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Cities are responsible for about 70% of the overall primary energy consumption in Europe and play a major role in addressing carbon mitigation. In this respect, the housing s ector has been identified as a key sector for its high energy savings potential achievable by implementing retrofit measures. However, a detailed characterization of the housing energy consumption profile and spatial distribution is needed to properly asse ss the energy saving potential at the urban scale and further support sustainable urban planning and energy policies. This study focused on a statistical approach based on Geographical Information Systems (GIS) developed to identify the energy consumption profile of urban housing stocks, the energy savings potential achievable by implementing retrofit measures and their respective spatial distribution across one entire city. The final energy consumption of individual dwellings was predicted by running a mul tiple linear regression model based on measured energy consumption available at aggregated level (post - code area level) and GIS data about characteristics of buildings and household. Energy savings potential and cost - effectiveness of standard retrofit meas ures were subsequently calculated and results were finally displayed as maps for decision support in sustainable urban planning. The methodology was applied to the exemplary housing stock of Rotterdam city, consisting of almost 300,000 units. Relevant res ults were provided to prioritize retrofit measures implementation according to energy savings potential and cost - effectiveness. Different types of maps were produced to show energy consumption and energy saving potential patterns across the city. The metho dology is generically applicable to other contexts and provides an effective tool for decision support in carbon mitigation policies of housing stocks at the urban scale.

1,1,4,7,10,10-Hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (HMTTA) emerged from a limited parallel screening of selected polyamines as the most appropriate additive for an especially problematic Koenigs-Knorr glucuronidation. This initial finding rapidly evolved into a reliable and high-yielding procedure through the use of two sets of experimental designs. The detailed effect of the stoichiometry of reagents and the amount of amine additive on reaction yield was elucidated. The complexity of the response surface for product yield, described by a third-order polynomial equation, together with ancillary kinetic experiments evidenced the multiple role of HMTTA in the present glucuronidation process.

In order to evaluate whether variations in autonomic nervous tone have a significant role in the induction of coronary arterial spasm in variant angina, we analyzed the changes in heart rate variability (HRV) related to spontaneous episodes of ST-segment elevation, recorded during 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring, in 13 patients with variant angina (9 men and 4 women, aged 63 +/- 12 years). In order to obtain an accurate analysis of HRV changes, we only included ischemic episodes characterized by silent ST-segment elevation, lasting at least 3 min and without any ST change in the previous 30 min. HRV indexes in the time domain (RR interval, standard deviation of RR intervals [SD], pNN50, r-MSSD) and in the frequency domain (LF = 0.04-0.15 Hz, HF = 0.15-0.40 HZ, LF/HF ratio) were calculated on 2 min intervals, centered at 15 min before (15B), 5 min before ed 1 min before (1B) the appearance of ST elevation, as well as at peak of ST-segment elevation. Of 161 ischemic episodes found on 24-hour Holter recordings, 60 (37%) fulfilled the inclusion criteria for analysis (4.6 +/- 3.5 episodes/patient, range 1-12). The duration of the selected episodes was 6 +/- 2.5 min and ST elevation was 2.2 +/- 1.0 mm. Heart rate (HR) did not have any change before ST elevation, whereas it showed a small, but significant increase at peak ST (73 +/- 12 versus 67 +/- 11 b/min at 15B, p0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)