploration of the data, we used a logistic regression model to analyze and predict the cumulative number of diseased trees on the basis of a set of quantitative (age, planting density, and area of the orchard) and categorical variables (species, cultivar, and rootstock). Because of the nature of the data, we used an overdispersed binomial model and we developed a parametric bootstrap procedure based on the beta-binomial distribution to obtain confidence intervals. Our results indicated that the age, species, and cultivar of the scion were the major factors explaining the observed number of diseased trees. The planting density and the rootstocks used in the zone under study were less significant, and the area of the orchard had no effect. The residuals of the model showed that some explanatory variables had not been taken into account, because part of the remaining variability could be explained by a grower effect. The spatial distribution of the residuals suggested that one of the reasons for this grower effect was the correlation between orchards closer than 100 m, possibly caused by the flight behavior of infectious vectors.

National audience; Face à une régression des surfaces cultivées du poirier en France, le renouvellement des principes de conduite du poirier s'impose.

National audience; Les réseaux MAFCOT ont ouvert des pistes de relations constructives entre la recherche et la mise en pratique de la connaissance de l'arbre fruitier.

National audience